A contribution from the conference 'The Second Avant-garde' (part of the grant-funded project 'The Myths, Language, and Taboos of the Czech Post-Avant-garde from the Forties to the Sixties'), which was held on 23 October 2007. The article focuses on the discussion of the Avant-garde which took place in Czechoslovakia and in Western Europe in the 1960s and 1970s. It considers two artistic trends, the first of which followed on from the original Avant-garde, and the second of which claimed that it was impossible to follow on from, or come out of, the Avant-garde rejection of contemporary art. The article also takes into account the debate about when a work of art may truly be called Avant-garde, whether it is at the time the work is made or only later, from an historical perspective.
A long-term study of the material preserved concerning the structure, character and modes of organization of the Maya shows that for them the concept of time represents one of the main bases for the perception of the world and universe as well as for grasping the existence of individual as such. The intensity with which this ancient civilization focussed on the concept of time is given by the fact that time for them was not only quantitative, but also a qualitative dimension influencing the actions of each individual. This can be demonstrated by their calendar which consists of three mutually related temporal cycles of differing lengths and sequences that proceed as three circles of different size constantly rotating next to each other and together. This precisely worked out mechanism enabled its users to express many-layered parallel perceptions of time and space. The basic unit of measurement of the whole mechanism is not a year but a day. This allows the use of the calendar in basically every fundamental sphere of life of members of these communities. Although in the course of the colonialism and afterwards basically all pre-Columbian Mayan traditions underwent differing degrees of assimilation or transformation, the exceptional place of the meaning of time and temporality in the value system of the Maya allowed the preservation of the original calendar, or at least its parts, up to today. For us these pieces of knowledge are first of all an important source of information for the understanding of the most basic life goal of all Maya, which was and is attaining harmony with reality which they perceived and experienced.
In the paper two methods of representing temporal dependencies expressed in natural languages are given. The first one, introduced by H. Reichenbach in 1948, is based on a linear representation of time, with events represented by points on the time scale. The second one is based on a net representation of states, events, and their succession introduced by C. A.Petri in 1962. The main difference between these two approaches consists in accepting by nets (i) partial ordering of events and states rather than their linear ordering, hence accepting their mutual independence, and (ii) a possibility of representing coexisting as well as mutually excluding states, hence accepting different histories in one model. Reichenbach's representation can be viewed as a particular case of the Petri net one. Both representations use graphical means for modeling temporal phenomena.
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The article deals with the question of how the contemporary postmodernist world view relates to the “mainstream” of Adventist theology – i.e. a movement which directly follows the modernist world view of the founders of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church. It critically analyses the deconstruction of evangelical theology in the works of the Adventist philosopher Fernando Canale. This deconstruction aims at redefining the macro-hermeneutic approach of Adventist theology on the basis of God’s temporality. Finally, the article demonstrates the impact of this understanding on Adventist orthopraxy.
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