Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Selected Word-Formation Processes in Tok Pisin: Compounding, Conversion and Reduplication

100%

Walczyński M.

Acta Neophilologica

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2007

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nr IX

73-80

EN

The present article scrutinises the linguistic research on word-formation processes in Tok Pisin - the major pidgin language in Papua New Guinea. In the first part of this paper, a few important facts about the very language - Tok Pisin - are given. Then, the article presents selected word-formation processes that are employed in Tok Pisin. The attention is focused only on compounding, conversion and reduplication. Each word formation mechanism discussed in this paper is illustrated by a number of examples. The examples are derived from the corpus of 17 news items written in Tok Pisin and obtained from the official Internet website of ABC Radio Australia, Australian Broadcasting Corporation in November 2004 (http://www.abc.net.au/ra/).

2

REDUPLICATION IN ENGLISH RHYMING SLANG

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Kołłątaj A.

Acta Neophilologica

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2010

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tom XII

93-103

EN

Reduplication as a word formation process is a relatively under-researched phenomenon in English. The aim of the paper, therefore, is to present different types of derivational reduplication ranging from the prototypical type based on exact repetition to the implied reduplication underlying the word formation process in cryptic rhyming slang. The article also strives to overview the typology of English rhyming slang as this is the domain of language where different types of reduplication abound. The article is written within the theoretical framework of sociolinguistics and morphology and offers ample citational evidence to substantiate theoretical assumptions.

3

Coordinate compounding in English and Spanish

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Renner V. , Fernández-Domínguez J.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

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2011

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tom 47

873

EN

Coordinate compounding is a process which has been only sporadically considered in word-formation studies on Germanic and Romance languages. In this paper, we compare the situation in English with that in Spanish as far as formal structure and semantics are concerned. To this end, an operational definition of coordinate compounding is first provided, after which a semantic classification of coordinate compounds is developed. For each type, variants are discussed, representative examples are provided, and similarities and dissimilarities between the two languages are highlighted. We finish by raising the issues of recursiveness and productivity in coordinate compounding and we examine the possibilities of expansion and profitability of the different patterns. Our analysis reveals marked similarities between English and Spanish coordinate compounding at various levels, hinting at the possible existence of a cross-linguistic set of common core features in the class of coordinate compounds in both Germanic and Romance.

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Słowotwórcze zasoby nowych stylów funkcjonalnych w językach słowiańskich

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Koriakowcewa E.

LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa

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2014

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nr 17

9-33

EN

In this paper, the author focuses primarily on several new functional styles, and such productive word-formative processes as compounding and affixation in modern Slavic languages. Minor processes like blending, clipping, and back formation are left aside. Based on large corpora and smaller hand-collected samples of electronic texts, the data has been drawn from advertising, daily press and the communicational sphere of information technology. The author hopes to demonstrate that the functional side of word formation is significantly more complex than simple naming and/or syntactic recategorization, etc. This becomes particularly evident as one ventures beyond the rather stable area of the lexicon and its conventionalized word-stock, and begins to consider active coining of novel lexical items, something that depends heavily on contextual factors, including the semantic, stylistic, textual and social environments in which they occur. The very act of forming a complex word serves a specific purpose in the textual and/or situational context. It is often that particular and specialized functions can be discovered, many of a metacommunicative nature. The paper aims to examine the processes of productivity and to highlight creativity in word formation with respect to functional discourse roles. Lexical creativity in journalism, advertising and electronic communication is employed in order to achieve certain stylistic effects, such as humour or irony. It is also a device to convey to the reader a sense of the author’s learnedness, sophistication, distance, and so on. It manifests itself in puns and other kinds of word play, metaphorical extension, willful error and duplication of the role of an existing formation. The article also deals with the evolution of specialized word-formative types of complex words, ones that lack a connecting vowel as a mean of expression of complex concepts of attributive and contextual content. Composition of a new type of complex words corresponds to a historical drift in formation of analytic and agglutinative lines in Russian.

5

Doświadczenia eksploatacyjne pneumatycznego dozowania i mieszania składników dla potrzeb sporządzania mieszanek spożywczych w warunkach F.P.U.H. „MOKATE”

86%

Ostrowski T. , Branny J.

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1999

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tom R. 1, nr 39

190--201

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano instalację wytwarzania wieloskładnikowych mieszanek kaw na bazie komponentów sypkich. Instalacja została zaprojektowana i wykonana dla potrzeb wytwarzania mieszanek kaw Firmy Produkcyjno-Usługowo-Handlowej „MOKATE”. Instalacja została opracowana i wykonana kompleksowo przez Kooperację „POLKO”. Przedstawione systemy ważenia, dozowania, transportu i mieszania składników oparte są na układach pneumatycznych, eliminujących kontakt materiałów sypkich z mechanicznymi urządzeniami mieszającymi. Zaprezentowano również część wyników pomiarów wykonanych podczas uruchomienia i rocznej eksploatacji instalacji.

6

Composizione-univerbazione? Le oscillazioni di grafia nei produttivi composti italiani a schema (N) VN sul materiale linguistico tratto da La Gazzetta dello Sport negli anni 2016-2020

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Godzich A.

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2020

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tom 32

314-334

EN

Word-formation and compounding in Italian present many interesting challenges (classification of compounds, its interpretation and types of semantic relationship that may hold between the compound’s elements). This article attempts to examine a different one - the orthography of one productive compounding pattern in present-day Italian, that is Verb + Noun compounds. Various accounts of Verb + Noun ortography are reviewed, with special focus on the status of hyphenated words. In light of this data, the author focuces also on the problem of inclusion of compounds as multi-word units by dictionaries. The aim of this research is to contrast theoretical prescriptions with some data samples of Italian (Noun) Verb + Noun compounds drawn from La Gazzetta dello Sport (2016-2020). With this analysis the author wants to examine more in detail whether the use reflects what Italian grammarians claim about the Verb + Noun compounds ortography rules, because in various researches conducted in this field that aspect has often been neglected.

7

Hydrożele w recepturze aptecznej leków dermatologicznych

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Jacyna B. , Maciejewski B. , Sznitowska M.

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tom 76

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nr 1

57-62

EN

Hydrogels are a physicochemical system in which an aqueous phase is gelled with a certain gelling polymer. They can make a good alternative to conventional lipophilic or absorption ointment bases, especially if the medicine should be administered to mucosa, because the gelling polymers interact with a mucose what results in mucoadhesion. The use of a hydrogel is preferred to lipophilic ointments in severe inflammations, exudative wounds, acne, oily skin or when the application area on the skin is hairy. Hydrogels also provide a cooling sensation on the skin, when water evaporates and this process is endothermic. Hydrogels are relatively popular also in a compounding practice in other countries, such as USA, where various types of commercially-made hydrogel bases are available. Despite the fact that hydrogels are accepted by law as compounded dosage forms, in Poland they have not been prepared in pharmacies because neither such bases nor suitable polymers are formally registered excipients for drug compounding, and the registration procedure is similar to the one for drug products authorization. The article describes hydrogels as there are first such materials available for pharmacists who are involved in compounding practice. Three gel-forming polymers: methylcellulose, hypromellose and hydroxyethylcellulose and hydrogel bases dedicated for drug compounding are characterized. Several examples of preparations with various active substances are presented and methods of their preparations are proposed. A dermatological base, Celugel, composed of hydroxyethylcellulose and recently registered in Poland for pharmacy compounding is also presented. Special attention is given to methods of hydrogel preparation, depending on the solubility profile of a certain type of polymer. Stability of the compounded hydrogels is discussed, especially regarding microbiological quality and the presence of preservatives. The benefits of these formulations are indicated including a relatively low cost of the hydrogel bases resulting from a low content of the polymers.

PL

Hydrożele dermatologiczne stanowią atrakcyjną alternatywę dla maści na podłożach lipofilowych oraz absorpcyjnych, szczególnie, gdy lek ma być podany na błony śluzowe. Łatwość sporządzenia hydrożelu oraz relatywnie niski koszt to dodatkowe zalety, jednak skomplikowany proces rejestracji polimerów żelujących jako substancji do receptury w Polsce skutkuje brakiem surowców do sporządzania nowoczesnych hydrożeli. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie postaci hydrożelu w kontekście preparatyki recepturowej w sytuacji, gdy zaczęły być dostępne pierwsze takie surowce.

8

Compatibilized ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer nanocomposites containing different type of organoclays

72%

Malas A. , Das C. K.

Polimery

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2013

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tom T. 58, nr 3

204-211

EN

The simple mixing of non-polar rubber and organically modified nanoclay may not lead to good dispersion of organoclay in the rubber matrix, which is due to the incompatibility between the rubber and the filler. Thus, the application of polar compatibilizer which is compatible with both the gum base and organically modified clay may help to increase the reinforcing efficiency of the organoclay. Oil extended carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber (XSBR) was used as a compatibilizer for the dispersion of the organically modified clay (Cloisite 15A, Cloisite 20A and Cloisite 30B) in the ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) matrix. The degree of dispersion of organoclays in non-polar EPDM matrix after application of polar compatibilizer as well as the influence of these organoclays on the properties of nanocomposites based on EPDM were analyzed in this study. The microstructure of the organoclay filled EPDM composites was studied by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) method and high resolution transmission electron microscopic (HR-TEM) analysis. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and curing tests were conducted for each nanocomposite. Cloisite 30B filled EPDM composite showed best thermal, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties compared to all other investigated nanocomposites.

PL

Proste mieszanie niepolarnej gumy i polarnej organicznie zmodyfikowanej nanoglinki może nie wystarczyć do dobrego rozproszenia tej glinki w matrycy kauczuku. Jest to spowodowane brakiem kompatybilności między gumą i wypełniaczem. Zastosowanie polarnego kompatybilizatora, który jest kompatybilny z gumą bazową jak i z polarną organicznie modyfikowaną glinką, może pomóc w zwiększeniu efektywności wbudowywania w matryce gumowe organiczne modyfikowanych glinek. W tej pracy do wbudowania organicznie modyfikowanych nanoglinek (Cloisite 15A, Cloisite 20A i Cloisite 30B) w matryce niepolarnego terpolimeru etylenowo-propylenowo-dienowego (EPDM) użyto modyfikowanego olejem polarnego karboksylowanego kauczuku butadienowo-styrenowego (XSBR). Zbadano stopień dyspersji nanoglinki w matrycy niepolarnego EPDM po zastosowaniu polarnego kompatybilizatora oraz wpływ rodzaju glinki z kompatybilizatorem na właściwości otrzymanych nanokompozytów na bazie EPDM. Wszystkie nanokompozyty badano metodami szerokokątowej dyfrakcji promieniowania rentgenowskiego (WAXD), wysokorozdzielczej transmisyjnej mikroskopii elektronowej (HR-TEM), dynamicznej analizy termomechanicznej (DMTA), skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej (SEM) oraz analizy termograwimetrycznej (TGA). Kompozyt EPDM napełniony Cloisite 30B charakteryzował się najlepszymi właściwościami termicznymi, mechanicznymi i dynamicznymi spośród wszystkich badanych nanokompozytów.

9

Anglická slovesná kompozita s adverbiálním komponentem

58%

Stašková N.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2024

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tom 106

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nr 2

145-159

EN

The article addresses the topic of English compound verbs and their origin and occurrence in contemporary English. Traditionally, they are considered to be the least numerous group among English compounds, and in addition, some authors (Marchand, Adams) consider them to be secondary (non-canonical, pseudo-) compounds, which are not formed by compounding, but by conversion and back-formation. On the one hand, the collected sample of 200 compound verbs, 90% of which form 32 sets (lexical families) and fall into five groups according to their adverbial modification, suggests that the number of compound verbs is on the increase. On the other hand it appears to confirm Erdmann’s thesis that new compound verbs tend to arise directly on the basis of schemas or patterns, i.e. by analogy with a specific compound (one constituent of which serves as a patternforming element), rather than by conversion or back-formation.

10

Are French NNs variants of N-PREP-N constructions? A corpus-based study of two competing patterns

58%

Radimský J.

Linguistica Pragensia

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2020

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tom 30

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nr 2

156-186

EN

This study aims to provide a thorough empirical examination of the hypothesis that French subordinate Noun-Noun compounds (stylo-bille — ‘ballpoint pen’) are mere variants of corresponding phrasal lexemes or syntactic phrases with the structure Noun-Prep-(Det)-Noun (stylo à bille). On the basis of extensive corpus data from FrWac, it will be argued that the relationship and the competition between French NNs and NPNs differ with respect to different subtypes of NNs. On the one hand, attributive NNs cannot have NPN variants, and appositive NNs as well as NNs in which the N2 has a bound meaning have synonymous NPN variants only occasionally. On the other hand, for subordinate verbal-nexus NNs the NPNs represent stylistic variants which seem to be always available. The case of subordinate ground NNs proves to be more complex since, in this case, both patterns are in competition (Aronoff 2016); data discussed in this paper indicate that this competition is steered by phenomena of constructionalization. Since French NNs tend to be organized around paradigmatic families with repeated components, we have put forward the hypothesis that such paradigmatic regularity underpins a progressive formation of ‘niches’ in which new subordinate ground NNs win the competition with NPNs. Moreover, mechanisms of constructionalization even give rise to new subpatterns of subordinate ground NNs whose NPN variants are ungrammatical. The competition between French NNs and NPNs, also documented on diachronic data from Google n-grams, reflects a change in naming strategies in French, especially from the 1960s onwards.

FR

Cet article vise à examiner empiriquement l’hypothèse selon laquelle les composés français de subordination du type Nom-Nom (stylo-bille) sont de simples variantes des synapsies ou des syntagmes nominaux correspondants avec la structure Nom-Prép-(Dét)-Nom (stylo à bille). En nous appuyant sur de nombreuses données extraites du corpus FrWac, nous défendons l’hypothèse selon laquelle la relation et la concurrence entre les NN et les NPN français diffèrent en fonction des sous-types de NN. D’une part, les NN attributifs ne peuvent pas avoir de variantes NPN, et les NN appositifs ainsi que les NN dans lesquels le N2 a un sens lié n’ont des variantes NPN synonymes qu’occasionnellement. En revanche, pour les NN subordonnés « verbal-nexus » les NPN représentent des variantes stylistiques qui semblent toujours disponibles. Le cas des NN subordonnés « ground » se révèle plus complexe puisque dans ce cas, les deux schémas sont en compétition (Aronoff 2016); les données discutées dans cet article indiquent que cette compétition est conditionnée par des phénomènes de constructionalisation. Étant donné que les NN français tendent à s’organiser autour de familles paradigmatiques à composantes répétées, nous avons avancé l’hypothèse qu’une telle régularité paradigmatique sous-tend une formation progressive de « niches » dans lesquelles de nouveaux NNs de subordination « ground » gagnent sur les NPN. De plus, les mécanismes de constructionalisation donnent même naissance à de nouveaux sous- jan radimský 157 patrons des NN pour lesquels les variantes NPN sont agrammaticales. Enfin, grâce aux données diachroniques de Google n-grams, il apparaît que la concurrence entre les NNs et les NPNs reflète un certain changement dans les stratégies de dénomination en français, notamment à partir des années 1960.

11

Les composés relationnels français du type relations parents-enfants

58%

Radimský J.

Linguistica Pragensia

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2018

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tom 28

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nr 2

131-153

EN

This study aims to anal yze a representative sample of French relational compounds such as “relations parents-enfants” (“parents-children relationship”) extracted from the FrWac corpus. Relational compounds have been defined as constructions made up of three nouns according to the structure N1-N2a-N2b with, on the one hand, a subordinative relation between N1 and N2 and, on the other hand, an exocentric coordinative relation between N2a and N2b. The analysis of extensive data from the FrWac corpus made it possible to show that French relational compounds can be described according to the same parameters as Italian relational compounds, namely: (a) the polyvalence / monovalence of the head noun (N1); (b) the (non-)autonomy of the modifier N2a-N2b; (c) the type of the subordinate relationship between N1 and N2a-N2b; (d) the nature of the coordinative relationship between N2a and N2b; and (e) the fact whether the relationship between N2a and N2b is oriented or not. On a more general level, the framework of Construction morphology made it possible to identify in the data the following three principal sources which lie behind the creation of the relational compounds: (a) the polyvalent nature of the head noun; (b) the use of the iterative binary structure with a “dvandva” modifier; and (c) the fusion of two binominal subordinate compounds into a single relational compound. To the best of the author’s knowledge, the last type has not been mentioned in previous studies on the topic.

FR

L’objectif de la présente étude est d’analyser un échantillon représentatif des composés relationnels français du type « relations parents-enfants » extrait du corpus FrWac. Les composés relationnels comportent trois noms selon la structure N1-N2a-N2b avec, d’une part, une relation subordonnée entre N1 et N2 et, d’autre part, une relation de coordination exocentrique entre N2a et N2b . L’analyse des données a permis de montrer que les composés relationnels français peuvent être décrits selon les mêmes paramètres que les composés relationnels italiens, à savoir : (a) la polyvalence / monovalence du nom-tête (N1 ); (b) la (non) autonomie du modifieur N2a-N2b; (c) le type de la relation subordonnée entre N1 et N2a-N2b; d) la nature de la relation de coordination entre N2a et N2b; et e) le fait que la relation entre N2a et N2b soit orientée ou non. Sur un plan plus général, le cadre de la Morphologie constructionnelle nous a permis d’identifier dans les données trois principales sources qui motivent la création des composés relationnels, à savoir : (a) la nature polyvalente du nom-tête; (b) le recours à la structure binaire itérative avec un modificateur «dvandva»; et (c) la fusion de deux composés binominaux subordonnés en un seul composé relationnel. À notre connaissance, ce dernier type n’a pas été mentionné dans les études précédentes sur le sujet.

12

Investigations of technical challenges in compounding of recycled carbon fibers

58%

Hannan A. , Seidlitz H. , Krenz J. , Müller M.

Zarządzanie Przedsiębiorstwem

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2023

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tom Vol. 26, nr 2

7--12

EN

Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) owing to its excellent properties have found its extensive application in various fields ranging from medical to automobile and aerospace industries. This has thereby led to ever-increasing demand of carbon fiber production and as well as resulting in tonnes of carbon fiber wastes in the landfills [5]. Due to the high positive impacts of using carbon fibers, the energy intensive and cost intensive production of virgin fibers and the growing landfills are often overlooked. Hence, the need for recycling and repurposing of carbon fiber wastes have gained the significance at present day. Although various recycling technologies have been developed yet, various challenges are faced with processing of recycled carbon fibers (rCF). Besides, the desired application specific properties are not compromised for high cost and high-energy requirement. Therefore, an overall development of processing rCF is sought from not only a sustainability point but also an economic point [7]. Various efficient recycling technologies are currently operating. The challenges arises in commercializing the recycled fibers after the recycling process. The recycled fibers often require various post-processing of fibers and undergoes fiber degradation. This induces a skeptical mindset for the buyers to introduce the recycled fibers in the material ecosystem. This paper currently discusses the processing challenges of long rCF in a compounding plant. To form a closed loop, the recycled fibers are obtained from the novel thermocatalytic degassing process from the CFRP recycling pioneers in Germany, Global EnerTec AG, Guben. This plant in Guben not only recycles carbon fibers from automotive CFRP wastes but also repurposes the epoxy matrices into secondary energy sources. This paper focuses in investigating the processing of rCF obtained from a 100% recycling technology. The aim is to investigate the possible technical challenges so that the rCF can be repurposed to new product manufacturing. Thereby, addressing the concerns with the development of closed loop circular economy in recycling CFRP wastes.

13

Je možná nová klasifikace českých kompozit?

58%

Štichauer P.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2013

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tom 95

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nr 2

113-128

EN

The article offers an overview of Czech compounding based on the classification put forward by Sergio Scalise and Antonietta Bisetto (cf. Bisetto — Scalise 2005; Scalise — Bisetto 2009). The classification is based on a combination of two hierarchical levels of analysis. The upper level divides compounds according to the grammatical (or syntactic) relation between the constituents into coordinate, subordinate and attributive structures. The lower level splits each of the three “macrotypes” into endocentric and exocentric compounds (on the basis of the presence / absence of a head). It is only at this point that the different lexical categories enter the scheme giving rise to various combinations (such as A + N, V + N and so on). Against the background of such a classification, which is in some important respects divergent from the onomasiological approach, the paper also concentrates on two special cases: first, on so‑called parasynthetic compounds of the type modrooký, vysokoškolský, bezvětří, nosorožec and others; second, on so‑called juxtapositions (spřežky), such as pomstychtivý or smysluplný, which are usually left aside within the onomasiological framework not being considered as fully‑fledged compounds.