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1
Content available remote Badania porównawcze nad określeniem stopnia biodegradacji wybranych detergentów
100%
PL
Substancje powierzchniowo-czynne znalazły duże zastosowanie w gospodarce i przemyśle. Są one w coraz większych ilościach i asortymencie wprowadzane do środowiska, przez co zakłócają jego równowagę. Dlatego też celowym jest oczyszczanie ścieków ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem detergentów, które nawet poniżej 1 mg/l przeszkadzają w napowietrzaniu i mogą wywołać deficyt tlenowy, hamujący naturalne procesy samooczyszczania odbiornika. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono cykl doświadczeń w odniesieniu do dwóch detergentów anionowo-aktywnych, tj. Sulforo-kanolu L-327 i ABS Na/S. Obydwa związki produkowane są w Polsce i szeroko stosowane w wielu gałęziach przemysłu, a także w domowych środkach piorących i czyszczących. Prace prowadzone były na 2 typowych zraszanych złożach biologicznych, zainstalowanych w miejskiej oczyszczalni ścieków na przeciętnych ściekach bytowo-gospodarczych, do których dawkowano ASPC w różnych stężeniach. Celem przedstawionych badań było oznaczenie stopnia usunięcia substancji powierzchniowo-czynnej zawartej w Sulforokanolu i ABS, ustalenie wpływu na proces biologicznego oczyszczania oraz sprawdzenie jak ww. detergenty wpływają na procesy oczyszczania na typowych zraszanych złożach biologicznych.
EN
In this research, a series of experiments was presented in regard to two anion-active, Sulforokanol detergents L-327 and ABS Na/S. Both chemicaals are manufactured in Poland and widely used in various branches of industry as well as ingredients of hausehold cleaning and washing media. The research was conducted on two typical known biological beds installed in a municipal waste processing plant, on average residenttiaal and commercial waste, into which ASPC was dosed in different concentrations. The objective of the presented reaaseerch study was to determine the degree of removal of surfuctants contained in Sulforokanol ABS, determination of influence on biological purification process and verification of detergents action in purification processes in column-type biological beds.
PL
W ostatnich latach w Instytucie Nafty i Gazu – Państwowym Instytucie Badawczym w Krakowie opracowywano technologie otrzymywania nowych detergentowych substancji aktywnych mających szerokie zastosowanie: od dodatków wspomagających wydobycie ropy i gazu, przez dodatki uszlachetniające do paliw węglowodorowych, po przemysłowe środki myjące. Tego typu substancjami są m.in. zasady Mannicha, które wykazują dobre właściwości detergentowe. Celem pracy było przeprowadzenie studiów literaturowych i badań laboratoryjnych nad możliwością wspomagania promieniowaniem mikrofalowym syntez prowadzonych dotychczas w konwencjonalny sposób. Praca obejmuje studia literaturowe i patentowe z zakresu wykorzystania mikrofal w syntezie związków powierzchniowo czynnych, syntezy tego typu związków oraz badanie właściwości fizykochemicznych otrzymanych substancji
EN
In recent years the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute in Krakow has developed some technologies for obtaining detergent active substances which have broad application, from additives in oil and gas production, through additives for hydrocarbon fuels to industrial cleaning agents. These types of substances are, among others, Mannich bases, which have good detergent properties. The aim of the work was to study the literature and labora-tory research on the possibility of supporting by microwave irradiation, synthesis carried out so far under the conventional thermal conditions. The work includes review of literature and patents concerning the synthesis of Mannich base type surfactants under conventional thermal conditions, as well as in presence of microwave irradiation. In the presented paper, research on laboratory synthesis of surfaceactive Mannich bases and study of their physicochemical properties were also described.
EN
Surfactant and phenol were removed using AMBERLITE IRA 900 Cl ion-exchange resin, which is a strong alkali. In the process, the tests were carried out under non-flow conditions, the effect of contact time and ionite dose on the surfactant and phenol exchange was determined. The tests under the through-flow conditions were realized in three consecutive cycles, preceded by regeneration and rinsing. The obtained results served for determination of ion-exchange capabilities of the studied ionite. The usable ion-exchange capabilities of the resin obtained after the second and third ionite operation cycle were lower by about 10% (surfactant) and 14.29-17.86% (phenol) than those after the first cycle. It shows that the process of sorption occurred simultaneously with the ion-exchange process.
5
71%
PL
Praca jest kontynuacją badań przedstawionych w artykule Ocena możliwości syntezy substancji powierzchniowo czynnych w polu promieniowania mikrofalowego. Opisano wyniki badań laboratoryjnych nad możliwością wspomagania promieniowaniem mikrofalowym syntez substancji powierzchniowo czynnych, mających zastosowanie w przemyśle naftowym, a szczególnie w produkcji paliw.
EN
The work is a continuation of studies presented in the article Evaluation of the use of microwave irradiation for surfactants synthesis. Described are laboratory results on the possibility of supporting microwave irradiation synthesis of surfactants, applicable in the oil industry, and particularly in the production of fuels.
PL
Substancje hamujące są to związki o charakterze natywnym, zanieczyszczeń lub zafałszowań, których celem jest hamowanie procesów biochemicznych zachodzących między składnikami mleka lub wywołanych aktywnością mikroorganizmów. Konieczność monitorowania tych substancji wynika z bezpośredniego lub pośredniego wpływu na bezpieczeństwo zdrowotne konsumenta. Obecność natywnych substancji hamujących pomaga kontrolować skuteczność procesów technologicznych. Z kolei kontrola poziomu pozostałości po antybiotykoterapii zwierząt lub myciu i dezynfekcji układu dojnego oraz substancji fałszujących jakość mleka pozwala ocenić jakość technologiczną i spożywczą mleka oraz jego produktów.
EN
Inhibitors are the native substances, contaminants or adulterants, the aim of which is to inhibit the biochemical processes occurring between milk components or those induced by microorganisms' activity. The necessity of monitoring these substances results from their direct or indirect influence on the consumer's health safety. The presence of native inhibitors helps to control the processes' efficiency, warranting the safety of the final product. The control of the residues' level after antibiotic therapy, cleaning and disinfection of the milking system or substances, adulterating milk quality, allows evaluating the technological and nutritional quality of milk and dairy products.
EN
In order to mathematically describe the washing relaxation of knitted fabrics from manmade fibres, we performed different experiments with 50 - 100 washing cycles. While washing with detergent was shown to lead to a logarithmic increase in the fabric width, washing without detergent leads to an approximately linear increase in the fabric width, which can be transferred into logarithmic behaviour after a number of washing cycles by then adding washing detergent. Moreover, the qualitative and quantitative dimensional change was proven to depend strongly on the original dimensions of the fabric - while a knitted fabric with only a few courses shows logarithmic behaviour and significant dimensional change, an approximately square fabric broadens more linearly and less strongly. In all cases, no end value for the fabric width is reached, i.e. no fully relaxed state.
PL
Dla matematycznego opisu relaksacji dzianin poliestrowych przeprowadzono zróżnicowane eksperymenty prania stosując do 50 lub do 100 cykli pralniczych. W przypadku zastosowania detergentów w praniu stwierdzono logarytmiczny wzrost szerokości dzianin w funkcji cykli pralniczych, natomiast w przypadku prania bez detergentów zaobserwowano liniowy wzrost szerokości dzianin. Stwierdzono również, że jakościowe i ilościowe zmiany wymiarów zależą silnie od wymiarów pierwotnych.
9
Content available remote Removal of detergents from industrial wastewater in ultrafiltration process
60%
EN
The aim of the study was to evaluate the suitability of UF membranes for purification and concentration of effluents from detergent production. During preliminary experiments flat-sheet Amicon (the cut-off of 100, 50, 1 and 0.5 kDa) and Intersep (the cut-off of 30, 10 and 4 kDa) membranes were used. Semi-pilot and full-scale cross-flow experiments were performed using Koch/Romicon capillary ultrafiltration mod-ules with polysulfone membranes of the cut-off of 2 and 5 kDa. The results obtained indicate that a decrease of membrane cut-off value improves the efficiency of effluent treatment. The membrane with a cut-off of 0.5 kDa yields the best separation efficiency: the decrease of COD-Cr value is over 85%, which corresponds to COD-Cr of permeate equal to 8800g O2/m3. It has been found that UF capillary modules made by Koch/Romicon are suitable for concentration of highly polluted effluents containing detergents. The modules applied are characterised by stable transport and separation properties. In the course of a long-term concentration of effluents, an essential drop in a permeability was not observed and the permeate quality remained almost constant, although a systematic increase in pollution load of the concentrate occurred.
10
Content available remote An organic solvent and surfactant stable α-amylase from soybean seeds
60%
EN
An organic solvent and surfactant stable α-amylase was obtained from soybean seeds. The direct and indirect effect of various organic solvents (non-polar, polar protic, and polar aprotic) and surfactants on the activity and stability of free enzyme was determined. The enzyme showed a very high catalytic efficiency and stabilization against most of the organic solvents and surfactants tested, except for few. Those organic solvents and surfactants (like chloroform, dimethyl formamide, n-butanol, and Tween 20), which caused an inhibition in enzyme activity, were used to study their effects on immobilized enzyme. The inhibitory effect was found to be decreased in immobilized enzyme as compared to free enzyme indicating that immobilization imparted stability to the enzyme. Moreover, the possibility of reuse of the enzyme in the presence of the organic solvents and surfactants was increased upon immobilization. The stability of soybean α-amylase towards organic solvents and surfactants shows that it is a potential candidate for use in organic-solvent biocatalysis as well as in detergent industries.
EN
The concentration of anionic surface active substances (ASAS) in the water of Lake Jeziorak Mały and the degradation of these substances by bacteria isolated from the surface microlayer and subsurface water were the object of the research of this paper. The concentrations of ASAS in water of this lake were at the level of about 2 mg/1. The biodegradation of ASAS was performed twice as well by microorganisms from the surface microlayer than from subsurface water. Moreover, within the surface microlayer the process of decomposing ASAS was most effectively performed by bacteria isolated from the layers of water closest to the surface (100-150 μm).
PL
Określono skuteczność oczyszczania ścieków z produkcji środków czystości w zintegrowanym układzie oczyszczania łączącym ultrafiltrację i wymianę jonową. Badania zrealizowano na ceramicznym module o granicznej rozdzielczości 5 kDa oraz makroporowatych i żelowych żywicach jonowymiennych. Szczególnie efektywny okazał się zintegrowany układ oczyszczania z makroporowatą magnetyczną żywicą MIEX. Uzyskano obniżenie stężenia anionowych substancji powierzchniowo czynnych i związków organicznych na poziomie 97% i 82%. Proces regeneracji wysyconych żywic jonowymiennych pozwolił na ich wielokrotne wykorzystanie w zintegrowanym układzie oczyszczania.
EN
Three com. ion-exchange resins were used to remove anionic surfactants, org. matter and dyes from surfactants-contg. wastewaters treated previously by ultrafiltration through a ceramic module (cut-off of 5 kDa). The most effective was a macropourous strong base resin. The removal of surfactants and org. matter amounted to 97% and 82%, resp. The spent resins were regenerated by an alk. treatment and recycled.
EN
Total proteins and their profile(s) in three regions of epididymis, its fluid and sperm membrane extract (SME) were analysed with an objective to determine the changes in spermatozoa during epididymal maturation in goat buck. The protein content from caput to cauda increased nonsignificantly (P>0.05) while significantly (P<0.05) in tissue homogenate and spermatozoa. SDSPAGE analysis indicated the removal of >205, 205 and 95 kDa; 40 kDa proteins only in the caput and corpus spermatozoa, respectively. The proteins with molecular weight of 10, 18, 25, 35 and 20 kDa, detected only in cauda and corpus spermatozoa, respectively, seem to be associated in the maturation process of spermatozoa during epididymal transit. SDS-Page analysis of tissue and fluid indicated that the >205, 205, 195, 200, 45, 25, 18, 15 and 12 kDa proteins are structural as well as secretory proteins because of their presence both in the epididymal tissue and fluid. The nature of 100, 97, 75 and 70 kDa was found to be purely structural because of their presence in the tissue only, whereas 90, 35, 6.5 and 3.0 kDa proteins, mainly of secretory nature, due to their detection only in the fluid. Therefore, the presence of 35, 25, 18 kDa proteins both in the epididymal fluid and cauda sperm indicate that these proteins are associated with goat buck sperm maturation and fertility. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proteins of 35, 25, and 18 kDa, associated with goat sperm maturation are similar to the mentioned molecular markers in other species and can be worked out as fertility markers for goat buck semen.
16
Content available remote Gemini (dimeric) surfactant perturbation of the human erythrocyte.
51%
EN
We studied the ability of di-cationic gemini surfactantsdi (amphiphiles), i.e. 1,4-butanediammonium-N,N-dialkyl-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl bromides (Di-Cm-di-QAS (s = 4), where m = 8,11,13,16 and s = the number of alkyl groups in the spacer) to induce shape alteration, vesiculation, haemolysis and phosphatidylserine exposure in human erythrocytes, and to protect erythrocytes against hypotonic haemolysis. At high sublytic concentrations the Di-Cm-di-QAS (s = 4) amphiphiles rapidly induced echinocytic (spiculated) shapes and a release of exovesicles, mainly in the form of tubes, from the cell surface. Following 60 min incubation erythrocytes were sphero-echinocytic and a few cells with invaginations/endovesicles were observed. No phosphatidylserine exposure was detected. The haemolytic potency increased with an increase of the alkyl chain length. At sublytic concentrations the Di-Cm-di-QAS (s = 4) amphiphiles protected erythrocytes against hypotonic haemolysis. It is suggested that the Di-Cm-di-QAS (s = 4) amphiphiles perturb the membrane in a similar way as single-chain cationic amphiphiles, but that they do not easily translocate to the inner membrane leaflet.
17
Content available remote Badanie wpływu wilgoci na sypkość sody w produkcji detergentów
51%
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu wilgoci na sypkość surowca w produkcji detergentów. Pomiarów dokonano, wykorzystując urządzenie opracowane w Katedrze Inżynierii Chemicznej i Projektowania Procesowego Politechniki Śląskiej w Gliwicach. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono silny wpływ wilgoci na obniżenie sypkości materiału, co może być przyczyną zawieszania się sody w zbiornikach dozujących.
EN
Four samples of com. soda ash were studied for bulk d., grain size distribution and flowability at varying air humidity and moisture contents. The flowability index decreased with the increasing moisture content in the soda ash grains.
EN
 An organic solvent and surfactant stable α-amylase was obtained from soybean seeds. The direct and indirect effect of various organic solvents (non-polar, polar protic, and polar aprotic) and surfactants on the activity and stability of free enzyme was determined. The enzyme showed a very high catalytic efficiency and stabilization against most of the organic solvents and surfactants tested, except for few. Those organic solvents and surfactants (like chloroform, dimethyl formamide, n-butanol, and Tween 20), which caused an inhibition in enzyme activity, were used to study their effects on immobilized enzyme. The inhibitory effect was found to be decreased in immobilized enzyme as compared to free enzyme indicating that immobilization imparted stability to the enzyme. Moreover, the possibility of reuse of the enzyme in the presence of the organic solvents and surfactants was increased upon immobilization. The stability of soybean α-amylase towards organic solvents and surfactants shows that it is a potential candidate for use in organic-solvent biocatalysis as well as in detergent industries.
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