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1

Enzymatic oxidation of phthalazine with guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase and liver slices: inhibition by isovanillin

100%

Panoutsopoulos G. I. , Beedham C.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

|

2004

|

tom 51

|

nr 4

943-951

EN

The enzymes aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of N-heterocycles and aldehydes. These enzymes are widely known for their role in the metabolism of N-heterocyclic xenobiotics where they provide a protective barrier by aiding in the detoxification of ingested nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Isovanillin has been shown to inhibit the metabolism of aromatic aldehydes by aldehyde oxidase, but its inhibition towards the heterocyclic compounds has not been studied. The present investigation examines the oxidation of phthalazine in the absence and in the presence of the inhibitor isovanillin by partially purified aldehyde oxidase from guinea pig liver. In addition, the interaction of phthalazine with freshly prepared guinea pig liver slices, both in the absence and presence of specific inhibitors of several liver oxidizing enzymes, was investigated. Aldehyde oxidase rapidly converted phthalazine into 1-phthalazinone, which was completely inhibited in the presence of isovanillin (a specific inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase). In freshly prepared liver slices, phthalazine was also rapidly converted to 1-phthalazinone. The formation of 1-phthalazinone was completely inhibited by isovanillin, whereas disulfiram (a specific inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase) only inhibited 1-phthalazinone formation by 24% and allopurinol (a specific inhibitor of xanthine oxidase) had little effect. Therefore, isovanillin has been proved as an inhibitor of the metabolism of heterocyclic substrates, such as phthalazine, by guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase, since it had not been tested before. Thus it would appear from the inhibitor results that aldehyde oxidase is the predominant enzyme in the oxidation of phthalazine to 1-phthalazinone in freshly prepared guinea pig liver slices, whereas xanthine oxidase only contributes to a small extent and aldehyde dehydrogenase does not take any part.

2

Kinetics and specificity of guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase and bovine milk xanthine oxidase towards substituted benzaldehydes.

100%

Panoutsopoulos G. I. , Beedham C.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

|

2004

|

tom 51

|

nr 3

649-663

EN

Molybdenum-containing enzymes, aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase, are important in the oxidation of N-heterocyclic xenobiotics. However, the role of these enzymes in the oxidation of drug-derived aldehydes has not been established. The present investigation describes the interaction of eleven structurally related benzaldehydes with guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase and bovine milk xanthine oxidase, since they have similar substrate specificity to human molybdenum hydroxylases. The compounds under test included mono-hydroxy and mono-methoxy benzaldehydes as well as 3,4-dihydroxy-, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-, and 3,4-dimethoxy-benzaldehydes. In addition, various amines and catechols were tested with the molybdenum hydroxylases as inhibitors of benzaldehyde oxidation. The kinetic constants have shown that hydroxy-, and methoxy-benzaldehydes are excellent substrates for aldehyde oxidase (Km values 5×10-6 M to 1×10-5 M) with lower affinities for xanthine oxidase (Km values around 10-4 M). Therefore, aldehyde oxidase activity may be a significant factor in the oxidation of the aromatic aldehydes generated from amines and alkyl benzenes during drug metabolism. Compounds with a 3-methoxy group showed relatively high Vmax values with aldehyde oxidase, whereas the presence of a 3-hydroxy group resulted in minimal Vmax values or no reaction. In addition, amines acted as weak inhibitors, whereas catechols had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on the aldehyde oxidase activity. It is therefore possible that aldehyde oxidase may be critical in the oxidation of the analogous phenylacetaldehydes derived from dopamine and noradrenaline.

3

A case of classical xanthinuria type 1 determined by the simplified allopurinol loading test-new mutation in xanthine dehydrogenase gene

100%

Ichida K. , Takahashi K. , Matsuda O. , Kimura H. , Hosoya T.

Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters

|

1999

|

tom 04

|

nr 3

4

Enzymatic oxidation of phthalazine with guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase and liver slices: inhibition by isovanillin

84%

Panoutsopoulos G. I. , Beedham C.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

|

2004

|

tom 51

|

nr 4

EN

The enzymes aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of N-heterocycles and aldehydes. These enzymes are widely known for their role in the metabolism of N-heterocyclic xenobiotics where they provide a protective barrier by aiding in the detoxification of ingested nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Isovanillin has been shown to inhibit the metabolism of aromatic aldehydes by aldehyde oxidase, but its inhibition towards the heterocyclic compounds has not been studied. The present investigation examines the oxidation of phthalazine in the absence and in the presence of the inhibitor isovanillin by partially purified aldehyde oxidase from guinea pig liver. In addition, the interaction of phthalazine with freshly prepared guinea pig liver slices, both in the absence and presence of specific inhibitors of several liver oxidizing enzymes, was investigated. Aldehyde oxidase rapidly converted phthalazine into 1-phthalazinone, which was completely inhibited in the presence of isovanillin (a specific inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase). In freshly prepared liver slices, phthalazine was also rapidly converted to 1-phthalazinone. The formation of 1-phthalazinone was completely inhibited by isovanillin, whereas disulfiram (a specific inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase) only inhibited 1-phthalazinone formation by 24% and allopurinol (a specific inhibitor of xanthine oxidase) had little effect. Therefore, isovanillin has been proved as an inhibitor of the metabolism of heterocyclic substrates, such as phthalazine, by guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase, since it had not been tested before. Thus it would appear from the inhibitor results that aldehyde oxidase is the predominant enzyme in the oxidation of phthalazine to 1-phthalazinone in freshly prepared guinea pig liver slices, whereas xanthine oxidase only contributes to a small extent and aldehyde dehydrogenase does not take any part.

5

Plant molybdoenzymes and their response to stress

67%

Zdunek-Zastocka E. , Lips H. S.

|

tom 25

|

nr 4

6

Kinetics and specificity of guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase and bovine milk xanthine oxidase towards substituted benzaldehydes

67%

Panoutsopoulos G. I. , Beedham C.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

|

2004

|

tom 51

|

nr 3

EN

Molybdenum-containing enzymes, aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase, are important in the oxidation of N-heterocyclic xenobiotics. However, the role of these enzymes in the oxidation of drug-derived aldehydes has not been established. The present investigation describes the interaction of eleven structurally related benzaldehydes with guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase and bovine milk xanthine oxidase, since they have similar substrate specificity to human molybdenum hydroxylases. The compounds under test included mono-hydroxy and mono-methoxy benzaldehydes as well as 3,4-dihydroxy-, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-, 4-hydroxy-3-metho- xy-, and 3,4-dimethoxy-benzaldehydes. In addition, various amines and catechols were tested with the molybdenum hydroxylases as inhibitors of benzaldehyde oxidation. The kinetic constants have shown that hydroxy-, and methoxy-benzaldehydes are excellent substrates for aldehyde oxidase (Km values 5*10 M to 1^10 M) with lower affinities for xanthine oxidase (Km values around 10- M). Therefore, aldehyde oxidase activity may be a significant factor in the oxidation of the aromatic aldehydes generated from amines and alkyl benzenes during drug metabolism. Compounds with a 3-methoxy group showed relatively high Vmax values with aldehyde oxidase, whereas the presence of a 3-hydroxy group resulted in minimal Vmax values or no reaction. In addition, amines acted as weak inhibitors, whereas catechols had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on the aldehyde oxidase activity. It is therefore possible that aldehyde oxidase may be critical in the oxidation of the analogous phenylacetaldehydes derived from dopamine and noradrenaline.