The article shows different views on the autonomy of translation in relation to the original text. At first, translation is regarded as a separate entity, a distinct text, functioning in a different cultural sphere (both geographically and linguistically) and often at a different age. Therefore it has a different recipient. Its autonomy is manifested in its multiplicity and recurrence, in the possibility of occurrence of new translations. The stages of creating the original and translation are also different. The autonomy of the translation depends on the attitude of the translator who has at his disposal different methods of work on the original text and different ways of interpreting it although the results of his efforts exist only in relation to the original text.
The paper reviews somatic hybridization of grasses and cereals. The following subjects are be discussed: 1) methods of somatic embryo production, 2) levels and methods used for somatic hybrids' description 3) species participating in hybridization programs, 4) traits used for selection of somatic hybrids in in vitro culture, 5) agricultural traits searched in particular combination of hybridization, 6) ploidy of somatic regenerants and their isoenzymatic variation.
The study deals with the theme of the relationship of corporate identity and image focusing on the search and analysis of published researches and publications on the topic. The text of study presents processed opinions and practical findings of domestic and foreign authors. The author characterises corporate identity and image and their mutual relationship. Furthermore, the study describes the characteristics of elements influencing identity and image of the companies - attributes and factors affecting the image. In the final chapter the author states the findings of predominantly foreign authors who primarily dealt with this topic. The author compares opinions and findings of other authors and draws her own conclusions. The scientific methods used while writing the text were analysis, comparison, induction and deduction.
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The study deals with one of the youngest translations of St. John Chrysostom’s Eastern liturgy into Czech. The translation analysed represents an innovative act not only within the Eastern Orthodox Church, but also outside it, and for many reasons has been accepted in different ways. The study also aims at providing space to critical voices and endeavours to discuss these views in the context of theory and practice of translation. Equally, it strives for an complete analysis of the linguistic-translatological characteristics of the translations by Marek Krupica and Jiří Stránský. One of the important factors of the concerned translation by Krupica and Stránský was an attempt at an intelligible Czech language which could be used for liturgical purposes as well. On the textual layer, there is the already mentioned intelligibility which does not contradict the observance of the textual poetics. After all, these two factors are not easy to observe, in particular regarding the translation of poetry. Marek Krupica and Jiří Stránský give preference to generally known, mostly Christian terms, such as Bohorodička [Mother of God] or svátosti [sacraments]. These terms replace the previously used borrowings, such as Bohorodice [Mother of God, an older term] or Tajiny [mysteries] which are still found e.g. in Gorazd’s Dictionary. These terms appear in the text in symbiosis with the eastern terms, such as aer [aër], diskos [paten], tropar [troparion]. Despite these innovative tendencies, the text maintains a number of poetic figures and tropes. It also does not avoid word-order inversions. Therefore, the text does not lack a certain “eastern touch” and at the same time does not seem archaic or bookish. The translation strategy thus unites all the factors mentioned here, without making a fragmented or split impression. In the given context, e.g. a translation of theological vocabulary is carried out. In this sense, the focus of this contribution is shifted from one particular translated text to general problems of translatability of certain cultural background, or the choice between free and word-for-word translation. This choice has been known in the history of translation since at least the time of Hieronymus’ Vulgata.
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