Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Ugody i postępowania mediacyjne

100%

Jaślan W.

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

|

2005

|

tom nr 11

28-29

PL

Ustawą z 28 lipca 2005 r. o zmianie ustawy - Kodeks postępowania cywilnego oraz niektórych innych ustaw (Dz.U. nr 172, poz. 1438) wprowadzono mediację jako jeszcze inną formę polubownego likwidowania spraw cywilnych. Według uzasadnienia do wskazanej ustawy celem regulacji jest wprowadzenie do naszego prawa procesowego cywilnego instytucji mediacji jako alternatywnego do sądowego postępowania cywilnego sposobu rozstrzygania spraw cywilnych. Postępowanie takie powinno prowadzić do szybkiego załatwiania części sporów, w sposób najbardziej korzystny dla obu stron - w drodze ugody.

2

Udział w wyborach Solidarnej Polski Zbigniewa Ziobro w latach 2014–2015

80%

Wicherek D.

Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie

|

2017

|

tom 22

36-50

EN

Analyzes of individual election campaigns in which the Solidarna Polska party took part showed the dominant position of Law and Justice on the right side of the political scene. Jarosław Kaczyński’s party, receiving 37.58% of votes in the parliamentary elections in 2015, as the first after 1989, independently took over the governments. Zbigniew Ziobro’s party undertook program activities and initiatives that would distinguish it from the PiS and contribute to the fact that it would become an alternative to right-wing voters. Unfortunately, she did it without much success. Solidarna Polska managed to win a small electorate, and support not exceeding 5% did not make it a strong party dominating the right and threatening Law and Justice.

3

The anti-competitive agreements in the prospective of the law on competition protection - An inside in the Albanian practices and legal framework

80%

Konomi Perolla R. , Peto Z.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

|

2015

|

nr 12

59-72

EN

In Albania legislation on competition was developed only after the 90s and this is natural depending on the economic development and market model, which before the 90s had spaces of a free and competitive development. Competition is an economic phenomenon that refers to such a state of a free market economy, where companies compete independently in order to benefit as many buyers so as to meet the objectives to increase profits and expansion of markets. In this way free competition is both beneficial for business development and profitable for consumers themselves, who should benefit from the prices set based on the demand–offer ratio. Competition should be perceived as a necessary mechanism that promotes increase of welfare in general, by providing enterprises with greater opportunities for profit and therefore better quality for consumers, a major benefit in the range of choices lower prices. Encouraged by the existence of competition, enterprises as market players should be motivated to be always on the alert and perhaps in uncertainty in order to be as much active in the way they compete with their competitors by providing investments and aggressive strategies as a reply to their, but also potential rivals. In competitive markets, the companies are motivated to gain market power in order to strengthen their positions in the markets where they operate and thereby they have an impact in the fulfillment of the growing needs of the consumer, which brings increase of welfare. Nevertheless, quite often companies have such an attitude that they may cause limitation of competition, such as the agreements, whose object or consequence is price fixing, market shares or the establishment of a market structure where competitors join (in case of concentrations). Price fixing is a classic element to all cases of cartels. By means of such behavior competitors try to avoid price competition between them to the detriment of the consumer, by applying higher prices. This may happen at horizontal level, but also at vertical level. What do we perceive with prohibited agreements under Albanian law of competition? What are the forms of agreements that are prohibited and which are excluded? These are some of the questions that this article adresses.

4

Postępowanie dotyczące przyznawania pomocy finansowej w ramach działań objętych Programem Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich

80%

Wojciechowski P.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

|

2012

|

tom 10

335-366

EN

Measures implemented in Poland under the Rural Development Programs (RDP) can significantly contribute to improving the competitiveness of the polish agricultural sector. One of the factors affecting the effective implementation of the RDP are the legal procedures used for the granting of financial support. The article discusses the procedure for granting financial support from RDP adopted in the Polish legislation. The discussion leads to the conclusion that fully justified is the solution in which in some measures the financial support is granted on the basis of an administrative decision, and in another measures on the basis of agreement. The article criticizes the scope of changes to the provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure, made for the granting of financial support. The above–mentioned changes on the one hand does not simplify the procedures granting of financial support, and on the other hand, definitely weaken the legal situation of the applicant, which is not justified by the principle of proportionality. The author concludes that the procedures adopted by the Polish legislator are mainly aimed at protecting the financial interests of the EU, but does not take into account the need to support the development of the competitiveness of the Polish agricultural sector.

5

The Application of the Legal Structure of an Agreement in Public Administration

80%

Trzewik J. , Kuś B.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

|

2017

|

tom 26

|

nr 3

EN

The aim of the article is the presentation of the agreement as the form of activity of public administration. These forms are being defined as the predicted type determined by the law of the specific activity of the administrative body. The attempts of systematization of forms of action of public administration take into account various criteria. Among others to these forms are numbered administrative acts, normative acts, forms of factual activities and agreements. The last years brought special interest in the problems of bilateral forms of the activity of public administration, above all agreements in the nearly administrative. The agreements as the legal form of the activity of administration are divided into two fundamental groups. The first group contains agreements of civil law. In the second group there are public legal agreements. Based on the more detailed division, double-sided forms of action of administration include civil agreements, administrative agreements, administrative arrangements and settlements. The use of construction of legal agreement in the sphere of actions of public administration has its own specific. The doctrine of public law indicates the characteristic features of used agreement at the level of public law.

PL

Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie umowy jako formy działania administracji publicznej. Formy te definiowane są jako przewidziany prawem określony typ konkretnej czynności organu administracji. Próby usystematyzowania form działania administracji publicznej uwzględniają rozmaite kryteria. Do form tych zaliczane są m.in. akty administracyjne, akty normatywne, formy działań faktycznych i umowy. Ostatnie lata przyniosły szczególne zainteresowanie problematyką dwustronnych form działania administracji publicznej, przede wszystkim umów w prawie administracyjnym. Przyjmuje się pogląd na temat podziału umów jako prawnych form działania administracji na dwie zasadnicze grupy. Do pierwszej zaliczają się umowy prawa cywilnego, do drugiej zaś umowy o charakterze publicznoprawnym. Na podstawie bardziej szczegółowego podziału dwustronne formy działania administracji obejmują umowy cywilne, umowy administracyjne (publicznoprawne), porozumienia administracyjne i ugody. Wykorzystanie konstrukcji prawnej umowy w sferze działań administracji publicznej ma swoją specyfikę. Doktryna prawa publicznego wskazuje na charakterystyczne cechy umowy wykorzystywanej w płaszczyźnie prawa publicznego.

6

Istota odróżnienia umów odpłatnych i nieodpłatnych w prawie polskim

80%

Kaźmierczyk A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

|

2011

|

nr 870

175-186

EN

The article presents problematic aspects of the difference between gratuitous and non-gratuitous contracts in Polish law which have not yet been fully elaborated in the Polish legal literature. The object of our deliberations is the validity of being able to distinguish gratuitous and non-gratuitous contracts. This ability is crucial as under the present legislation one may observe a tendency to adopt a different approach to gratuitous and non-‑gratuitous contracts. It has been pointed out that some limitations have been included in the Polish legislation which restrict or impede the performance of gratuitous legal transactions. The fact that the duties incumbent upon a person who has benefited gratuitously towards one who has obtained such benefit are less demanding than those when analogous non-gratuitous legal transactions are performed. At last, in the event of a conflict of interest, the legal status of a recipient of a gratuitous material benefit is weaker in comparison with the legal status of the person who obtained such benefit. Another issue we discuss is what criterion should be applied to distinguish between non-gratuitous and gratuitous contracts. The last issue is the understanding of the term “consideration”.

7

Reproducibility and Validity of the Myotest for Measuring Step Frequency and Ground Contact Time in Recreational Runners

80%

Gouttebarge V. , Wolfard R. , Griek N. , Ruiter C. J. d. , Boschman J. S. , Dieën J. H. v.

Journal of Human Kinetics

|

2015

|

tom 45

|

nr 1

19-26

EN

The purpose of this study was to assess the reproducibility (test-retest reliability and agreement) and concurrent validity of the Myotest for measuring step frequency (SF) and ground contact time (GCT) in recreational runners. Based on a within-subjects design (test and retest), SF and GCT of 14 participants (11 males, 3 females) were measured at three different running speeds with the Myotest during two test sessions. SF and GCT were also assessed with a foot-mounted accelerometer (Gold Standard, previously validated by comparing to force plate data) during the first test session. Levels of test-retest reliability and concurrent validity were expressed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), agreement with standard errors of measurement (SEM). For SF, test-retest reliability (ICC’s > 0.75) and agreement of the Myotest were considered as good at all running speeds. For GCT, test-retest reliability was found to be moderate at a running speed of 14 km/h and poor at speeds of 10 and 12 km/h (ICC < 0.50). Agreement of the Myotest for GCT at all three running speeds was considered not acceptable given the SEM’s calculated. Concurrent validity of the Myotest with the foot-mounted accelerometer (Gold Standard) at all three running speeds was found to be good for SF (ICC’s > 0.75) and moderate for GCT (0.50 < ICC’s < 0.75). The conclusion of our study is that estimates obtained with the Myotest are reproducible and valid for SF but not for GCT.

8

Obowiązki dokumentacyjne dysponentów zabytków nieruchomych zagospodarowanych na cele użytkowe a praktyka stosowania art. 25 ust. 1 ustawy o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami

80%

Lizak A.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

|

2023

|

nr 1 (41)

139-157

EN

Article 25 of the Act on the Protection and Care of Historical Monuments (hereinafter: u.o.z.o.z.) imposes some obligations on owners or property holders of listed immovable historic monuments that have been adapted for utility functions. These obligations include holding conservator’s documentation and having a programme of the preservation works and program of the development of the monument and its surroundings (both programmes shall receive the consent of the voivodeship historic preservation officer). This provision is the only one in the Act that strictly concerns the adaptation of historic monuments. Despite this fact, it is not fully applied in practice. The first reason for this is that there is no sanction if somebody does not hold the required documentation. Secondly, regulations are insufficiently precise, for example, the procedure for reaching an agreement with preservation officer is not specified. The article is based on empirical research carried out in selected voivodeship historic preservation offices. The text focuses on the problem of how article 25 of u.o.z.o.z. is applied in practice. It transpires that some voivodeship historic preservationofficers do not apply this provision at all, while in other voivodeships agreements are rare or are not reached as an autonomous activity but within the framework of other procedures (e.g. connected with allowances for performing some work). The analysis of documents prepared on the basis of article 25 u.o.z.o.z. leads to the conclusion that such documents are often incomplete or mistaken for other similar documents that are also obligatory, but on a different legal basis. What is more, the practice in the terms of the form and procedure of agreements is uneven – ordinarily, it takes the form of a letter, although there are also cases when a formal decision or opinion is issued. The results of empirical research served as a basis for de lege lata and de lege ferenda postulates.

9

Legal Aspects of the Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of Poland and the Government of the United States of America on Enhanced Defense Cooperation – 2020

70%

Nowak Z. , Laszkiewicz K.

Cybersecurity and Law

|

2022

|

tom 8

|

nr 2

230-250

EN

On August 15, Mariusz Błaszczak, Minister of National Defense, and Michael Pompeo, U.S. Secretary of State, signed an agreement to strengthen the permanent presence of U.S. troops in Poland. The agreement was signed in the presence of the President of the Republic of Poland Andrzej Duda. The agreement sets the legal framework for the presence of U.S. troops in Poland. The adopted principles are based to a large extent on regulations common to all NATO members, i.e. the NATO SOFA agreement of 1951, which Poland adopted with its membership in the North Atlantic Alliance. The agreement, which replaces the existing agreement from 2009, has been concluded for an indefinite period, and both parties can terminate it after informing the partner. This article details the provisions of the new international agreement, comparing its provisions with the existing legal regulations in the field of Polish-American cooperation.

10

Autyzm relacyjnie, czyli praca na i nad kontaktem z dziećmi z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu

70%

Gołaska P.

Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej

|

2016

|

nr 15

65-78

PL

Relational approach to autism is a specific way of understanding needs of the child with development disorders based on three strong fundaments – psychoanalysis, development psychology and psychopathology. It is a result of complex research of typical development and identification of caretaker’s intuitive reactions, which support the child best and in a natural way. Relational therapy is not a remedy for every issue in autism. However, it should be an important, central element of a good-enough, holistic educational and therapeutic program. An introduction to other, educational-oriented activities, like learning which is a dyadic process of interaction between two people of whom one is always a teacher for another. Connection and relation should be an essence of every intervention dedicated to autistic children to, as a result, make the autism thaw.

11

The logical-semantic content of subject: A configurational view from syntax and LF

70%

Jurczyk R.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

|

2015

|

tom 51

|

nr 1

89-131

EN

The paper raises the topic of what the functional and logical notion of subject is. It examines the syntax-semantic nature of Icelandic and Polish quirky subject constructions (subjectless clauses in which the initial DP bears oblique Case) with psych-verbs. Of main interest is the full vs. default agreement on V which nominative DPs and quirky subjects always trigger, respectively. We attempt to define the primitive notion of subject from two standpoints – its LF representation and how it is mirrored syntactically by the predication relation of the subject with respect to vP/VP and the proposition of the sentence in TP between the subject and T′. We discuss the semantic and configurational dependencies between quirky subjects and nominative DPs and vP and TP/CP. The paper investigates also the landing site for non-nominative initial DPs and argues for the Topic Phrase in the Left Periphery (Rizzi 1997) as a most natural candidate to host quirky subjects. Hopefully, the conclusions reached here may offer some way of bringing the notion of subject towards its more satisfactory understanding and description within the generative approach.

12

Approaches to Teaching Agreement and Disagreement in Selected Coursebook Series

70%

Válková S. , Kořínková J.

Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition

|

2023

|

tom 9

|

nr 1

1-20

EN

The article focuses on the explicit teaching of language used to express agreement and disagreement in the popular English language coursebooks English File and Navigate. It reviews the current research on teaching various aspects of polite language and politeness-sensitive speech acts and analyses and compares the explicitly taught phrases of agreement and disagreement in the two selected coursebook series, as well as the methods of their presentation and the amount of background theoretical information provided to students and teachers to facilitate their proper usage. Differences were identified not in the inventories and language representation of the explicitly taught phrases, but mainly in the background support available for students and teachers on their usage.

13

Solidarność i dobro wspólne — kilka uwag w kontekście rozważań o metodach rozwiązywania sporów międzypaństwowych na przykładzie Unii Europejskiej

70%

Helios J.

Przegląd Prawa i Administracji

|

2013

|

tom 94

11 - 25

EN

The article is concentrated on the problem of solidarity and common good in the context of disputes between states in the European Union. It investigates three main issues: — firstly, common good as an expression of solidarity; — secondly, the role of common good at the international level; — thirdly, solidarity as a principle of loyal cooperation between the European Union and the Member States. The last part of the paper is devoted to the problem of solidarity in the European Union. In the author’s opinion: 1) The terms “solidarity” and “common good” are considered equivalent. Solidarity can be understood as an ordered harmony in the pursuit of the common good. 2) The very notion of “common good,” regarded by some contemporary thinkers as a bit archaic, obsolete, in combination with the concept of “solidarity” is useful at the international level, especially in the EU. Based on these concepts, one can attempt to build a common platform for interaction between states and setting the basis for consensus necessary to strengthen cooperation. Thus, disputes between states can be if not eliminated, then at least to a large extent minimized.

14

Contract of Arbitrage in the Domestic Regulations on the Examples of Poland and France

70%

Bocianowska J. , Ciszewski M.

Cybersecurity and Law

|

2024

|

tom 12

|

nr 2

219-233

EN

Arbitration represents a desirable alternative dispute resolution in the realities of modern economically developed countries. Whereas the arbitrage contract is the realisation of this possibility. Submission to arbitration by the parties – in other words signing an arbitrage contract, constitutes de facto the only way to exclude the potential dispute from under the jurisdiction of common courts. It is particularly important in commercial proceedings as it may significantly influence the swiftness of the process due to its flexibility, costs and speed of the proceedings.

15

Cywilnoprawne aspekty umów zawieranych pomiędzy organem administracji publicznej a organizacją pozarządową w celu realizacji zadań publicznych

70%

Biniasz-Celka D.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

|

2019

|

nr 4(28)

53-78

EN

The article focuses on selected aspects of collaboration between public authorities and public benefit organizations (PBOs). PBOs not only enable the development of active citizenship, but also contribute to the effective implementation of public tasks, thus helping the authorities in implementing their statutory duties. An outcome of the collaboration may be, among other things, an agreement to implement certain tasks, taking the form of, for example, the realization of a task or the support provided for its realization following competitive tendering and in justified cases without the tender, or performed within the framework of a local initiative. The main focus of the article is to determine the scope of the autonomy of the parties in the classic approach, keeping in mind that the autonomy is one of the main principles governing civil law. Parties in a civil law contract must be able to create autonomous relationships. Consequently, in order to fulfil its functions, civil law must be an open system which regulates typical situations in a non-authoritative manner. The essential question seems to be to what extent this attitude may be transposed to public law. Undoubtedly, an agreement as a form of an administrative activity will never have the same legal nature as an agreement concluded between private parties. An administrative body that applies private law forms of action does not become subject to the same rights as a private entity and, consequently, is not exempt from the obligation to comply with the fundamental constitutional principles and values that have been established with a view of protecting civil rights and freedoms.

16

Dialog zgody jako neoretoryczny projekt Bachtina

70%

Tiupa Walerij Igoriewicz T. W. I.

Przestrzenie Teorii

|

2020

|

nr 33

393-407

EN

The article is dedicated to the idea of dialogism in the philosophy of Mikhail Bakhtin. The author assumes that the dialogism of this Russian philosopher of ideas and literary critic is presented in a new light as a clearly valid intention in humanistic thinking. The focus is particularly turned towards the notion of the “dialogue of agreement”. The author examines various communication strategies (of submission, tolerance, convergence). Moreover, attention is drawn to the non-authoritarian, trans-- hierarchical types of resultative communication which leads to the convergence of awareness. The dialogic relation of agreement is perceived as the ultimate goal of every dialogue.

17

Dobrowolne poddanie się odpowiedzialności jako instytucja konsensualnego zakończenia sprawy

60%

Skowronek G.

Forum Polityki Kryminalnej

|

2022

|

nr 1(3)

1-17

EN

The institution of voluntary submission to liability is extremely practical and beneficial for both parties to proceedings in cases involving tax offenses. It is a solution that allows for a quick conclusion of the case. Importantly, this kind of conclusion results from negotiations and, consequently, from an agreement between the perpetrator and the financial body of the preparatory proceedings. Consensual elements in the current model of penal policy are a unique but an already permanent feature in the catalog of tools used by fiscal penal law. From the observation and practice of applying this institution, it can be concluded that this criminal law structure brings tangible benefits for a broadly understood administration of justice. Grzegorz Skowronek’s article offers an analysis of regulations, with particular emphasis on the conciliatory nature of this procedure.

PL

Instytucja dobrowolnego poddania się odpowiedzialności jest niezwykle praktyczna i korzystna dla obu stron postępowania w sprawach o przestępstwa skarbowe i wykroczenia skarbowe. Jest to rozwiązanie, które pozwala na szybkie zakończenie sprawy, przy czym, co istotne, jest to zakończenie będące efektem negocjacji i w konsekwencji porozumienia sprawcy z finansowym organem postępowania przygotowawczego. Elementy konsensualne w obowiązującym modelu polityki karnej są czymś wyjątkowym, jednak już na trwałe wpisanym w katalog narzędzi, jakimi posługuje się prawo karne skarbowe. Z obserwacji i praktyki stosowania tej instytucji można wyprowadzić wnioski, że ta konstrukcja karnoprawna przynosi wymierne korzyści dla szeroko rozumianego wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Przedmiotowe opracowanie skupia się na analizie przepisów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem koncyliacyjnego charakteru tego postępowania.

18

Mediation in economic disputes

60%

Pawłowska E. , Wranik J.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2020

|

tom z. 148

635--646

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to present the use of the mediation tool in resolving economic disputes on the example of the Silesian Voivodeship. Design/methodology/approach: The comparative analysis methodology was selected for the purposes of this study. Analysis as a technique for recognizing the types of elements forming a given whole on the basis of their characteristics and assessing the efficiency of the whole functioning against the background of the adopted pattern. The analysis was conducted in two selected regional courts in the Silesian Voivodeship. Findings: Currently, an increasing number of commercial cases pending before the courts can be observed, however, the institution of mediation still plays a negligible role in their resolution. Mediation focuses on the future of the parties, avoids escalation of the problem and is a highly individualized process. An undoubted problem regarding mediation is the lack of trust of both courts and the public in this form of resolving the conflict. Currently, mediation is not sufficiently used, which is why education and promotion are so important in this regard. Originality/value: The presented analysis is important because it indicates the role of mediation and the essence of its popularization in overcoming society's reluctance. To achieve this, it is necessary to promote information on mediation, train judges in effective urging the parties to mediate, and make young people aware of the many benefits of settling everyday problems.

19

Wykluczenie wykonawcy jako skutek rozwiązania umowy z przyczyn leżących po jego stronie

60%

Bójko J. , Puto M.

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

|

2020

|

tom R. 75, nr 11

23--26

PL

W artykule opisane zostały obligatoryjne i fakultatywne przesłanki wykluczenia wykonawcy z przetargu, z uwzględnieniem orzecznictwa i poglądów doktryny. Uwagę zwrócono na fakultatywną przesłankę z art. 24 ust. 5 pkt 4 ustawy z dnia 29 stycznia 2004 r. Prawo zamówień publicznych, zgodnie z którym z postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia zamawiający może wykluczyć wykonawcę, który, z przyczyn leżących po jego stronie, nie wykonał albo nienależycie wykonał w istotnym stopniu wcześniejszą umowę w sprawie zamówienia publicznego lub umowę koncesji, zawartą z zamawiającym, co doprowadziło do rozwiązania umowy lub zasądzenia odszkodowania. Zamawiający, aby móc z niej skorzystać, musi zawrzeć w umowie z wykonawcą odpowiednią klauzulę, przewidującą możliwość rozwiązania umowy lub zasądzenia odszkodowania wskutek niewykonania lub nienależytego wykonania umowy przez wykonawcę, co jest powszechną praktyką na polskim rynku zamówień publicznych. W przypadku jednak zawarcia takiej klauzuli zamawiający jest zobowiązany do jej zastosowania w razie spełnienia przesłanki. W artykule opisana została również instytucja samooczyszczania (self-cleaning), wywodząca się z art. 57 ust. 6 dyrektywy 2014/24/UE. Procedura samooczyszczania może zapewnić ochronę wykonawcy przed wykluczeniem z przyszłych przetargów. Aby skorzystać z self-cleaningu wykonawca musi jednak przyznać, że przyczyna niewykonania lub nienależytego wykonania umowy leży po jego stronie.

EN

The article describes obligatory and optional grounds for excluding a contractor on the basis of Polish Public Procurement Law, taking into account the jurisprudence and views of the doctrine. The attention is paid to the optional ground based on art. 24 sec. 5 point 4 of the Polish Act of January 29, 2004, Public Procurement Law, according to which the contracting authority may exclude from the procurement procedure contractors who, for reasons attributable to them, failed to perform or to a significant extent improperly performed a prior public procurement contract or concession contract concluded with the contracting authority, which led to termination or awarding compensation. In order to be able to use the institution, the contracting party must include an appropriate clause in the contract, providing for the possibility of terminating the contract or awarding damages due to contractor’s non-performance or improper performance of the contract, which is a common practice on the Polish public procurement market. However, in the event of such a clause, the contracting authority is obliged to apply it if the condition is met. The article also describes the self-cleaning institution, derived from art. 57 sec. 6 of Directive 2014/24/EU. The self-cleaning procedure can protect the contractor from being excluded from future tenders. However, In order to take advantage of self-cleaning, the contractor has to admit that non-performance or improper performance of the contract is their fault.

20

Polityka zagraniczna Stolicy Apostolskiej po I wojnie światowej za pontyfikatu papieża Benedykta XV

60%

Batóg M.

Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne

|

2019

|

tom 28

|

nr 4

31-38

EN

In a relatively short pontificate of Pope Benedict XV we can distinguish two stages: the First World War and the first years after its end. To a certain extend the war determined the character of the Pope’s activities, who during the war took measures to stop the fights between the parties of the conflict and after the war he fought to strengthen the position of the Catholic Church in new circumstances. In this way the Pope wanted to prevent the Church dependence on a state or rather a group of states, which wanted to have influence on the life of the Church and the faithful. It can be said that the actions taken by Pope Benedict XV allowed the Church to avoid it.