Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

W poszukiwaniu dźwięków przeszłości. Zagadkowy przedmiot z Ostrowa Lednickiego

100%

Wrzesiński J.

Studia Lednickie

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2019

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tom 18

151-178

EN

People devote almost all their life to ensure themselves and their family a proper standard of living. Their activities focus on acquiring food, organizing a safe living space and ensuring safety. However, if our activity was restricted only to the vital needs formulated in this way, it would not only be a far-reaching simplification but most of all a rejection of the greatest characteristics of a human being — their free will and their mind. These allow one to move to the spiritual realm, and search for social bonds without restricting oneself only to living functions. People need community integration not only through work, but also through entertainment, sensations and experiences, which result from various experiences in life from the moment of birth till death. In the 2nd half of the 10th century the land under the Piast reign was entering the Latin civilization circle. Western cultural trends started to permeate the local traditions. New settlements and cultural centres were developing and the existing ones were being remodeled. The residences of secular and church authorities came to be an indispensable and representative facility in new central places. One of the most important gord centres located in the centre of the Piast rulership is the area of Lednica lake. On the biggest island of the lake — Ostrów Lednicki — in the 1st half of 10th century a gord was established, around which a local settlement centred for several centuries. Just on Lednica gord a complex of residential-sacral buildings was created. For over 150 years research has been conducted on the island — both archaeological and the broadly understood interdisciplinary research connected with it. A gord, an open settlement on the island, settlements and burial grounds on the shores of the lake, as well as the waters of the lake were included in the study. One of the research places included the eastern shore of Lednica island, where at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s constructions and layerings connected with the abutment of the east bridge were uncovered (fi g. 1). This research, carried out by Mateusz Łastowiecki in excavation I/87, brought valuable information concerning the construction of the bridge, a point of contact between the bridge and the island, the character of the layerings, and a significant number of monuments, among which the objects made of organic raw material constituted a significant part. A tiny wooden object was one of them (inv. no. 103/91 – MPP/A/158). Unfortunately it was preserved fragmentarily (fi g. 2). It was made of foliaceous wood — beech (European beech Fagus sylvatica L) — and it has a clearly legible and neat form. It resembles a heart in shape (preserved roughly in half) with three holes — two wholly retained and one partially (fi g. 3). A straight broken back-end goes from the wider part of the “heart”. If we look at the object along its longer axis, it can be noticed that the holes do not align — vertically they mark three separate lines. The total length of the preserved piece is 11.6 cm, while the width in the widest place is 3.9 cm. The diameter of the holes, which were drilled slightly aslope with respect to the flat surface of an object, is around 0.6 cm. The “subcordate” part is 8.2 cm long and 0.8 cm thick. In the side plane of the object the “subcordate” part moves at a slight angle to the longitudinal one. There is a slight perpendicular protrusion, a convex — a kind of a threshold — at the point of contact of the two parts. Two transversal cuts around 0.8 cm away from one another are visible at this threshold. At the bottom ultimate longitudinal part, a clear perpendicular cut which creates a shallow (2 millimeter) step which goes to the edge of the fracture is visible (fi g. 5). At the upper part of the described piece, two small symmetrically placed indentations are distinguishable. The object was found in the excavation marked I/87, in quarter B, in the layer IIIa3. On the basis of the cultural material which appeared in the exposed layers and taking into consideration the dates of dendrochronological analysis, the chronology of the IIIa–d layers (in which the described object was found) can be dated to the 2nd–3rd quarter of the 11th century. The described piece of a distinctively formed object certainly comes from the damaged musical instrument. The broken piece is a peghead plate with a short neck. As already mentioned, it can come from a rebec — a stringed musical instrument. The origins of the rebec can be ambiguous. It is rooted in the Middle East, and it reached Europe through the Arabs. The name of the instrument derives from Arabic, in which it is known as rababu. It appears in a similar form from at least the 10th century, and the period between the 10th and 14th centuries is the time of its greatest splendour. Bowed string instruments — rebecs and vielles — were depicted in medieval iconography. On the basis of these sources, a classification of the instrument is possible. It shows that several kinds of these instruments were built in the Middle Ages (fi g. 6, 7). Pieces of diverse objects which are found during archaeological excavations, very often create a lot of problems during the identification of their original appearance and the reconstruction of the intended use of a particular piece. The above-mentioned team made an attempt to identify a piece of the find from Lednica. The initial examination, discussion over the details of the construction and the foregoing experience directed our search towards musical instruments — chordophones — i.e. wooden stringed instruments. The medieval iconography does not facilitate the identification. Information about the use of chordophones by the Slavs already comes from the end of the 6th century. According to the message of the Byzantine writer Theophylact Simocatta, in 591 soldiers from a personal unit of the emperor Maurice (Maurikios) captured three unarmed Slavs, who had come from the Baltic Sea (Sclaveni from the West Ocean). At the moment of their capture they were unarmed, but they were carrying musical instruments — kitharas. It is believed that this is the oldest written source which confirms that Slavs were familiar with musical practices, and the instruments described in it were κιθάραι (kitharas) and λύραι (lyres). It is thought that these names can refer to the plucked string instruments with a corpus-soundbox, to which the Proto-Slavic name gusles can refer. The oldest Cyril-Methodius’ Bible translation speaks in favour of equating the name κιθάραι with Slavic gusles. Interestingly, we can read twice about stringed instruments in Gallus Anonymus, who describes the reign of the first Piast rulers. So far, less than ten wooden chordophones from archaeological research in the area of the Piast reign, from the 10th–15thc., have been known. Lyres, vielles, a nyckelharpa and a gittern have been identified among those. Two wooden lyres come from the 10th–11th century cultural layerings of a gord in Opole. Another lyre, which comes from the 2nd half of the 13th century, was found during archaeological research in a fishing village in Gdańsk. A piece of a wooden outer board of an instrument — probably of a nyckelharpa — from Wolin, can be dated to the 3rd quarter of the 13th century. A gittern of a small size comes from the layerings of the 15th century Elbląg, whereas two other instruments classified as vielles were obtained in the course of archaeological research. One of them comes from 14th century Elbląg, the other one, dated to the 16th century, was found during excavation works in Płock. The greatest number of wooden instruments — from the areas which were in the closest vicinity to the Piast reign — was found on the territory of Ruthenia, especially in Veliky Novgorod. The shape of an object found at Ostrów Lednicki and its detailed examination supported by the material from excavation works permitted the suggestion that this is a part of a wooden stringed instrument. It could probably be a peghead headstock of a rebec’s neck, an instrument where the strings were rubbed with the bow. The reconstructed instrument from Lednica was built from two pieces of wood. The headstock plate, the neck and the corpus were made from one piece, and the soundbox, which was cut into the corpus, was covered with an outer board. During the reconstruction of the complete, probable original look of the instrument, several small but legible signals, visible on the described piece, were taken into consideration. The state of preservation fostered the moderately correct reconstruction of the upper part of the instrument. The fracture of the neck appeared just at the horizontal axis of an object, while the partially preserved upper part of a headstock allowed one to line out a line which gave it a full shape. A very small part of a neck survived, but it was long enough to adjust the proportions. Fortunately, the presence of a small transverse cut suggested the point of the fixing and glueing of the outer board. At the point of transition from a headstock into the neck there are traces which allow one to conclude where a fixing for hanging (?) an instrument was placed. Two holes and a fragment of a third one preserved in the subcordate part formed a basis for drawing conclusions about the number of strings and the arrangement of the string pegs. The traces of the cuts on a small transverse bump-fret (a nut) constituted a clue concerning the number of strings and their distance over the neck. The angle created by the headstock and the preserved piece of the neck, as well as the location of a fret, allowed one to roughly work the further part of an instrument out. A subtle but legible indentation at the neck, marked the fixing point of the outer board of a corpus. The reconstructed instrument was equipped with a flat bridge, and strings from sheep intestines were prepared. The rebec reached 46 cm in length, and at the widest point it was 10 cm wide. A bow (length of 67 cm) was made from willow switch, whereas the string from horsehair. What is the significance of the small piece of a wooden object — found during research at the Lednica bridge abutment — for the inhabitants of Lednica? Who was it for and what was its role? We will probably never find this out. However, as a result of the research and discussions we can state that this is a piece of a peghead of a wooden stringed instrument. It could be a part of a gusle (as generally understood, stringed instruments), maybe of a rebec, possibly of a gudok. The name of the find is certainly significant for musicologists, historians who focus on musical instruments, or music theorists; however, for those who conduct research at Ostrów Lednicki and study the gord which was established there, the identification of an instrument itself is the most relevant. It is important that we can say that at the time when the gord with sacred places was functioning at Ostrów Lednicki, there were musicians who were playing not only liturgical music but certainly secular music too.

2

Wokół pewnego jubileuszu...

94%

Wrzesiński J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1987

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nr 4

321-324

EN

The protection of environment is the subject that has been taken up quite a lot in recent days. The undertaken initiatives on the protection of environment include, i.a., the creation of various protection zones. The discussion on the creation of the Landscape Historic Park on the lake has been going on for over 100 years. The island with an early medieval settlement and stone structures as well as an openair museum to be formed there speak in favour of creating such a zone. Until today a decree on the creation of a protective zone referred to as "the country of the Polans” , drawn in 1978, has not been adopted by the District Office in Poznań. The creation of such a zone offers an opportunity for arranging an entirely new form of display. Still, this longlasting discussion has resulted in incessant changes around the lake. These changes are often irreversible and not always favourable for the monuments found there.

3

Symbioza zespołu muzealnego z parkiem krajobrazowym na przykładzie Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy

94%

Kaszubkiewicz A.

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nr 1

47-50

EN

The author presents the history and the role of the Museum of the First Piasts on Lednica. He discusses stages of successive development — the transformation of the Ostrow Lednicki archaeological reservation into a museum, the creation within its framework of the Lednicki Ethnographic Park and the Lednicki Landscape Park, as well as the addition of the archaeological reservation in Giecz and a number of ethnographic objects preserved in situ. Finally, the article considers the assets and faults of organising such a complex and the principles of the co-operation of the Museum with the authorities and the local community.

4

Ze studiów nad zagadnieniem napływu przedmiotów proweniencji bizantyjskiej na ziemie Polski na przykładzie Ostrowa Lednickiego

94%

Górecki J.

Archeologia Polski

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2013

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tom 58

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nr 1-2

89-114

EN

Objects of Byzantine origin appeared in the Piast domain in Wielkopolska (Great Poland), that is, in the ruler’s residence on Ostrów Lednicki, in the 2nd half of the 10th c. (through the 1st half of the 11th c.). They included the oldest reliquary of particles of the True Cross (staurotheke) known from Polish territory, as well as a singular find of an ivory comb with openwork decoration in the form of lions’ figures. These objects are associated with the oldest phase of Christianization of Poland and attest to the importance of the church near which they were discovered. Excavations on Ostrów Lednicki have also yielded a coin of the Byzantine Emperor Basil II (after 985). These finds of exceptional quality point to the extensive network of ties linking the Piast domain in Wielkopolska (Great Poland) with contemporary centers of civilization.

5

Metoda interaktywnej wizualizacji komputerowej jako narzędzie architektonicznej rekonstrukcji reliktów Ostrowa Lednickiego

94%

Siewczyński B.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Architektura i Urbanistyka

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2001

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tom Z. 2

91-100

6

Znalezisko ozdobnego zakończenia rękojeści wczesnośredniowiecznej nahajki z Ostrowa Lednickiego

94%

Tabaka A.

Archeologia Polski

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2013

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tom 58

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nr 1-2

163-170

EN

Of particular interest among the several dozen objects discovered in 2009 in Ostrów Lednicki (including 15 coins mainly from the end of the 11th c.) was an ornamental brass fitting of the handle of a nahajka, which is the Polish name for a plaited leather whip. The find, which is linked to the culture of nomadic peoples, is unique in Poland. It is impossible to say when the whip (fitting) reached Ostrów Lednicki or who had lost it there, but it is most likely that the event occurred sometime at the end of the 11th and the beginning of the 12th c.

7

Znalezisko brązowej pobocznicy wędzidła z Ostrowa Lednickiego

84%

Banaszak D. , Tabaka A.

Studia Lednickie

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2017

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tom 16

69-79

EN

Construction works related to the implementation of the project of the modernisation and extension of archaeological reserves under the Museum of the First Piasts at Lednica were conducted at Ostrów Lednicki in 2010. They produced a small bronze item – a fragment of a triangular-shaped horse bit cheekpiece. Its two long edges (lower and upper) are gently arched upwards, and the shorter one was broken off. The lower edge is roller-shaped and oval in cross section. The preserved end at the contact point of the upper and lower edges is thickened, bilaterally, laterally, and diagonally bevelled (resembling a stylised snakehead). The other one, a broken off end of the lower edge, is slightly bent upwards on the inside. Thisis probably the forepart of the second part, a mirror ‘reflection’ of the preserved plate, with relief. Visible on one of its surfaces is a fragment of the relief: part of the body, a wing, tail and paw of a sitting dragon or basilisk. It has a curled wing adhering to the side and a long snakelike tail with a three-part end. One of them is spirally rolled up under the back of the torso. The dimensions of the fragmentally preserved object are as follows: length 5.31 cm, width 2.47 cm, thickness 0.35 cm, thickness with relief 0.55 cm. The bits discovered at Ostrów Lednicki and in the waters of Lake Lednica (along the bridges and in their vicinity) belong mostly to the two-part type I forms according to A. Nadolski. The find from the suburbium is a fragment of the type II bit according to A. Nadolski. They are believed to date from the tenth to thirteenth centuries, but in most cases they are considered to date back to the eleventh-twelfth centuries. The specimen from Ostrów Lednicki has a plate, cast along with an extended straight side, with a relief showing the dragon or basilisk. The item provides no clue as to when exactly and how it was brought to Ostrów Lednicki. However, this is another, after the ending of a whip handle, high-class horse tack-related object of eastern origin discovered at the site.

8

Technologia wykonania miecza i czekana odnalezionych w reliktach mostu prowadzącego na wyspę Ledniczkę na jeziorze Lednica w świetle badań archeometalurgicznych

84%

Kucypera P. , Pydyn A. , Popek M. , Lewek K.

Studia Lednickie

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2021

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tom 20

99-123

EN

Two early medieval weapons discovered within the relics of the Ledniczka bridge on Lake Lednica were subjected to non-invasive archaeometallurgical investigations. The conducted analyses allowed to determine the methods of their manufacture, as well as the characteristics of materials that were used in their making. Each specimen was a composite product forged from iron alloys of varying properties. Both the sword and the hammer axe were richly decorated with ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The research allowed in most parts to recreate the original appearance of these ornaments.

PL

Dwa egzemplarze wczesnośredniowiecznej broni odnalezione w reliktach mostu wiodącego na wyspę Ledniczkę na jeziorze Lednica zostały poddane nieinwazyjnym badaniom archeometalurgicznym. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły na ustalenie metod fabrykacji oręża oraz określenie materiałów, które wykorzystano do jego wykonania. Oba przedmioty są wyrobami kompozytowymi odkutymi ze stopów żelaza o różnych właściwościach. Zarówno miecz, jak i czekan były bogato zdobione metalami żelaznymi i nieżelaznymi. Wykonane badania pozwoliły w większości na odtworzenie pierwotnego wyglądu tych ornamentów.

9

Przeprawa mostowa na wyspę Ledniczka. Wstępne wyniki badań

84%

Pydyn A. , Popek M. , Dębicka D. , Radka K.

Studia Lednickie

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2018

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tom 17

181-196

EN

Advanced noninvasive research carried out in “The cradle of the Piasts: archaeological underwater prospections in the area of Lednickie Lake” (“Kolebka Piastów archeologiczne prospekcje podwodne w rejonie Jeziora Lednickiego”) project, provided a new collection of artefacts and archaeological sites. In the first stage of the project an archive research was carried out and it showed that there are 61 archaeological sites of different character and chronology in the close proximity to the lake. In the further part of the project, non-invasive research with the use of a magnetometer, a multibeam sonar and a subbottom profiler were conducted. This stage of the project was possible due to cooperation between the team from the Maritime Institute in Gdańsk, which was conducting hydroacoustic research, and underwater archaeologists. In the course of the survey of bathymetric anomalies between Ledniczka island and the west coast of the lake, construction elements were identified. Therefore, the terrain between an island and the mainland was thoroughly searched in order to verify the object which was found. During the search of the bottom by the divers in the designated place, more horizontal structural elements were identified. Localizing vertically impaled wooden constructions identified as piles, was the key point. These elements confirm that in the described place, there was a third bridge on Lake Lednica. Samples for dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating were collected from the P1, P4, P5 piles and V object. Only the sample from object V was suitable for dendrochronological dating, as it did not contain a sapwood layer. As a result it was possible to determine the date when the tree was cut, i.e. after 1293, hence most probably at the turn of 13/14th centuries [Ważny 2017]. Sample wood from pile 1 was subject to radiocarbon dating and the 1085±30 BP date was obtained. After calibration it can be said that it is 68.2% probable that the analyzed material comes from 900–993 (900–922: 22.3%; 948–993: 45.9%). Whereas it is 95.4% probable that it comes from 894–1016 (894–932: 30.5%; 937–1016: 64.9%) [Goslar 2017]. In conclusion, it can be said that during the research, the relics of the bridge leading from the mainland to Ledniczka island located on the W–E axis were localized. The crossing is located at the narrowest place between an island and the mainland. This is around 100 meters and this is the probable length of the bridge. On the basis of the variety in the degree of wood conservation, as well as diverse shapes of the construction elements, and especially the obtained dates from the radiocarbon and dendrochronological datings, it can be assumed that there are two bridge crossings which date to the 10th century and the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. During the 2017 research season an interesting discovery was made. After several seasons of underwater works, a new object was localized and identified as bridge relics. It shows the great archaeological potential of Lednica Lake and how the use of new noninvasive methods can lead to spectacular discoveries. The bridge relics were only identified on the surface level, therefore it is difficult to draw far-reaching conclusions. However, dendrochronological dating makes it possible to determine the origins of the bridge to the 13th/14th century. Militaria found near the bridge are also from this period. The C14 date, which estimates the age of one of the piles for the 2nd half of the 10th century, is very interesting. It can indicate that there were two bridges with different chronology. However, in order to confirm this, further excavation works must be conducted.

10

Materiały z epoki kamienia z Ostrowa Lednickiego i jego najbliższej okolicy

84%

Sobkowiak-Tabaka I.

Studia Lednickie

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2018

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tom 17

103-140

PL

The aim of this article is to analyze several hundred primeval artifacts (329 flints, 3 stone tools and 9 pieces of Neolithic pottery), which were found during excavations on Ostrów Lednicki and the burial ground in Dziekanowice. The above mentioned artifacts were found on a secondary deposit, in early medieval layers or in objects, and in a primaeval layer, which was detected in the immediate vicinity of Lednica Palatium. This significantly influences the interpretation options and only allows chronological and taxonomic classification of the artifacts with characteristic technological and typological features. 4 flint artifacts were connected with the Late Paleolithic stage of penetration of Ostrów Lednicki and its immediate surroundings, i.e. a part of a massive endscraper, a tanged point, a part of a shaft of a tanged point and of a backed piece. Because of the presence of tanged points, it is highly probable that the analyzed collection can be connected with flint manufacturing of the Świderska culture community. Ostrów Lednicki and its surroundings were also penetrated by Holocene hunter-gatherers, which is indicated by the presence of 14 Mesolithic flint artifacts. In the majority of cases they were cores, often microlithic, highly exploited. There were also single tools, such as a slender backed piece and two scrapers. Three stone artifacts can be clearly connected with the Neolithic — two hatchets made from fine-crystalline sandstone and a quartzitic broadax as well as several pieces of pottery. In the case of the pottery, 5 pieces should be connected with the presence of the Late Band Pottery Culture on Ostrów Lednicki, while 4 with the Funnel Beaker Culture communities. The remaining flint artifacts can only be generally associated with the Stone Age.

11

Zawieszki dzwoneczkowate z cmentarzyska w Dziekanowicach i z Ostrowa Lednickiego

84%

Wrzesińska A. , Wrzesiński J.

Materiały Zachodniopomorskie

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2016

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tom 12

363-380

EN

One of important centres of the early Piast monarchy was stronghold on Ostrów Lednicki. In its vicinity was located the cemetery known as Dziekanowice, site 22. From excavations on this necropolis come five bronze bell-shaped pendants. Three of them were discovered in graves. Items of this kind occur in the north-western Slavs territory in the period from the 8th to the 13th century. In the course of previous discussion explanation of their origins and function failed.

12

Chronologia i stratygraa wykopu w rejonie przyczółka mostu zachodniego na podgrodziu (badania w latach 60. XX wieku)

71%

Banaszak D. , Tabaka A.

Studia Lednickie

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2014

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tom 13

115-152

EN

The present paper discusses the results of excavations carried out within the framework of the so-called “Millennium research” (1961–1962) at Ostrów Lednicki. A survey of the abutment of the western (Poznań) bridge allowed to define the time of construction of the bridge as the beginning of the second half of the 10th c. This chronology was confirmed by the dendrochronological analysis of piles. These dates define the time of construction of the bridge as 963–964, while its repairs were carried out in 981, 995, 1007–1008, 1015–1018, 1022 and 1033. These dates imply that repairs of the bridge were carried out at even intervals, each 12–14 years. This may have resulted from the natural durability of the wood used for the construction of the bridge. A stone pavement was discovered around the abutment of the bridge. It hardened the entrance to the bridge. There were also c. 2.5 m wide roads near the lake, which went southwards from the bridge to the stronghold and northwards to the suburbium. The latest date of 1033 would suggest the last repair of the bridge. An assemblage of pottery from layers associated with the destruction (burning) of the bridge is dated to the mid-11th c. The latest of the received dates and the assemblage of pottery from burnt layers allow for dating of the destruction of the Poznań bridge to the mid-11Th c. The bridge was probably burnt in the course of fights over the island. This is implied by finds from the abutment: a sword and a spur, as well as by numerous militaria extracted from the lake by underwater archaeologists: a helmet, a chainmail, swords, stirrups, spurs, spearheads and axes. The lack of an evident burnt layer (apart from scorched beams) and a thick level of rubble may imply that the fire did not destroy the bridge completely and the structure did not collapse at once. The bridge, not repaired and not in use after the fire, underwent slow decomposition. From then, a depression of the terrain near the lake was not used for building purposes and the remains of the bridge and the road were covered by naturally growing layers of loam, sand and turf humus. From the mid-11th c. the island was connected to the land by a ferry crossing, built in the place of the eastern (Gniezno) bridge. In this location, the distance from the island to the mainland is half as much (c. 200 m) as on the western side.

13

Kilka uwag o szklanych naczyniach z grodu na Ostrowie Lednickim

71%

Sawicka J.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2023

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nr 64

197-220

EN

This paper presents the results of an expert study of several glass vessels from an early medieval castle at Ostrów Lednicki. They come from the so-called second church, a single-nave small building erected in the 1060s and destroyed in 1038 or 1039. In its ruins, a collection of high-grade artefacts was discovered, furnishings of the same temple, as well as fragments of glass and fragmentary preserved glass vessels. The three specimens, examined in the laboratory, were made of potassium glass, of the calcium-potassium variety, of the CaO-K2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 type. Interpretation of the analytical results has led to a conclusion that all the vessels could come from a single workshop, attributed to Carolingian and Ottonian workshops in Imperial Germany. Another vessel, discovered in the eastern part of the stronghold and not associated with any of the sacred buildings, has an early date (6th to 9th century). It is believed to be a conical goblet of the Kempston type, made of sodium glass, of the mineral variety, of the Na2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 type, from one of the many Western European workshops.

14

Ostrów Lednicki - prace archeologiczne

71%

Ochrona Zabytków

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1962

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nr 2

75

15

Antropologia grobów ciałopalnych cmentarzyska Dziekanowice 22

67%

Wrzesińska A. , Wrzesiński J.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2021

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nr 62

171-191

EN

The article presents the analyses and descriptions of two graves in the Dziekanowice grave field, site 22 (dated back to the late 10th – the late 13th centuries) located on the eastern coast of lake Lednica, approx. 90 m from the eastern bridge leading to Ostrów Lednicki. The isle hosts a hillfort regarded a seat of the then ruler, the sedes regni principales. Within the gord, in the second half of the 10th century, a complex of residential and sacral buildings was raised: a baptistery, a palas and a church. The burial rite as of the late 10th and the early 11th centuries, which appeared in what is now Poland’s territory, is typically associated with Christianity encroaching the area. The issues under discussion, which are not fully explained, include both the ways in which the dead were buried before skeletal burials were introduced and popularised, the methods used to promote the changes, acceptance thereof, the rate and the prevalence of the new mode of burying the dead. In the course of extended excavations in the Dziekanowice 22 grave field, 1,665 graves have been discovered with preserved bone material, among them two graves where cremated bodies were laid (cremation burial). The graves have been dated back to the early Middle Ages (the time of the grave field’s operation).

16

Ad futuram rei memoriam on the fiftieth anniversary of the Museum of the First Piast at Lednica foundation The Historic Monument of the Nation's Culture

67%

Wyrwa A. M.

Studia Lednickie

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2019

|

tom 18

13-78

PL

W 2019 roku mija 50 lat — złoty jubileusz — Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy, jednego z najważniejszych muzeów w Polsce. Misją tej instytucji jest „upowszechnianie wiedzy o dziedzictwie pierwszych Piastów z uwzględnieniem europejskiego kontekstu kulturowego i cywilizacyjnego oraz kulturze materialnej wczesnośredniowiecznej Polski […]. Promuje […] dziedzictwo kulturowe Wielkopolski jako miejsca kształtowania się polskiej państwowości, a także dziedzictwo historyczne i kulturowe wsi wielkopolskiej […]”. Początki starań o utworzenie nad Lednicą miejsca pamięci, ośrodka tożsamości historycznej i kulturowej dla Polaków, sięgają 2. połowy XIX wieku, czyli czasów, kiedy w wyniku zaborów państwa polskiego nie było na mapach ówczesnej Europy. W 1856 roku przestrzeń Ostrowa Lednickiego z zabytkowymi ruinami pałacu i kaplicy księcia Mieszka I została wykupiona z rąk pruskich przez Albina hrabiego Węsierskiego. W działania popularyzujące znaczenie historyczne i kulturowe Ostrowa na ziemiach polskich i za granicą hrabia angażował najznakomitszych ówczesnych przedstawicieli naukowej elity intelektualnej i artystycznej. Dzięki temu wyspa wraz z okolicą stała się swoistego rodzaju mekką, do której przybywali wszyscy poszukujący rzeczywistych korzeni tożsamości kulturowej i dawnej potęgi Polaków. Starania te kontynuowali następ-nie „spadkobiercy” tej idei. Szczególne zasługi na tym polu ma m.in. ks. Franciszek Wawrzyniak (1884–1941), członek Akademii Umiejętności, proboszcz parafii w Dziekanowicach. Ważnym etapem w dziejach Ostrowa Lednickiego, który dał merytoryczne podstawy przyszłego muzeum, było wpisanie 12 marca 1930 roku ruin palatium i kap a Ostrowie Lednickim do rejestru zabytków (nr rej.: 2404/A), a w 1957 roku — całej wyspy (nr rej.: 73/78/57 z 26.03.1957). W 1945 roku Ostrów Lednicki został przejęty przez Skarb Państwa, a jego pierwszym tymczasowym opiekunem został Józef Kubacki, kierownik szkoły w Lednogórze. Od tego momentu rozpoczął się nowy etap w dziejach tego miejsca. Formalnie początki muzeum wiążą się jednak dopiero z latami 60. XX wieku. Po wstępnych działaniach organizacyjno-prawnych prowadzonych od 1962 roku w związku z organizacją Rezerwatu Archeologicznego na Ostrowie Lednickim oficjalnie placówkę tę pod początkową nazwą Muzeum Początków Państwa Polskiego powołano do życia od 1 stycznia 1969 roku mocą uchwały Powiatowej Rady Narodowej w Gnieźnie z 19 grudnia 1968 roku. W uzasadnieniu tej decyzji stwierdzono, że „Rezerwat Archeologiczny na Ostrowiu [sic] Lednickim jest Pomnikiem Historii Narodu Polskiego dla turystów całego kraju i zwiedzających turystów zagranicznych i dla przeprowadzenia dalszych badań”. W uchwale Prezydium Powiatowej Rady Narodowej w Gnieźnie z 11 grudnia 1969 roku muzeum nazwane jest jak wspomniano „Muzeum Początków Państwa Polskiego na Lednicy”. Na mocy tej samej uchwały Prezydium Powiatowej Rady Narodowej w Gnieźnie „przekazało” muzeum lednickie pod zarząd Prezydium Wojewódzkiej Rady Narodowej w Poznaniu. Według uchwały nowa podległość miała obowiązywać od 31 grudnia 1969 roku. W uzasadnieniu tej decyzji napisano m.in., że „[w]artości historyczne Lednicy stwarzają konieczność zorganizowania placówki o szerokim charakterze oddziaływania i znacznym wyeksponowaniu dziejów kształtowania się państwowości polskiej X i XI w.”. Już bowiem w 1966 roku „w uznaniu wybitnej roli, jaką odegrał Ostrów Lednicki w procesie kształtowania się Państwa Polskiego i cywilizacji na naszych ziemiach, Ministerstwo Kultury i Sztuki uznało obiekty na Ostrowie Lednickim [za] Pomnik Historii Kultury Narodu i nadało mu rangę międzynarodową, weryfikując go w klasie «0» zabytków”. W 1970 roku Prezydium Wojewódzkiej Rady Narodowej w Poznaniu uchwałą z 30 stycznia wyraziło zgodę na przejęcie przez Wydział Kultury Prezydium Wojewódzkiej Rady Narodowej w Poznaniu od Wydziału Oświaty i Kultury Prezydium Powiatowej Rady Narodowej w Gnieźnie Muzeum Początków Państwa Polskiego na Lednicy. W 1975 roku zarządzeniem Wojewody Poznańskiego z 14 sierpnia, po powstaniu muzeum w Gnieźnie, pierwotną nazwę muzeum lednickiego zmieniono na Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy, nadając placówce nowy statut. W 1988 roku cały zespół kulturowo-osadniczy i przyrodniczy wokół jeziora Lednica wraz z Ostrowem Lednickim oraz innymi wyspami na tym jeziorze został włączony w przestrzeń nowo powołanego Lednickiego Parku Krajobrazowego, którego celem jest „ochrona krajobrazu historycznego, związanego z zabytkami Ostrowa Lednickiego i licznych stanowisk archeologicznych u wybrzeży jeziora Lednica, stanowiących pozostałości dawnej [średniowiecznej] aglomeracji lednickiej”. W 1994 roku Prezydent Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej Lech Wałęsa nadał Ostrowowi Lednickiemu status Pomnika Historii, czyli wyspa uzyskała „szczególną formę ochrony jako [jeden z] najcenniejszy[ch] zabyt[ków] w Polsce mający duże znaczenie dla dziedzictwa kultury Polski” [Monitor Polski 1994]. W 1999 roku Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy zmieniło organizatora. Na mocy Ustawy o muzeach i Statutu Muzeum nowym organizatorem został Samorząd Województwa Wielkopolskiego, który jest nim do dziś. Również w 1999 roku mocą decyzji Ministra Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego z 28 grudnia Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy wpisano do Państwowego Rejestru Muzeów. Dziś Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy jest muzeum wielooddziałowym. Pierwotnie opiekowało się tylko ruinami na wyspie jeziora Lednica („wyspa władców”, „święta wyspa”, „chrzcielnica Polski”), później dołączono do niego całą jego otulinę, a następnie gród z reliktami zabudowy architektonicznej w Gieczu (od 1985 roku), wielki gród w Grzybowie koło Wrześni (od 1997 roku), a ostatnio też grodzisko w Radzimiu koło Murowanej Gośliny (badania muzeum od 2002 roku; pracownia muzeum od 2006 roku). W 1973 roku w strukturach organizacyjnych muzeum stworzono dział etnograficzny, który dał początek powołanemu w 1975 roku Wielkopolskiemu Parkowi Etnograficznemu w Dziekanowicach. Obecnie oprócz tworzonej tam z oryginalnych i rekonstruowanych obiektów ekspozycji wsi wielkopolskiej podlega mu jeszcze kilka pojedynczych przykładów budownictwa ludowego przeniesionych lub chronionych in situ, tj. m.in. obiekty w Lednogórze (Moraczewie), Rybitwach i Rogierówku. Dzięki staraniom kolejnych dyrektorów — Jerzego Łomnickiego (1968–1981), Andrzeja Kaszubkiewicza (1981–2008) i Andrzeja M. Wyrwy (od listopada 2008) — oraz wielu muzealników miejsce to sukcesywnie przybiera coraz szersze ramy organizacyjne, stając się obecnie jednym z najważniejszych muzeów na wolnym powietrzu w Polsce. Jednocześnie jest jednym z najznaczniejszych muzeów historyczno-etnograficznych na ziemiach polskich, a jeśli uwzględnić jego przednormatywne dzieje — jest najstarszym muzeum na wolnym powietrzu w Polsce liczącym w 2019 roku aż 163 lata! To „Korona Piastowska”, która chroni dziedzictwo kulturowe z początków państwa i kultury polskiej. Tomem tym honorujemy też 30. rocznicę — perłowy jubileusz — wydania pierwszego tomu „Studiów Lednickich”, które powołano w 1989 roku. Od 2012 roku to podstawowe czasopismo naukowe Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy ukazuje się jako rocznik mający również oficjalną wersję elektroniczną i stronę internetową (http://studialednickie.pl/).

17

ŚLADY WIERZEŃ POGAŃSKICH NA PRZYKŁADZIE ZNALEZISK Z OSTROWA LEDNICKIEGO

62%

BANASZAK D. , TABAKA A.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2020

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nr 61

117-134

EN

The article presents an analysis of finds and information attributed to the pre-Christian religion in Ostrów Lednicki and the ancillary facilities. To this end, a number of finds from the first half of the 10th to the early 12th centuries were described and interpreted. They include a piece of a gold amulet locket, a utensil made of clay with the swastika and an encircled cross, a buried horse, wooden horse figures, an ornamental element of a knife sheath ferrule, a round rattle and a wooden structure with cornerstone offerings. By means of comparative studies and analyses of the archaeological excavations in Ostrów Lednicki and its vicinity (Dziekanowice, Moraczewo), the authors conclude that in this area, a pagan cult centre could have existed in the late 9th and the early 10th centuries at the latest, related most probably to Svarog /Svarozic, god of the Sun, the home, and a divine blacksmith.

18

Rozwój krajobrazu kulturowego w otoczeniu jeziora Lednica na Wysoczyźnie Gnieźnieńskiej

59%

Makohonienko M. , Makowiecki D.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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tom Vol. 16

32-38

EN

The paper presents development of cultural landscape in Central Great Poland, in the Ostrów Lednicki settlement complex during the Early Medieval times in the light of vegetation history and faunal records. The destruction of hornbeam forests The differences in vegetation cover between areas of moraine upland and outwash plains was demonstrated. Archaeozoological studies showed the dominant role of pig and cattle in the Early Medieval animal economy. Relatively high representation of hare remains among wild animals, corresponds with palaeobotanical data and confirms the dominance of open, cultural landscape

19

Professor Andrzej Marek Wyrwa (1955–2022), director of The Museum of the First Piasts at Lednica

59%

Linetty J.

Muzealnictwo

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2023

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tom 64

30-35

EN

The date 17 November 2022 marked the death of Prof. Andrzej Marek Wyrwa, a historian and archaeologist, a long-standing professor at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, and Director of the Museum of the First Piasts at Lednica. Born on 22 March 1955 in Krzyż Wielkopolski, he graduated in history (1978) and archaeology (1981) from the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan. Bonded with his alma mater in his scholarly activity, where he worked uninterruptedly as of 1984, he was conferred doctoral degree in 1985, postdoctoral degree in 1996, and became professor in 2004. Having headed the ’Łekno’ Archaeological Expedition in 1982–2008, he conducted excavations at Ł3 archaeological site at Łekno near Wągrowiec which resulted in a spectacular discovery of pre-Romanesque rotunda relics dating back to the Early- -Piast monarchy, of a stronghold, and of a Cistercian monastery founded in 1153. In many aspects that research into the whole settlement complex around Łekno was trailblazing, extensive, and interdisciplinary. Having become Director of the Museum of the First Piasts at Lednica in 2008, over the 14 years of his contribution to that institution he implemented crucial projects enabling its operation. In 2013, he extended the archaeological reserves at Ostrów Lednicki, Giecz, and Grzybowo. He also extended the Dziekanowice seat of the Museum making the dream of generations of Polish scholars and museologists come true: to have Ostrów Lednicki’s Piasts’ heritage proudly manifested. Not so long ago, since on 7 October 2022, together with Prof. Wyrwa we happily celebrated the launch of the new Museum building. Furthermore, his academic legacy contains over 625 academic studies, works for general public, and pieces of feature writing.

20

Profesor dr hab. Andrzej Marek Wyrwa (1955–2022) – dyrektor Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy

59%

Linetty J.

Muzealnictwo

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2023

|

tom 64

30-35

PL

17 listopada 2022 r. zmarł prof. dr hab. Andrzej Marek Wyrwa, historyk i archeolog, wieloletni wykładowca Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu i dyrektor Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy. Urodził się 22 marca 1955 r. w Krzyżu Wielkopolskim. Ukończył historię (1978) i archeologię (1981) na Uniwersytecie im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Naukowo związał się z macierzystą uczelnią, na której pracował nieprzerwanie od 1984 r. W 1985 r. obronił doktorat, habilitację uzyskał w 1996 r., a profesurę w 2004 r. Począwszy od 1982 r. aż do 2008 r. na czele Ekspedycji Archeologicznej „Łekno” prowadził badania wykopaliskowe na stanowisku Ł3 w Łeknie koło Wągrowca, które doprowadziły do spektakularnych odkryć reliktów przedromańskiej rotundy z czasów monarchii wczesnopiastowskiej, grodu, a także klasztoru cysterskiego fundowanego w 1153 r. Były to, pod wieloma względami pionierskie, szeroko zakrojone badania interdyscyplinarne nad całym kompleksem osadniczym wokół Łekna. W 2008 r. objął funkcję dyrektora Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy. W ciągu 14 lat pracy w tej instytucji przeprowadził kluczowe dla jej funkcjonowania inwestycje. W 2013 r. zrealizował projekty rozbudowy rezerwatów archeologicznych na Ostrowie Lednickim, w Gieczu oraz Grzybowie. Przeprowadził także rozbudowę siedziby muzeum w Dziekanowicach, realizując marzenia pokoleń badaczy i muzealników o tym, aby godnie prezentować piastowskie dziedzictwo Ostrowa Lednickiego. Niedawno, bo 7 października 2022 r., wspólnie z Profesorem cieszyliśmy się z otwarcia nowego budynku muzealnego. Na dorobek Andrzeja Marka Wyrwy składa się ponad 625 prac naukowych, popularnonaukowych i publicystycznych.