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3
Content available remote Metody badań tribologicznych parametrów w inteligentnych bioreaktorach
75%
PL
Tematem przeprowadzonych badań oraz uzyskanych wniosków jest uzasadnienie doboru odpowiednich metod badawczych do wyznaczania parametrów tribologicznych występujących w bioreaktorach w trakcie hodowania chrząstki stawowej lub poszczególnych chondrocytów na potrzeby transplantacji. Badane są zależności wpływu własności mechanicznych warstwy wierzchniej opływanego ciała na lepkość cieczy w cienkiej warstewce przyściennej oraz na powstające w niej siły tarcia. Niniejsza praca charakteryzuje przeprowadzone badania zarówno w aspekcie analitycznym, numerycznym, jak również i doświadczalnym. Autorzy sugerują, że przedstawiony model badawczy ma charakter unikalny, mający nie tylko znaczenie poznawcze, ale i wysoce utylitarne. Badanie zachowania chondrocytów pod wpływem płynów ustrojowych, a zwłaszcza pochodzących z przestrzeni śródstawowej, stanowi całkowite novum mogące odkryć przyczynę nie tylko wielu schorzeń chondropatycznych, ale także spowodować rozwój terapii transplantacyjnej.
EN
The topic of presented research is the substantiation of the proper selection of research methods to the tribological parameters determination occurring in bioreactors during the joint cartilage or articular cells cultivation. The investigations are performed as well in analytical, numerical and in experimental form. After authors suggestion the presented research model has uniqueness character thus has not only cognitive but also the utilitarian meaning. The investigations of behave of chondrocytes (cells) under the organism liquid influence particularly descending from intra-articular space, institute the entirety novelty which can be discover not only the matter of many chondropathy disease but also can be develop the transplantation therapy. The basic method for solving the described scientific problems is the application of the analytical and numerical models to non- Newtonian liquid hydrodynamic flows in thin boundary layers considered on micro- and nano-level. Ranges of the flows are limited by the hyper-elastically and hypo-elastically deformed surfaces. Geometrical features of the surfaces are measured with the use of laser sensors and the atomic force microscope. The analytical models which describe the realistic unsteady hydrodynamic and tribological effects occurring in the non Newtonian liquid flows around cells in the realistic time ranges of nano-seconds and micro-seconds are transformed into the tasks in which the models are represented in time ranges of second. Such models enable to investigate the realistic changes of hydrodynamic effects in very short time periods. Such measurements are very expensive and often not possible to be performed by using present laboratory equipment. The region of flow around the cells and joint cartilages are divided on the three zones. The first zone is of a few dozen nanometers in height and contains the liquid of dynamic viscosity depending on material coefficient of the cells or joint cartilage. In the region of perfused cartilage body or near the cells the flows in micro- canals of the diameter smaller than one micrometer are taken into consideration. The second zone is the thin viscous liquid layer of a few dozen micrometer in height. Here the changes of liquid velocity vector in the direction of layer height prevail over the changes of liquid velocity vector in the plane of the flow. To characterize of mechanical properties of joint cartilage and its cells, classical measurement methods as well as new ones with the use of atomic forces microscopy, are applied. Measurements of geometrical structure of the cell surfaces are performed on nano- level. Values of the hyper-elastic, elastic and visco-elastic material coefficients of the cells and cartilages are measured by taking into account rheological features. Experiments are performed under dynamic loads. Simultaneously, measurements of friction forces and friction coefficients are made by using an oscillation micro-tribo-meter. To measure values of above mentioned material coefficients will be used two kinds of hardness tester, namely a micro-hardness tester with the diameter 350 micrometers and a nano- hardness tester with the diameter of 20 nanometers. The depth of pits during the measurements was about 2 micrometers and 10 nanometers, respectively. This fact enables to estimate the features of boundary layer on the body. The forces and stresses in boundary layer are measured by using laser- beam method. Regardless of the above described measurement methods applied to cell bodies, the measurements of thin layer features of osmotic and pharmacological liquids flowing around the cells, are also assumed. Such liquids have non-Newtonian and anisotropic features with different properties in different directions. During the measurements the atomic force microscope will be used. Measurements in three static-dynamic states are provided for. The first of them is based on the fact that hardness tester is in static- dynamic motion. The second state is characterized by the two- directional motion of the groundwork on which the liquid rests. The third state is assumed for the provoked motion of the liquid inside the thin boundary layer resting on the static, motionless groundwork. The measurements are performed in such thermal conditions as to bring them nearer the human body temperature. The performed cells during the cultivation in bioreactors. Additionally, gain of many tribological and biophysical parameters indispensable for cells cultivation, is expected. For fully successful realization of the presented tasks it is necessary to build the mini-bioreactor coupled with the atomic force microscope. By using this microscope it is possible to control many data on biological liquid flow and temperature during the performed measurements and cell cultivation. To solve analytically sets of non linear differential equations is not possible in each case. In such situations the numerical methods must be applied. To achieve the numerical solutions of the presented problems the method of finite differences is applied. In this method the partial derivatives are replaced with the finite differences. The application of difference schemas in the difference method permits to convert the differential equations into the difference equations where the numerical solutions are executed on the ground of the calculated nets. Topology of the nets is optimized by using the least distances between the nods of the nets in the a properly selected metric space to assure stability and convergence of the numerical solutions. The numerical calculations are performed by using Matlab 7.3 Program. The values determined in the numerical way will be verified experimentally in mini-bioreactors. Experimental verification of the analytical and numerical models for nutrient liquid flows during the cells cultivation will be also performed in mini-bioreactors. Also, distributions of liquid velocity and friction forces in thin layers will be verified.
PL
Dużą szybkość fermentacji metanowej można uzyskać w wyniku zwiększenia stężenia aktywnej biomasy drobnoustrojów w reaktorze. Efekt ten można osiągnąć w różny sposób. W pracy przedstawiono reaktory do prowadzenia fermentacji metanowej. Klasyfikacji dokonano z uwagi na formę, w jakiej występują w reaktorze drobnoustroje. Wyróżniono reaktory z osadem rozproszonym, reaktory z biomasą unieruchomioną na nośnikach tworzących nieruchome lub ruchome złoże i reaktory z osadem zawieszonym, najczęściej występującym w formie granulek lub łatwo sedymentujących agregatów. Porównano charakterystyczne parametry pracy najczęściej stosowanych reaktorów i omówiono czynniki określające wybór bioreaktora.
EN
Modern high-rate anaerobic digestion systems retain a high amount of active biomass. The effect is obtained in different ways. This papers reviews the development of high-rate bioreactors in anaerobic digestion. Fermenters have been ciassified three main groups, taking into account the form in which the active biomass occurs in a reactor. These are reactors with a dispersed biomass, reactors with an immobilized biomass creating a fixed or fluidized bed, and reactors with highly settieable sludge aggregates or granules. The characteristics of commoniy used bioreactors and factors governing the choice of the reactor have also been discussed.
10
Content available remote VIII Ogólnopolska Konferencja Przepływów Wielofazowych
75%
|
2006
|
tom T. 85, nr 11
1525-1528
PL
W pracy omówiono podział i zastosowanie bioreaktorów, zestawiono równania bilansu materiałowego dla poszczególnych bioreaktorów. Następnie omówiono jedną z metod biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków -metodę osadu czynnego. Dla dostępnych w literaturze danych wykonano obliczenia projektowe dla komory osadu czynnego dla różnego wieku osadu czynnego.
EN
At work a division and applying bioreactors were discussed, equations of material balance were put together for individual bioreactors. Next was one of methods of biological cleaning waste discussed - method of active deposit. For approachable in the literature of data design calculations were carried out for the chamber of active deposit for the different age of active deposit.
PL
Publikacje japońskie wskazują, że bioreaktory wyposażone w nośniki ceramiczne wpływają korzystnie na prowadzony w nich proces fermentacji i mogą powodować nawet dziesięciokrotne jego przyspieszenie bez pogarszania jakości produktu. Dla uzyskania wymienionych efektów, konieczne jest opanowanie szeregu elementów procesów fermentacji immobilizacyjnej i określenia własności nośników ceramicznych.
EN
It is stated in this work that at the fermentation process the ceramic immobile carriers play important role. The dependence between extinction coefficient and shape of ceramic carriers was investigated.
14
Content available remote Enrichment and molecular diversity of anammox bacteria in uasb reaktor
63%
EN
Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria were successfully enriched in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket bioreactor. In this balanceable ecosystem, the proportion between the conversion of ammonium and nitrite and the production of nitrate was found to be 1: 1.30: 0.29, and the removal efficiency of TN reached 90.35%. The microbial community and its diversity in enrichment cultures have been characterized using microscopy and molecular biotechnology. Based on 16S rRNA and phylogenetic analysis, we found four strains in the amplified DNA fragments. Three new species of anammox bacteria were found in this ecosystem.
19
Content available remote Polimery wrażliwe na bodźce. Cz. 2, Zastosowanie
51%
PL
W publikacji (stanowiącej II cz. pracy przeglądowej dotyczącej polimerów wrażliwych na bodźce) przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania układów polimerowych reagujących na zmiany temperatury i pH. Szczegółowo omówiono następujące kierunki wykorzystania tego rodzaju materiałów: systemy kontrolowanego uwalniania substancji biologicznie aktywnych, hodowla i uwalnianie komórek, bioreaktory oraz budowa zaworów i czujników.
EN
The paper is the second part of a review concerning stimuli-sensitive polymers. In this part the possible applications of polymers sensitive to temperature or pH are presented. The following application directions of such materials are discussed in detail: systems of controlled release of biologically active substances, cell culture and release, bioreactors, constructions of valves and sensors.
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