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2
Content available remote Chemia i przemysł chemiczny na przełomie wieków
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PL
Na tle cywilizacyjnych i technologicznych osiągnięć mijającego stulecia, autorzy przedstawili rolę chemii w rozwoju gospdarczym XX wieku. Omówili historię chemii i tendencje rozwojowe oraz wyzwania XXI wieku. Osobną część artykułu poświęcono globalizacji produkcji ł rynków oraz transformacji ustrojowej polskiego przemysłu chemicznego. Na zakończenie autorzy postawili kilka pytań dotyczących polskiego przemysłu chemicznego. Artykuł był wygłoszony, jako jeden z referetów plenarnych III Kongresu Technologii Chemicznej w Gliwicach.
EN
On the background of civilizing and technological achievements of the passing century, the authors present the role of chemistry in economic development of the XX Century. The discussed the history of chemistry and developmental trends, and XXI Century's challenges. Another part of the article deals with the globalisatlon of production and markets and structural transformation of the Polish chemical industry. In conclusion, the authors pose several questions concerning the Polish chemical industry. The paper was delivered as one of the plenar lectures of the 3rd Congress of Chemical Technology in Gliwice.
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Content available remote Integrated instruments for total chemical analysis
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EN
Previous works on silicon micromachined devices started in the Institute of Microsystems Technology (ITM) of the Wroclaw University of TEchnology (WUT) in late 80's, although some fundamental technological works on silicon anisotropic etching for three-dimensional structures fabrication were done in mid 70's. Our Institute was the first in Poland recognising a need of micromachined sensors and actuators investigations. In the lecture some of the most interesting past works will be shown. Newly developed components for analytical chemistry and microchemistry will be presented. a short sketch of recently discovered fast deep anistropic etching of single silicon wafers and other materials will be presented. Samples of devices and short TV movie on our works will be shown.
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Content available remote Co to jest pH? : kłopoty chemików z logarytmami
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EN
The purpose of the current paper is to give an account ofthe writings of authors who published studies on the history ofthe subfield chemistry in "Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki" in the years 1956-2005. The approach adopted in the paper does make use of the work of authors who devoted their publication to related issues, but is above alI meant to introduce a new dimension with regard to describing writings on the history of the subfield chemistry. The paper covers ali the publications in the field that appeared in "Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki", according to the sequence in which they were published and the sections in which they appeared in particular issues ofthe quarterly. A general acco- unt ofthe subject-matter of the published materials is given, especiaIly with regard to the studies published in the "Articles" sections. The author ofthe current paper believes that the quantity and quality ofthe writings on the history ofthe subfield chemistry is impres- sive, both with regard to publications by Polish and foreign authors. Predominant among the studies published are those that deal with the intemal history of the subfield chemistry, but there also some studies that form part of the extemal variant of the history of the subfield. Problems of methodology, however, are rather infrequently tackled in the quarterly. Within the internal history of the subfield chemistry, practically all authors are -to grater or lesser extent -influenced by the 'inductive history of science'. It is worth noting that "Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki" has also published three autobiogra- phies of eminent Polish chemists: Tadeusz Urbański, Wojciech Świętosławski and Zbigniew Ryszard Grabowski, as well as a thematic bloc covering articles on the Polish chemist Wiktor Kemula. A negative aspect of publications on the history of the subfield chemistry has to do with the diminishing number of authors in the area, and especially the lack of young authors who could fili the ever-growing generational gap in this metascience.
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Content available Dürer polyhedra: the dark side of melancholia
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EN
Dürer's engraving Melencolia I famously includes a perspective view of a solid polyhedral block of which the visible portion is an 8-circuit bounding a pentagon-triple+triangle patch. The polyhedron is usually taken to be a cube truncated on antipodal corners, but an infinity of others are compatible with the visible patch. Construction of all cubic polyhedra compatible with the visible portion (i.e., Dürer Polyhedra) is discussed, explicit graphs and symmetries are listed for small cases ( ≤ 18 vertices) and total counts are given for 10 ≤ vertices ≤ 26.
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Content available remote Chemia i technologia C1 : badania w Polsce i w świecie
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EN
As researchers involved in chromatography for 30 years we would like to present three approaches of implementation of principles of green chemistry into gas chromatography
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Content available Leon P. Marchlewski 1869-1946
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Content available remote Chemia w scenariuszach Narodowego Programu Foresight Polska 2020
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PL
Omówiono Foresight - nowoczesne narzędzie planowania wskazujące najbardziej akceptowane społecznie sektory gospodarki i działania, na których powinna się koncentrować finansowa pomoc państwa. Przedstawiono scenariusze opracowane w ramach Panelu Pola Badawczego "Zrównoważony Rozwój Polski", "Stabilizacja", "Lider" i "Integracja". Pokazano wpływ czynników kluczowych na scenariusze rozwoju Polski do 2020 roku.
EN
The Foresight was discussed - a modern tool for planning that includes all the most socially accepted sectors of economy and tasks on which the financial help of the state should focus. Scenarios named "Sustainable Development of Poland" , "Stabilization", "Leader" and "Integration" that were worked out during the Field Research Panel were presented. An influence of the key factors on Poland's evelopment scenario up until 2020 were shown.
EN
The seventeenth century witnessed the transition from qualitative to quantitative physics. The very process was not easy and obvious and it consisted of discussions in many fields. One of them was the question about the nature of chemistry which was at the time undergoing some changes towards the form we know now. The main argument concerned the explanatory principles one should invoke to understand properly certain outcomes of chemical experiments. The present paper is a presentation of such an (indirect) argument between R. Boyle, a prominent proponent of corpuscular, quantitative principles and S. Duclos, an al-chymist and a proponent of paracelsian, qualitative ones. What is interesting, Duclos knew The Sceptical Chymist, Boyle’s main work which contained a severe critique of paracelsian chemistry, and a%empted to point out some weaknesses of Boyle’s own position. Duclos scrutinized Boyle’s experiments described in his Certain Physiological Essays and other works and argued for certain shortcomings of Boyle’s laboratory skills, his failure to indicate some literature sources and, first of all, insufficiency of Boyle’s arguments for the corpuscular thesis. According to Duclos, Boyle did not follow in laboratory certain procedures recommended by himself, using unclear notions and applying the corpuscular principles without proper justification. What is more, Duclos argued also in favour of paracelsian chymistry presenting some qualitative explanations in experiments in which Boyle failed to give quantitative ones. Knowing the further development of natural philosophy, it seems interesting to realize how complex it was. The present paper shows also how much irremovable from scientific research is the theoretical component.
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Content available Adam Bielański (1912-2016)
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PL
On September 4, died at the age of 100 Adam Bielański, Professor of Chemistry, an outstanding scientist, widely recognized authority in the field of inorganic chemistry, catalysis and surface chemistry.
EN
The chemical composition of the water in Smocza Jama cave (city of Kraków, Kraków-Wieluń Upland) was studied. The cave is 276 m long and it was developed in the Upper Jurassic limestone. Nineteen water samples were collected between March 1995 and January 1998. The pool water and drip water were sampled. The former water samples represent Ca - Na - HCO3 - SO4 - Cl, while the latter ones SO4 - Ca - Na type. In pool water the concentrations of Cl are higher than in drip water, while in drip water the SO4 predominates. The chemical composition of the studied samples of both the pool and drip waters differs considerably from the composition typical of the limestone cave water. The studied water differs also in its chemical composition from the ground- water of the Kraków-Wieluń Upland. High concentrations of NO3, SO4, Cl, Na, K, and P suggest that the water in Smocza Jama is considerably affected by pollution. The chemical composition of the studied pool water can be the effect of mixing of, at least, two components. The water can: (i) filtrate from the Vistula river, (ii) percolate down from the surface of Wawel Hill, (iii) migrate from the nearby area, where the city centre is located, and (iv) ascend as artesian water from deeper confined aquifer. The former three of the four mentioned water sources may be strongly degraded due to long lasting human occupation of both Wawel Hill and the city centre, as well as pollution of the Vistula river. The high amount of SOS ions reaching 1439 mg/L in drip water results probably from leaching of litter and rubble poured over the cave in the 19th century.
PL
Jaskinia Smocza Jama jest usytuowana w centrum Krakowa, w południowej częoeci Wyżyny Krakowsko-Wieluńskiej (Fig. 1, 2). Powstała ona w wapieniach jury górnej budujących niewielki zrąb otoczony głównie iłami mioceńskimi znajdującymi się w sąsiednich rowach tektonicznych. W jaskini występują jeziorka (Fig. 3); ich powierzchnia położona jest w przybliżeniu na poziomie wód Wisły, która płynie w odległości ok. 50 m od jaskini. Fluktuacje poziomu wody w jaskini nawiązują do zmian poziomu wody w Wiśle (Kleczkowski, 1977). Badane było szesnaście próbek wody pobranych z jeziorek i trzy próbki wody kapiącej ze stropu jaskini (Fig. 3). Wszystkie próbki reprezentowały wody słabo alkaliczne. Mineralizacja ogólna wód z jeziorek była mniejsza niż wody kapiącej. W pierwszym przypadku wynosiła od 779,25 mg/L do 1013,01 mg/L podczas gdy w drugim od 1752 mg/L do 2841,73 mg/L (Tabela 1).
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