Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Apetyt na Bragę. O intertekstualnym dialogu między Adolfem Pawińskim a Oswaldem Crawfurdem i o dziewiętnastowiecznym podróżowaniu

100%

Bąk M.

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nr 1 (21) Pomiędzy Polską, Portugalią i Brazylią. Literatura – kultura – język – edukacja

45-56

EN

The aim of the article is to compare the two different modes of regarding and describing Braga observed in Adolf Pawiński’s and Oswald Crawfurd’s works on Portugal. The Polish description is based on visual perception, while in a work by the English author other senses (hearing, taste and smell) are equally important. Therefore it might be assumed that Pawiński represents a more traditional style of travelling, while Crawfurd behaves in a way typical for modern tourists.

2

Capa e batina, czyli o tradycjach akademickich Portugalii

100%

Romaniszyn-Ziomek L.

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nr 1 (21) Pomiędzy Polską, Portugalią i Brazylią. Literatura – kultura – język – edukacja

57-68

EN

The article describes academic traditions in Portugal. They are treated as a social phenomenon, which cannot be compared with Polish academic culture. Praxe académica, that is a variety of rules and habits connected with Portuguese academic life belongs to the life of Portuguese society and is a recognizable element of the Portuguese culture.

3

Recent dynamics in the Portuguese housing market as compared with the European Union

100%

Matos F. L. D.

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nr 18

69-84

EN

The closing years of the 20th century witnessed profound changes in the European housing market, characterised by an increase in owner-occupied housing; instability of house prices (leading to a serious crisis in some regions, in light of a fall in demand); a change in people’s attitude to the housing market, involving a rise in the importance of location, the quality of materials and spaces, environmental sustainability, and architectural and urban innovation. The European Union does not have a common housing policy, which it believes is the responsibility of Member-States. However, it is recognised that the problems related to the socio-urban inclusion of low-income individuals do have an impact on Community policies. Because we are in the midst of a transformation, it is difficult to talk today about the dynamics and policies of housing, the functioning of markets, and thereby about the ways in which public administrations are facing the current crisis of real estate overproduction. This article aims at analysing the dynamics of the housing market in Portugal as compared with other European countries, highlighting the characteristics of demand and supply and the main changes recorded in the last few years.

4

Migration of Ukrainian Nationals to Portugal: Changing Flows and the Critical Role of Social Networks

88%

Fonseca M. L. , Pereira S. , Esteves A.

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nr 1

115-130

EN

In a short period of time, Ukrainians became the second largest foreign community living in Portugal. Without historical ties linking the two countries, the ‘migration industry’ as well as positive feedback and assistance provided through pioneers’ social networks were decisive for the constitution and rapid expansion of the flow. However it slowed down in only few years and the economic crisis affecting Portugal since 2008 has introduced new limits to a possible future expansion. The goal of the paper is to provide insights with respect to the evolution of the flow, particularly looking at mechanisms of assistance and feedback provided and received within social networks, including the role of the ‘migration industry’. We explored quantitative and qualitative data collected through questionnaires applied to 306 Ukrainians and interviews conducted with 31 Ukrainians in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area in 2011 and 2012. The research confirms the importance of assistance received through social networks at different stages of the preparation of the move, upon arrival and throughout the settlement process in Portugal. We conclude that negative opinions on the present economic opportunities in Portugal have replaced initial positive perceptions about labour market opportunities and this information is being transmitted through social networks to Ukrainians back in Ukraine. We suggest that the significant decrease of the inflow can probably be explained by negative feedback and a more limited willingness to assist the migration of others. Future trends in the migratory flow of Ukrainian citizens to Portugal as well as the permanence of these immigrants in the country are uncertain. On the one hand, migrants are struggling to live through the crisis, while the recent social upheaval in Ukraine pushes them to leave.

5

Housing market access in the Lisbon metropolitan area: between the financial and the pandemic crises

88%

Antunes G. , Seixas J.

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nr 2

58-72

EN

The Portuguese housing market underwent major transformations between 2010 and 2020. Until then, a delicate but resentful stability had long existed, with distorted rent schemes and low annual price increases proportional to the national economy and the income of the Portuguese population. After the financial crisis, several internal and external variables converged to dramatically change this scenario. In recent years, a growing number of researchers have centred their attention on the difficulties that the Portuguese urban middle-class populations are facing in trying to find homes. This paper analyses these challenges and their impact quantitatively, focusing on the affordability of housing for purchase or rent and considering synthetic indicators for average household incomes in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area between the beginning of 2016 and the end of 2019. The results show that the cost of buying or renting a house in the main Portuguese urban system has become much more detached from local incomes. The article concludes with reflections on the structural reasons for the enduring inequalities in the housing markets and the difficulties recognising territorial cohesion and spatial justice as important elements shaping urban and housing policies in Portugal.

6

Internationalization of education: motivations and benefits of academic mobility within the Erasmus+ Programme based on the example of Lisbon, Portugal

88%

Kłopotowska P.

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nr 4

147-163

EN

The internationalization of higher education is steadily increasing, which can be observed also in the growing number of university students benefiting from the European mobility program European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students (Erasmus+). The author’s survey questionnaire was used to investigate the motivations that influence the decision to participate in the Erasmus+ programme and to choose Lisbon as a student exchange city, as well as to learn about the benefits of mobility. Furthermore, the differences between the scholarship holders from Poland and those from other countries were presented. In general, students considered a number of factors when joining Erasmus+. International mobility plays an important role in both personal and educational development. The information obtained on academic mobility may contribute to the development and popularization of the idea of academic exchange programmes among students and may facilitate the planning of promotional activities of the university’s international relations offices.

7

The determinants of economic resilience in rural regions. An examination of the Portuguese case

88%

Hennebry B.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

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2020

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tom 24

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nr 1

24-29

EN

This paper examines the factors that contributed to the economic resilience of rural regions in Portugal following the recent crisis. Portugal has for a long time faced the issue of regionalisation. However, rural regions in Portugal are not homogenous. Rural regions in Portugal are very diverse and experience very different economic realities. This paper adds to the growing body of literature on regional resilience by focusing exclusively on rural regions. Using an adaptation of Martin’s (2012) sensitivity index as a measure of resilience and bivariate analysis this paper examines the determinants of resilience in rural regions. In terms of economic structure, the paper interestingly finds that reliance on agriculture was beneficial while innovativeness hindered resilience. As for measures of social capital, the paper presents some contradictory findings. Higher rates of crime had a negative impact on resilience, however higher political participation also had a negative impact.

8

Pliensbachian calcareous nannofossil zones vs ammonite zones along the western and northern margins of the Iberian Massif and biostratigraphical potential of nannobiohorizons

88%

Perilli N. , Veiga de Oliveira L. , Comas-Rengifo M. , Duarte L.

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tom Vol. 4, no. 1

202-203

EN

Calcareous nannofossils, one of the main components of Lower Jurassic marly/limestone alternations, were studied along the western and northern margins of the Iberian Massif. Consequently, they were used to date the lithological successions as well abiotic signals (e.g. isotope or TOC profiles). Our work focuses on the main changes of calcareous nannofossil record and the biohorizons recognized in some reference Pliensbachian sections from Basque-Cantabrian area (Spain) and Lusitanian Basin (Portugal). The remarkable changes in composition are the appearances and abundance increases of the Biscutaceae (Similiscutum) and of Watznaueriaceae (Lotharingius). The appearances of large Biscutum (B. grande and B. finchii) and of medium-sized Lotharingius species (L. sigillatus) are also clearly detectable though their occurrence is discontinuous. The other events include the appearances of Biscutum dubium, Bussonius prinsii, Biscutum novum and Crepidolithus impontus and the disappearance of Parhabdolithus robustus. The reconstructed distribution pattern of the age-significant species supports the identification and description of the nannofossil zones and subzones proposed for NW Europe. The NJ3/NJ4, NJ4/NJ5 zone boundaries are easily identified by the FO of Similiscutum cruciulus (Lower Pliensbachian) and the FO of Lotharingius hauffii (Upper Pliensbachian), respectively. The subzone boundaries should be carefully checked because the zonal markers are rare and occur discontinuously. However, the other events are helpful to correlate the biostratigraphic frames outlined for the investigated areas and to calibrate the NJ4a/NJ4b, NJ5a/NJ5b zone boundaries with respect to the ammonite zones. Based on the achieved data, the main differences between the two schemes are related to the very low abundance and discontinuous occurrence of the some species in their initial (e.g., B. grande, B. finchii) or final (e.g., P. robustus) ranges. Since for the Basque-Cantabrian area ammonite zone and subzones are well constrained, some discrepancies should be related with a discontinuous or incomplete ammonite record from the Lusitanian Basin. Nevertheless, the biostratigraphic frames proposed for both areas could improve biochronocorrelation between the Pliensbachian successions cropping out along the western and northern margin of the Iberian Massif.

9

Ustawy w zakresie zapewniania bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego (Internal Security Acts) w Indiach, Portugalii i Francji

88%

Marczuk K. P.

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2016

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nr 9

117-125

PL

The article concerns Internal Security Acts in India, Portugal and France. These states had adopted such kind of laws due to various reasons and motives. In the paper a set of factors is identified which have influenced internal security rules in the above-mentioned states. The key assumption is that the crucial issue is the definition of internal security which is necessary if a state would like to build an internal security system. The definition might be included in an Internal Security Act. The basic question is how internal security is understood in India, Portugal and France. The article concludes with final conclusions. First, the Internal Security Acts adopted by various states are influenced by a set of factors occurring in these states. Secondly, usually the concept of internal security has been defined by an Internal Security Act (Portugal and France cases). Last but not least, the internal security is understood in a narrow way i.e. it is restricted to the issues of public order and public security (India and France cases).

10

Sedimentological analysis of sandy - gravel accumulations, Serra da Estrela plateaux (Portugal)

88%

Vieira G. T. , Mycielska-Dowgiałło E. , Woronko B.

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tom Vol. 4

99--107

EN

Sandy-gravel accumulations are frequent features on the plateaux of the Serra da Estrela II and other granitic mountains in Portugal. Their genesis has been attributed to both eolian and water processes and a detailed sedimentological study is needed to better understand the mechanisms involved. The present paper provides results obtained from the heavy mineral analysis and optical and scanning electron microscope study of samples from two sandy-gravel accumulations from the Serra da Estrela. The results indicate that the finer fractions of the original sediment have been illuviated. A well-sorted surface layer and poorly sorted subsurface of the accumulation have resulted from this process. A very short duration of eolian processes is evident from the analysis. Although wind seems to have been the responsible for the morphology of the accumulation, its action was not enough to produce significant abrasion in the surface of quartz grains.

11

Portuguese public debt and financial business before WWI

75%

Mata M. E.

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nr 3

10-27

EN

Government, public finance, and public debt framed the historical background for exceptional financial business opportunities for Henry Burnay as a private banker and a network with Baring Brothers, Comptoir National d'Escompte, Banque de Paris et des Pays Bas, Neuflize et Cie., Crédit Lyonnais, Société Générale, Deutsche Bank, Bank fur Handel& Industrie, Dresdner Bank, M. Jacob H. S. Stern and the Deutsche Effecten & Wechsel Bank from Frankfurt. Nineteenth-century financial markets and public debt emerge as the main players in the game. Credibility and honesty are important values for earning confidence and trust in international financial business, while bilateral-monopoly market situations required a lot of bargaining for joint profit maximization.

12

Impacts of land use change on landscape structure and ecosystem services at local scale: A case study in central Portugal

75%

Nunes A. , Ornelas A. , Vieira P. , Dias Â. , Martins B.

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nr 1

43-57

EN

This study aims to evaluate land use and land cover (LULC) changes and associated impacts in the landscape structure and ecosystem services (ES) value in Lousã municipality, in Central Portugal. The results show that significant changes in LULC were recorded over the study period (1974–2018). Agricultural abandonment, expansion of woodland due to the promotion of the eucalyptus (EU) monoculture (chiefly Eucalyptus globulus), the invasion of exotic species (mainly Acacia dealbata) and the increase of built-up areas are the most significant changes that have shaped the landscapes of the study area. The analysis also revealed that the mean patch size has decreased whereas the number of patches increased. The results showed that although the EU and deciduous forest (DF) increased the ES value, the overall total ES value fell around 10% between 1974 and 2018, mainly due to the decrease in the supply of agricultural goods. Studies of this kind on local rural landscapes are vital when it comes to devising appropriate land management policies for the landscape level by considering the interaction between each element for sustainable development.

13

Surface Water and Contamination Sources in Urban River Watersheds (Northern Portugal)

75%

Antunes M. , Brás A. F. , Marinho P.

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tom Vol. 22, iss. 2

67--74

EN

The water quality is influenced by different factors, including land use, hydrological conditions, and anthropogenic activities. The identification of the contamination sources in the Vizela river and the potential effects on water quality will promote efficient watershed management. The spatial and temporal variability of surface water was analysed through the physicochemical parameters, including: temperature, pH, Total Dissolved Solids, electrical conductivity, redox potential, and chloride, fluoride, bromide, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate content. The microbiological parameters Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci were monitored over time. The obtained results show that the water located downstream the Vizela river is the most contaminated, although there has been an improvement in the water quality over time. The microbiological values are higher than the Portuguese parametric values defined for human consumption, and often also for recreational water activities. Continuous spatial and temporal water monitorization including the physicochemical and microbiological parameters is recommended as a preventive and monitoring measure.

14

Glacial and periglacial data integration in a GIS: methodology used in the Serra da Estrela, Portugal

75%

Vieira G. T.

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tom Vol. 44, Nr 1

27-31

EN

The methodology applied in the research in Serra da Estrela (Portugal) is to integrate glacial and periglacial geomorphological data in a Geographical Information System and a Database Management System. The main objective of the procedure is to make use of low cost software for geospatial data integration, statistical analysis and production of geomorphological maps. The digital storage format provides the means for fast access and easy transportation of the data during field campaigns. It is also a very useful way to store the geomorphological data, so it can be used in the future by other researchers working in the area.

15

Sequence stratigraphy and depositional setting of the Pliensbachian and Toarcian marly limestones in the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal

75%

Duarte L.

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tom Vol. 4, no. 1

157-158

EN

The Pliensbachian and Toarcian series in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) are generally dominated by hemipelagic deposits, represented by marl/limestone alternations that are very rich in nektonic and benthic fauna. These sediments are included in the following four formations: Vale das Fontes, Lemede, S. Giăo and, partially, Póvoa da Lomba. The weak lateral facies variation, generally observed at the basin scale, suggests that these sediments were deposited in an epicontinental extensional basin on a homoclinal carbonate ramp controlled by eustatic fluctuations and regional tectonics. Considering the Late Triassic – Late Callovian large cycle, the sediments correspond to the maximum transgressive facies which can be widely observed throughout the succession. A detailed studied of several stratigraphic sections in terms of sedimentological, geochemical and paleontological analysis shows that the Pliensbachian-Toarcian series is subdivided into two second-order sequences (SP and ST). The Pliensbachian succession shows a typical second-order transgressive/regressive sequence, with a dominant marly deposition at the base and a calcareous dominant facies at the top. The basal discontinuity of the SP is particularly well observed in the western part of the basin, dating roughly from the Sinemurian/Pliensbachian boundary. The series shows a large transgressive phase, ending in the middle-upper part of the Margaritatus Zone (around Subnodosus/Gibbosus subzones boundary) associated with an organic-rich deposition verified at the basin scale. During the Spinatum Zone the sedimentation returned to a calcareous regime very rich in benthic macrofauna. The upper discontinuity of the SP observed in the whole basin dates from the lowermost Polymorphum Zone (intra-Mirable Subzone). The base of ST (Polymorphum Zone) corresponds to an abrupt flooding event, through a generalised marly accumulation in the whole basin. However, around the Polymorphum-Levisoni interval, an important tectonic activity occurred, responsible for a great sedimentary change with special facies features in some positions of the basin. The dominance of marl observed at the top of the Levisoni Zone marks the maximum peak transgression of the Toarcian second-order sequence, showing some evidence of pelagic deposition, with thin-shelled bivalve-rich (Bositra sp.) horizons. The Upper Toarcian – Lower Aalenian succession shows a regressive trend, ending ST with an upward increase of calcareous and bioclastic content, including ahermatipic corals in the eastern sectors. The upper discontinuity dates from the Opalinum Zone and shows different sedimentary records across the basin. ST it is subdivided into four third-order depositional sequences (St1 to St4), each bounded by regional discontinuities, recognized over most parts of the Lusitanian Basin.

16

Recent data on the ostracod fauna from the Lower and Middle Toarcian of Peniche, Portugal

75%

Pinto S. , Cabral M. , Duarte L.

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tom Vol. 4, no. 1

204-205

EN

At Peniche region, western Portugal, a rather continuous marly limestone succession ranging in age from the Sinemurian to the earliest Aalenian crops out. The ostracod fauna from a 74 m thick packet within this succession has been studied, encompassing deposits that range from the topmost Pliensbachian (topmost Spinatum Biozone) to the Middle Toarcian (Polymorphum, Levisoni, Bifrons and basal Gradata biozones). The studied levels belong to Lemede (2 m) and Cabo Carvoeiro Formations. From the 47 samples collected in the marly layers, a single one is azoic. Sample numbers and bed subdivision are according to biozonation in Duarte (1995), which considers 5 packets: topmost Spinatum, Polymorphum, Levisoni, Levisoni+Bifrons, Bifrons+basal Gradata. The systematic study of the ostracods has been undertaken, and some palaeoecological aspects have also been addressed, namely hydrodynamics (carapace/valve ratio), bathymetry and oxygenation, based on marker genera/groups. Around 8000 individuals were obtained (1 individual =1 carapace or 1 valve), which are commonly badly preserved. At least 58 species belonging to 22 genera have been identified until now. The top of Spinatum Biozone displays both high diversity (8-15 species/sample) and abundance (222-402 individuals/sample) of ostracods. The dominant species are from the genus Ogmoconcha, Ogmoconchella and Liasina, associated with Polycope, Paracypris, Ledahia, among others. The Polymorphum Biozone shows high diversity (3-22 species/sample) and variable abundance (1-150 individuals/sample). The genera Ogmoconcha, Ogmoconchella and Liasina still dominate and, from the first levels of the biozone, heavily ornamented species of Kinkelinella are present; the genus Isobythocypris occurs for the first time. In Levisoni Biozone, the ostracod diversity (1-4 species/sample) and abundance (1-150 individuals/ sample) are low, in contrast with previous biozones. Ogmoconcha and Ogmoconchella disappear, and the genus Cytherella appears for the first time, becoming dominant together with Liasina in the first levels of the biozone. In the upper part, Kinkelinella dominates and at the top Bairdiacypris and Cytheroptheron occur for the first time. Levisoni+Bifrons shows that ostracod diversity is moderate (5-11 species/sample) and abundance is high (60-310 individuals/sample). Species from the genera Bairdiacypris and Kinkelinella dominate, Cytherella and Patellacythere are common. Bifrons+basal Gradata shows higher diversity (3-18 species/sample) than previous unit and variable abundance (16-468 individuals/sample). Bairdiacypris, Cytherella and Kinkelinella dominate, and Macrocypris and Trachycythere(?) occur for the first time. All of the recognized species have been found in formations of a similar age in Western Europe, and are benthic marine species, except the genus Polycope (pelagic). Most of the species indicates a deep marine setting, with variable oxygenation levels, from normal to low (predominance of Metacopina and Cytherella), for the all section. The water energy was also variable, being stronger at the topmost Spinatum and Polymorphum biozones, within which ostracod valves are dominant, and lower at the Levisoni and Levisoni+Bifrons biozones, within which ostracod carapaces clearly dominate.

17

Stratigraphic distribution of brachiopods in the Lower Jurassic – Middle Jurassic transition of the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) and a proposal of biozonation

75%

Andrade B. , Joral F. , Henriques M.

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tom Vol. 4, no. 1

143-143

EN

A detailed revision of the brachiopods of the Lower-Middle Jurassic transition in the Lusitanian Basin (Andrade 2006) has enabled the establishment of the stratigraphical distribution of this fauna. More than 2,000 specimens were collected at 11 sections throughout the basin, including the Bajocian GSSP in Murtinheira (Cabo Mondego). In all, 24 species, belonging to 14 genera, have been recognized along a stratigraphical interval that includes the Upper Toarcian, the Aalenian, and the Lower Bajocian. The Toarcian associations are characterized by species also recorded in neighbouring basins, such as Stroudithyris stephanoides, Sphaeroidothyris vari, Pseudogibbirhynchia bothenhamptonensis and Soaresirhynchia renzi; as well as species endemic to the Lusitanian Basin, such as Choffatirhynchia alcariensis, Nannirhynchia delgadoi, N. cotteri, Praemonticlarella conimbriguensis, Neozeilleria duartei and Pamirorhynchia(?) jorali. This mixed palaeobiogeographical character persists in the Aalenian, in which the associations include, together with widely distributed species such as Neozeilleria anglica, Pseudogibbirhynchia mutans or Lophrothyris withingtonensis, other species known in neighbouring basins, such as Sphaeroidothyris uretae and Neozeilleria sharpei, and other species recorded only in the basin, such as Soaresirhynchia minor, S. murtinheirensis and Sphaeroidothyris henriquesae. In the Lower Bajocian, excluding Loboidothyris perovalis, only endemic species are present (belonging mainly to endemic genera), such as Lusitanina bituminis, Stroudithyris choffati, Lusothyris atlantica and Mondegia limica. The interpretation of these distributions also enables to propose a brachiopod based biozonation for the studied interval. Three zones have been erected: 1. the Renzi Zone, for the Upper Toarcian, with two subzones: Renzi and Duartei; 2. the Anglica Zone, that ranges from the Aalensis Biochronozone of the Toarcian to the base of the Bajocian. It has been subdivided in 3 subzones: Nuskae, Anglica and Uretae; 3. the Choffati Zone, which comprises the main part of the Discites, Laeviuscula and Sauzei biochronozones, with two subzones: Bituminis and Limica; 4. this proposal of biozonation can be correlated with other established in neighbouring basins, such as the Iberian Range in Spain or the French Basins.

18

Temperature effect on rheological behavior of Portuguese honeys.

75%

Afonso M. J. , Magalhaes M. , Fernandes L. , Castro M. , Ramalhosa E. C. D.

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tom 68

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nr 3

EN

In the present work the temperature effect on rheological properties of Portuguese honeys was studied for the fi rst time. Two unifl oral honeys – heather and rosemary – and a polyflower honey were analyzed. All honeys showed flow independence over time and behaved as Newtonian fluids at the studied temperature and shear rate ranges. For all honeys it was found that the viscosity decreased with temperature and the rosemary honey was the one that always presented the lowest viscosity at 30°C (6120 mPa·s), 50°C (603 mPa·s) and 70°C (145 mPa·s). The temperature dependence of viscosity was well described by the T B A K equation. Nevertheless, good regression coefficients were also obtained when fitting the experimental data to the Arrhenius model, showing the rosemary honey to be less temperature sensitive. The results obtained in this study are of great interest to beekeepers and industrials that handle and prepare eatable honey-based products because they will be better informed about the best type of honey to use.

19

Modernizacja linii kolejowej w Portugali na odcinku Lizbona - Porto z wykorzystaniem wapna palonego do stabilizacji warstwy wierzchniej podtorza

75%

Gąsiorowski S.

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tom Nr 9-10

36-37

PL

Modernizacja linii kolejowych w Portugalii należy do dużych europejskich projektów związanych z rozwojem transportu. Założeniem modernizacji linii kolejowej łączącej Lizbonę z Porto, dwa główne miasta kraju położone od siebie w odległości 350 km, było podniesienie prędkości podróżowania do 170 - 220 km/h. Rozwiązanie to umożliwiło uniknąć budowy od podstaw linii kolejowej dla pociągów dużych prędkości. Materiały, z których zbudowane było dotychczasowe podtorze, bardzo wrażliwe na wodę, nie zapewniały uzyskania zakładanych parametrów zmodernizowanego podtorza. W przypadku zastosowania kompleksowej wymiany materiału podtorza należało liczyć się z problemami związanymi z transportem oraz negatywnym wpływem na środowisko naturalne. Ponadto konieczność utrzymania ruchu kolejowego na modernizowanej linii w taki sposób, aby pociągi kursowały z prędkością co najmniej 80 km/h, mocno ograniczyło dostępną przestrzeń dla ekip prowadzących modernizację linii kolejowej. Długa pora deszczowastanowiła zagrożenie dla dotrzymania zakładanych terminów realizacji modernizacji. Stabilizacja wapnem wierzchniej warstwy starego podtorza rozwiązała wiele z powyższych problemów, łącznie z uniknięciem konieczności zastąpienia ponad 200 000 m[^3] gruntów składających się na stare podtorze przez taką samą ilość nowego kruszywa. Ograniczyło to negatywny wpływ budowy na środowisko naturalne.

EN

Modernization of railway lines in Portugal belongs to the group of large projects related to infrastructure development. Primary target for modernization of railway line connecting Lisbon and Porto, two main cities of the country, was to increase the travel speed to 170 - 220 kph on entire distance of 350 km. Materials used for the construction of the primary sub-grade were sensitive to water, therefore it was impossible to obtain proper parameters for modernized ground. Stabilization of the sub-grade with lime has solved many problems. Furthermore, the negative influence of the construction to the environment has been reduced.

20

CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURALLY WEAK RURAL REGIONS: APPLICATION OF A RURAL DEVELOPMENT INDEX FOR AUSTRIA AND PORTUGAL

75%

Hennebry B. , Stryjakiewicz T.

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nr 2

EN

This paper aims to analyse to what extent the level and dynamics of development of rural regions located in two firmly different countries, Austria and Portugal, differ. In order to do this, an index to measure the ‘structural strength’ of rural regions was created. This index is a more holistic measure of socio-economic development than the traditional GDP per capita. After the identification of structurally weak regions in both Austria and Portugal, the paper compares them in the context of challenges faced by such regions.