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EN
This paper presents ultimate limit state analysis of the resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) annular cross-sections with openings, subjected to the axial force and the bending moment. Based on nonlinear material laws for concrete and reinforcing steel and using the method of mathematical induction, analytical formulae are derived in the case when the cross-section is weakened by an arbitrary number of openings located symmetrically with respect to the bending direction. In this approach, the additional reinforcement at openings is also taken into account. The results of numerical calculations are presented in the form of interaction diagrams with the design values of the normalized cross-sectional forces nu and mu for the sections weakened by openings as well as for the closed ones. This approach has been applied to investigate the influence of different parameters such as the size and the number of openings, the reinforcement ratio, the additional reinforcement at the opening, the form of stress-strain relationships for concrete and the thickness/radius ratio, on the section resistance.
EN
Problems in polytherapy of hypertension combined with hyperlipidemia and the need of application of several pharmaceutical preparations have been widely explored by patients, physicians, and the pharmaceutical industry through testing and introduction of a fixed-dose-combination products (FDC). The paper presents different analytical methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis or stability testing of FDC preparations and laboratory prepared mixtures of composition consistent with the FDC products collected on the basis of publications from the last decade. It can significantly facilitate the study of the methods and conditions for the determination of active substances in polypills which contain at least three APIs, especially in cases involving this type of preparations used or tested for their application in polytherapy of hypertension.
EN
The main goal of the work is to identify the relations between features categories describing social capital. In order to solve this task the multidimensional correspondence analysis (cross-compliance) was used. The source of data were the questionnaires collected among farms owners in the Wielkopolska region in 2011. During the research there were accepted the following categories of dependent variable: preferred managerial role in team work or executive worker. The category related to preferred managerial role in team is strongly connected with the category indicating that farm success depends on a business concept. The preferred managerial role in team is related to membership in productional group as well as to attitude indicating a trust to the majority of people.
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Content available remote Analiza możliwości poszerzenia obszarów użytkowania śmigłowca PZL Sokół
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PL
W artykule przedstawiono ilustrację możliwości poszerzenia obwiedni użytkowania śmigłowców na przykładzie śmigłowca PZL Sokół. Podstawą była analiza długoletniej eksploatacji oraz wynikające z niej realne możliwości modyfikacji konstrukcji uzasadnione opracowanymi i przygotowanymi modyfikacjami rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych. Poniższe opracowanie oparto na badaniach typu modelowania symulacyjnego. Wykorzystano gotowe modele matematyczne oraz stworzone na ich podstawie programy komputerowe umożliwiające badania i prowadzenie eksperymentów na drodze obliczeniowej. W zależności od rozpatrywanego problemu posługiwano się modelami śmigłowca o różnym stopniu dokładności.
EN
Possibilities of broadening helicopters' envelope of operational use are described in the article. The PZL Sokół helicopter is presented as an example. The base for the investigations was an analysis of long operational use and the resulting possibilities of the design modifications substantiated by modifications of design solutions, some of which are already elaborated and many of the solutions are in process. The present paper is based on simulative modeling. Complete mathematical models and computer programs based on them were applied, what enabled tests and numerical analysis. Models of different accuracy relevant to the analyzed problem were in use.
EN
The results of instrumental analysis of some ingredients of composite propellants are presented. Scanning electron microscopy, water calorimetry, elemental analysis and differential thermal analysis were used for characterization of ammonium chlorate(VII), aluminum-magnesium alloy and polybutadienes. The results showed that the oxidizer is in the form of spheroidal particles with a diameter 100-200 μm. Morphological analysis of the aluminum-magnesium alloy showed that the powder contains several fractions differing in size and shape. The predominant fractions are polygons with edges joined at acute angles. The grain size of the main fraction does not exceed 100-150 μm. The commercial polymers tested have similar elemental compositions and heats of combustion in oxygen. The standard enthalpies of formation calculated for the tested polymers have positive values and are in good agreement with literature data for non-cured HTPB.
EN
Transport is one of the final stages in the sales of the produced batch. Manufacturing enterprises each time face a dilemma whether to hire a carrier to transport finished goods or invest in their own transportation fleet. The aim of the article is to look at transport through the prism of finished goods. The discussed transport relates to road transport of metal products. The authors conducted research on the basis of the comparative analysis based on selected manufacturing companies. The analysis concerns the actual cost of transport when choosing the option of an external carrier and the carriage by own means of transport, as well as occurring transport damages.
EN
In the crystals of trans-diaquobis(my-3-aminopyrazine-2-carboxylato-N,O,O,O)strontium(II) the Sr ion is eightfold coordinated: by two aminopyrazine (APZA) ligands via their (N,O) bonding moieties [Sr-O 2.5189(15) A, Sr-N 2.7280(18) A], two other carboxylate oxygen atoms donated by the adjacent APZA molecules [Sr-O 2.5989(16) A] bridging the Sr(APZA)2 units into molecular ribbons and two water molecules [Sr-O 2.5556(18) A]. The ribbons are interconnected by hydrogen bonds involving the water molecules and the carboxylate oxygens [O-H...O 2.71(1) A], as well as the amino group nitrogen atoms and the heteroring nitrogen atoms [N-H...N 3.08(1) A].
EN
Researches provided on University of Warsaw Geology Department uses a 3D scanner to make advanced analysis of quartz crystals found on different places on Earth. Quartz crystals are formed in the same process for millions of years. They usually grow in regions of active volcanoes and earthquakes. Their final shape and color depend from number of external factors such as for example pressure, and temperature. Precise 3D scan of quartz crystals made with sub millimeter accuracy gives scientists unique possibilities of researching the condition under which the crystal was formed and discovering the earth condition from hundred thousand years ago.
EN
Automation in experiments carried out on animals is getting more and more important in research. Computers take over laborious and time-consuming activities like recording and analysing images of the experiment scene. The first step in an image analysis is finding and distinguishing between the observed animals and then tracking all objects during the experiment. In this paper four tracking methods are presented. Quantitative and qualitative figures of merit are applied to confront those methods. The comparison takes into consideration the level of correct object recognition during different disturbances, the speed of computation, requirements as to the frame rate and image illumination, quality of recovering from occluded situations and others.
EN
Combined heat and power (CHP) is a facility which uses one energy source to produce both electricity and thermal energy at the same time. CHP has an advantage when compared to conventional power plants which produce only electricity or thermal energy because it is much more efficient - it minimizes the usage of its primary energy source, grid losses and greenhouse gas emissions. CHP’s big advantage lies in its applicability: it is highly compatible with existing technologies already in use in different power systems across the industry, agriculture, business and residential sector. This paper describes the cogeneration in general, its application, classification and characteristics. It also describes various cogeneration plants on board, their principle and the advantages and disadvantages of individual processes. This paper contains analysis of cogeneration systems and their comparison, especially on board ships. The paper uses results of other authors to analyze on board systems and to suggest optimal solutions for various ship types. The papers aim to became one of the tools for project engineers and operation engineers.
PL
Analiza na potrzeby niniejszej pracy została przeprowadzona na dwóch typach auditów certyfikowanego systemu zarządzania jakością w kontekście pozyskania i przetworzenia informacji dotyczących rozwoju. Wskazano cele i etapy szeroko rozumianego procesu auditowania oraz wymieniono czynniki wpływające na wskazania rozwojowe system. Określono również wpływ organizacji na poszczególne etapy procesu auditowania. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono typom informacji dotyczących rozwoju, które są pozyskiwane w obu typach auditów. Wskazano również centra odpowiedzialności za pozyskanie i użycie informacji. Podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, dotyczące źródeł problemów i przyczyn ich występowania.
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Content available remote MCG data preprocessing
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EN
In order to enable further analysis of magnetocardiographic data (MCG), it is necessary to export it from the software that was used to collect data from MCG device, and to convert it to the format that can be used in Matlab application for map sequence generation. This paper describes details of all phases of data conversion – from raw device data to magnetic field (MF) and pseudo-current density (PCD) maps sequences generation.
EN
In this article the approach of thematic analysis of main Polish printed weekly reviews is applied. The author developed thematic division of research material and put much effort to completeness and explicitness. The author chose content analysis as research methodology and constructed a code book. After coding and analysis, conclusions were presented and discussed. There were also methodological inferences for future research.
EN
The article presents issues associated with an analysis of the process of delamination of fibrous composite using the Finite Element Method. Research encompassed three computer modelling sessions for delamination of the material for three different values of distance between the test force application point and the middle of the laminate. The results, encompassing the force value and displacement, were then compared to identify the correlation between these variables and the distance from the force application point. The model correctness was also verified by comparing the value of forces modelled with the real values, obtained during an experiment. On the basis of the results obtained with regard to the size of the force applied, it was concluded that the numerical model represented well the mathematical model presented by Comanho. The negative result errors were due to the increased sensitivity of the software to the laminate fracture phenomenon, occurring during the experiment. Thanks to good representation of the model, it can be used interchangeably with numerical calculations.
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Content available remote Mechatronics Systems in Reduction of Vibration
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EN
The principal aim of the research taken is to work out a method of structure and parameters searching i.e. structural parametric synthesis of discrete model of active mechanical system on the base of desired requirements. The requirements refer to dynamic features of the system, particularly their frequency spectrum.
EN
This paper presents an application for extracting features used in the process of education of politicians based on Open Source technologies, for extracting features from the public press; it enables the user to analyze data from text files and from the Internet. The analyzed data are from the field of politics, a topic which is both a current one and a cyclic process, occurring every four years for the parliamentary elections and every five years for the presidential elections. A specific political vocabulary was compiled for feature identification and analysis and for the interpretation of results obtained.
EN
The many methodologies that exist for characterisation of a mixture structure were recently reviewed and linked with mixing mechanisms in current literature. In this paper we try to develop a novel methodology for defining and characterising homogeneity in continuous mixing using image analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) against well-known statistic methods, which use an auto-correlation function. It allows to characterising homogeneity degree of loose materials in real time on moving conveyor belt, which is used to transport this mixture. Presented methodology is applied to sequence frames analysis of two materials mixture, which was generated by computer software 3D Studio Max 4.0.
PL
Istnieje wiele metodologii, które pozwalają dokonać oceny struktury mieszaniny materiałów sypkich. W niniejszym artykule, wbrew dobrze znanym metodom statystycznym opartym na funkcji autokorelacji, zaproponowana została nowa metoda służąca do oceny homogeniczności mieszaniny materiałów sypkich podczas procesu ich mieszania. Prezentowane podejście wykorzystuje przetwarzanie obrazów oraz analizę głównych składowych i pozwala na scharakteryzowanie struktury mieszaniny bezpośrednio na będącym w ruchu przenośniku taśmowym, służącym do jej transportu. Opracowaną metodę zastosowano do analizy sekwencji klatek, przedstawiających mieszaninę dwóch materiałów, która została wygenerowana za pomocą programu komputerowego 3D Studio Max 4.0.
EN
Shakedown (SD) and shape memory (SM) - generally looked upon as two different phenomena - are shown to have close relations from the point of view of their mechanisms, if considering the respective mesoscale processes on the one hand and the atomic scale processes on the other hand. With the use of the general mesomechanical concept of the first author, their constitutive equations are formulated using the same basic formulae, but with different meanings of the symbols. Constitutive equations are based on the description of internal stresses, in the case of SD on the mesoscale, in the case of SM on the atomic scale. Whereas in the case of SD, plastic deformation means shifting of atomic blocks and changing atomic neighbors, in the case of a diffusionless SM the atomic neighbors are maintained, what simplifies the analysis.
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