Theodor Adorno asked whether lyrical poetry is at all possible after Auschwitz. The consequences of the Second World War disturb both the philosopher and the priest. In what way can we justify our existence? The author seeks a solution among poets writing about the encounter of man and God: T. Rózewicz, D. H. Lawrence, Z. Herbert, E. Lasker-Schüler, J. Seifert, and Cz. Miłosz.
The essay starts with a short presentation of the critical 'school', its representatives and main principles. The article concentrates on three essays by Albert Beguin, Jean-Pierre Richard and Georges Poulet. The critics situate Hugo's work in a large context: from primitive myths to modern poetry and philosophy. They analyze two texts in particular, 'Dieu' and 'La Fin de Satan', and point out the principle of polarity, the prevailing image of chaos and some other motives like metamorphosis, confusion or fog. They compare Hugo's work not only to the myths but also to the dream, and try to sketch his unique concept of the status of the poet, which is similar to God and to the whole universe.
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The paper considers the subject of Ukrainian regionalism of the early Romantic age concentrating upon the expanse of the Ukrainian steppe. Ukraine became the privileged Earth for Romantics although the course of history separated her from the borders of Poland, she functioned as the cradle of Polish history and the national spirit in the creative awareness of poets. The Ukrainian steppe with it vastness gave feeling to a sense of history and spirituality.The paper examines interest within the motif of the Ukrainian steppe in the works of poets involved in the so-called “Ukrainian school”. Consequently calling upon famous names such us Antoni Malczewski, Seweryn Goszczyński or Bohdan Zaleski, through equally referring to less famous poets like: Tomasz Olizarowski and Maurycy Goslawski. The author pays attention to the way the Ukrainian steppe was portrayed, considers the sphere of the fairytale and mythology which manifests itself within supernatural figures inhabiting the Ukrainian steppe.
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One of the obvious experiences of the past 150 years is that while the post-Enlightenment secularized society is breaking away, occasionally openly opposes the institution of conventional religious life, the themes and discourse of the modern and postmodern literature still preserve their attachments to Christian traditions. In the first part of the paper, the author describes the change from the end of the middle ages to the present that led to this state focusing on the development of the relation between theology and literature. Past the changes of horizons of modernity and post modernity, the characteristics of the oeuvre of several significant poets and writers of the 20th century are determined by religious approach and the use of religious motifs. János Pilinszky, considered to be one of the most significant poets of Hungarian literature after World War II, belongs to them. In the second part of the paper, the author examines the way how the religious experience of modern man is reflected in his poetry.
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This article is concerned with research on the reception of poetry amongst adolescent readers. Unlike a number of other research projects aimed at the external aspects of reception, the intention here was to discover and describe readers’ experiences by means of an exact statistical method in combination with the expressed thoughts of the respondents, and then to use these results in the teaching of literature at primary and secondary schools. The researchers focused on the reception of poetry from around the world (including the Czech Republic), which had topics related to nature. in the selection of verse, the researchers sought to ensure that each work represented the poetry of a given historical period or artistic trend as faithfully as possible. The texts were presented to the students anonymously. The researchers sought to ensure that the respondents used only the texts to make their assessments, excluding extra-literary information. In the search for a suitable tool to research the reception of lyric verse about nature, the researchers started from the ‘semantic differential’. In a number of initial investigations they managed to isolate three factors, which they call ‘intelligibility’, ‘evaluation’, and ‘expressiveness’. These provide important information on various aspects of reception. The obtained results offer insight into the actual process of perceiving poetry and the readers’ psychology, and also help to determine the axiological preferences of young people today. The research confirms the existence of striking differences in the reception of poems of various historical periods, and also demonstrates which poems are preferred by which categories of respondents. One particularly important discovery has to do with the means of perceiving an artistic text in which the individual students’ personal associations play a substantial role. These associations work together to create the meaning of a text in a reader’s mind and, because of their diversity, enrich the resulting discussions. They can then be fruitfully employed to motivate readers to find a way into the poems.
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The environment of this South Asian country is immersed in the water element. The seas and rivers, their intricate delta channels, surrounded by vibrant green jungles, rice fields and floating villages, colourful boats and fishermen - all this creates a poetic essence of Vietnam visuals, projected to nearly every film. It forms also the key to the cultural topography of the country with a turbulent history with alternated and mixed influences of Chinese, French, American and Soviet. The military paradoxically intertwines the lyric, Confucian severity meets Taoist poetry and creates in this "country floating on the water" theatre of dramatic counterpoints. The author provides a comprehensive analysis of the situation of filmmaking in the turbulently changing Vietnam society. She examines the degree of authenticity and impact of non-national initiatives, whether during the French colonial rule, during the protracted war, until the new expansion of cinema after a peaceful reunification of Vietnam and its first inroads into the context of the most advanced film cultures.
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The author seeks here to link Havel's well-known dramatic output with his visual poetry, which is far less known. The notion of the double bind, the author argues, is a predominant trope of Havel's oeuvre. By applying Grelling's paradox to Havel's visual texts, the author illustrates the techniques Havel uses to produce logograms whose visual representation contradicts the verbal message conveyed by them.
Five levels of strophic structure (metric, versification, graphic, syntactic and thematic) predicted by former scholars as mutually corresponding, are presented in this article as putative competing forms of the text composition. The Mickiewiczian stanza, originated in 1828, and the BZ stanza, written for the first time in 1841, are examples of the struggle between the two above mentioned phenomena, i.e. the graphic notation of stanza and the verse composition announced by rhymes. These phenomena in the same poem manifest different strophic forms, so that one is not sure whether the parts of the text read consist of four or of six verses. This ambiguity provides the poem with a rhythmic polyphony that cannot be described in precise terms of typological theory of stanza.
Classical ekphrasis, represented here by Philostratos' 'Imagines' works thanks to an unusual combination of rationality and highly developed sensuality: method combines with charm to seduce the reader. Rózewicz puts the components together differently, obtaining another genre. One can come closer to it thanks to Freud's school of dream explanation and Walter Benjamin's concept of dialectic image. Rózewicz's images are controlled by negative dialectics. It does not attempt to get back presence, but it tries to regain a thing without losing its loss.
This reflection is a short summary of reading and partly of a work experience with the texts devoted to Slovak literature. They come approximately from the half of the last century. This experience points the title of formulated thesis. Writing about poetry was particularly focused on older personalized line (empathic or critically distant), and stressing more evocation of the work, dealing with the character of an author and methodically progressing a structural line. Inspirational confrontation with transformation in poetry that happened in the end of the 50s and the 60s evolved several interpretational initiatives concentrated on semantically complicated contemporary poetic texts. Fiction, modernized in all transformations, would more correspond with all articulated constituted 'worlds' than contemporary poetry with intermediate self-understanding of society, with its official or alternative explanation and with the 'world' opening explosiveness, contemplativeness, fragmentariness, etc. Analogies of narrative fiction and historiography interpretation could help in a less conflicted transposed fiction in treating history of literature. An experience that makes rather problematic usual work with literature of a strong poetry sort can serve as a reminder: history is not only stated by 'subsequence' and 'similarity' of facts (in all methodological travesties still always by Comte's provenience), but it has non spectacular dimension 'in actu' evolving semantic ruptures, explosions, epiphanies, illuminations, or catastrophes.
The article analyses the aesthetics and semantics of Cz. Milosz's 'Happiness'. Referred to genres, it analyses relations between epigram, epiphany and a poetic and artistic capriccio, a free style artistic composition. It indicates a visionary style of language, in realistic description and regular narration. It underlines the solar motive as a medium of symbolic meanings, the source of art and anthropological philosophy. The composition creates a discourse with European classicism. Space has an inter-textual dimension here. Cz. Milosz's poem is a hermeneutic explanation of the world and affirmation of culture.
Theatrum mortis humanae tripartitum (1682) by the Carniolan polymath Johann Weichard Valvasor (1641–1693) can be classified under the genre of allegorical moral-didactic poetry, very popular in the Baroque age. The chapter Varia genera mortis, where 35 death cases are presented in short epigrams by Valvasor and illustrated with engravings made after the original drawings of Slovenian draughtsman Johann Koch, has so far not been an issue of scholarly research, despite its interesting iconography. The article focuses on the iconography of the Varia genera mortis, its artistic context and its genesis. For the first time the direct literary sources of author’s inspiration are identified and his relation to the tradition of the Renaissance and Baroque genre of picturesque death stories established.
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The most frequent cause of backtranslation is the need for identifying trouble spots in the translated text in order to correct them. The target-text, retranslated into the original language is then confronted with the source-text. Many recent publications point out to the fact that the backtranslation should be considered as a helpful translator’s instrument rather than a threat. In the present paper the possibility of backtranslation of poetry is proposed. Could backtranslation be useful in case of literary translation? The discussion presented in this paper is based on the translations into Polish of a selection of poems by a modern Spanish poet Ana Maria Fagundo and their retranslations. The author refers to Anna Wierzbicka’s concept of cultural scripts and a universal semantic metalanguage in order to respond whether the presence of backtranslation is justified in the process of poetry translation.
The article discusses the collection of correspondence between Karl Dedecius and Czesław Miłosz. This edition shows, on the one hand, Dedecius’s work style, interpreting poetics and role in popularizing the Polish poet’s work in Germany. On the other hand, it presents Miłosz as a translator. The author draws attention to the fact that the project “Dedecius-Miłosz” is patronized by the Dedecius Archive at the Słubice Collegium Polonicum, which collects materials interesting for researchers of translation practices and literary communication between authors and translators.
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The article is an attempt to approach the poetry of Emily Dickinson through some of the principles of cognitive literary studies. In the first part the focus is placed on the first approaches to literary cognition in Slovak literary theory and on the nature of cognitive literary studies. The second part is a reading of some of the poems of the 19th century American poet Emily Dickinson from the point of view of traditional criticism as well as cognitive literary studies, with a particular emphasis on the way the writer cognises the world around herself. Her poetic vision is presented as iconic expressions of mental experiences aimed at gnomic compression of the final image. She is characterised as a poet who “thinks through images” and her poetry as a fusion of the conceptual and figurative search for the truth.
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The purpose of this article is to analyze the works of Angolan women poets published after 2000. Their poems were not deeply analyzed by literary critics whose analytic efforts are focused on the works of well-known authors such as Ana de Santana, Alda Lara and Ana Paula Tavares. This article focuses on the more recent development stages of Angolan women poetry through the poems of not yet very famous poets such as Amélia Dalomba, Maria Celestina Fernandes, Leila dos Anjos, Ana Branco, Alice Palmira, Carla Queiros, Cecilia Ndanhakukua and Kanguimbo Ananaz. The will of transforming the world through writing and the deep conviction that literature has an important social role to accomplish are the evidence of the feminist ideological engagement of these poets.
Focusing on the development of Lévinas' conception of art, the article describes the gradual reassessment of his original view, which sees a work of art as an 'eternal' stoppage of time. At a later stage, by contrast, the work of art is conceived as an 'expression' of the desire for the Other, that is, as a reference to the dimension from which diachrony stems, and also as an appeal to the responsibility for the Other. This is poetry, which makes a unanimous reference to the reality of time. Poetry renounces all synchronized objects intended by the consciousness. Poetry is the evocation of the Other, which manifests itself in the face of another person. As a refutation of the expression of objects, poetry points to the 'immemorial past' and 'pure future' of the Other.
The author of the article presents three concepts of the existence of poetry in the framework of the science-fiction literary convention. The first of the concepts, concretized by Suzette Haden Elgin, recognizes a possibility of creating a lyrical monologue from inside of an assumed fantastic reality. The other one, more risky, confronts the scientific discourse with an intimate confession in the framework of allegory and hyperbole. The third one, represented by Samuel R. Delany, Adam Roberts and Seo-Young Chu’s views, recognizes the existence of poetry as a holistic dimension of the science-fiction convention.
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This study analyses the role and degree of political involvement in the process of constructing poets as cultural icons in Polish and Slovak literature in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The main focus is on the Polish poets Zbigniew Herbert and Czesław Miłosz and the Slovak poet Laco Novomeský, but research also takes into consideration other Polish and Slovak poets (Wisława Szymborska, Ján Ondruš, and Ivan Štrpka). This examination reveals an important political input behind constructing these poets as cultural icons using the symbolic potential that the poets accrued over the years and were able to represent. The dynamic character of icons (accelerated by great geopolitical and social changes in East-Central Europe), however, causes a constant re-semantization and partially diminishes their iconic status, especially for upcoming generations. Despite a rearrangement of the hierarchy of layers in their iconic status, the poets are always associated with their poetic work, and the notable quality of this work keeps their potential for remaining or becoming cultural icons regardless of political circumstances.
The study is an attempt to write a view of Francisci´s poetry compiled in the collection Iskry zo zaviatej pahreby /Sparks of the Overlaid Embers/, against the background of Štúr´s ideas of Slavic poetry formulated in Prednášky o poézii slovanskej /Lectures on Slavic Poetry/ and his essay O národných povestiach a piesňach plemien slovanských /On National Myths and Songs of Slavic Nations/. In addition to that, some of the characteristic features of Francisci´s poems are confronted with the similar features present in the poetry of other Romantic poets. The analysis of Francisci´s poems and their confrontation with Štúr´s ideas as well as the list of conventional means of expression used in the poetry of the particular period make the author of the study conclude that in spite of fulfilling Štúr´s requirements and following the fast-spreading conventions, Francisci´s works also contain strictly individual layers which incline towards what was officially rejected – individual feelings, personal sadness, sentiment, being in love, Romantic contempt for the world and some elements of Messianist nature.
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