The more official and informative the dialogue is, the less explicit is auto-reference, i.e. the speaker is identified by other means than pronouns. There is also a very close relation between the manner of auto-reference and the choice of the linguistic means when we address a communicative partner. The analyses of the dialogue texts shows, that the more marked is explicit auto-reference, the more is the pronoun 'You' used communicatively; the more implicit is auto-reference, the more marked is the need to use other means than 'You' when addressing the partner. The more official and informative is the dialogue, the more pronouns, that indicate the third person absent in the dialogue, are used. Non-marked anaphoric reference is mostly used in such cases. The inference reference we regard as the specific one.
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The aim of the presented paper of comparative and didactic nature constitutes an attempt to help Polish/Italian students to better understand the difference between the Italian and Polish system of courtesy forms. After the short review of historical development of these forms in both languages, we proceed to grammatical matters, with emphasis on the difficulties which foreign students may come across. In both languages one can also notice significant differences in the usage of the titles particularly referring to profession and hierarchy (in the Church) as well as of other titles. Eventually, it can be observed that the use of polite or direct phrases does not necessarily mean respect or close relation because this kind of form can be used also to express irony.
The paper deals with the grammatical category of determination. The category of determination represents one of the most complex noun categories in the world languages. The research is focused on explicit expressive means of the category in the Slovak, Russian and English languages. The frequencies of the means in individual styles are elaborated. Possessive and demonstrative pronouns and definite/indefinite article belong to the most frequent explicit means. On the other hand, indefinite pronouns represent the least covered type of the analysed lexical units. Out of the three languages, the English language proves the highest portion of the means. At the same time, it is possible to observe portion differences of explicit expressive means within one language; this fact is reflected in their distinct frequencies in individual styles.
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