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Italian Social Policy for Mother and Child during the World War II (1943–1945)

100%

La Banca D.

nr 2

35-49

During the Second World War the fascism regime was called on to give concrete proof of the efficacy and efficiency levels of the welfare institutions they had created. This essay analyses one of those institutions: The National Agency for Maternity and Childhood [Opera nazionale per la protezione della maternità e dell’infanzia, ONMI] created in 1925. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, to analyse the birth of Fascist social policy aimed at mothers and children and its links with demographic policies and gender rules in fascist society. Second, to verify how social policies functioned during the occupation period in Italy. An analysis of ONMI activity, considering how it operated to meet the needs of mothers and children allows us to verify to what extent the regime’s propagandised welfare policies were realized and to what extent the Social Italian Republic (RSI) was really “social”. Moreover, the paper will compare the role played by the occupation forces (Anglo-American and Nazi troops) in the new organization during this dramatic, reconstructing ONMI activity in the North (RSI) and in the South (Kingdom of the South) of Italy.

Deafness in family relationships: a study on the interactions between mother, child and maternal grandmother

100%

Barbosa S. , Coelho S. , Branco S.

tom 7

nr 2

230-243

This paper aims to identify the role of the maternal grandmother in the education of grandchildren, in a deafness context. We intend also to understand if the role of the deaf mother as the main educator element, is well defined in this family trio - deaf mother, child and maternal grandmother. So, our main goal was to comprehend the relationship between deaf mother and grandmother and if this relation respects the principles of mutual aid and cooperation. However, we also want to comprehend if this interaction, perhaps, jeopardizes the autonomy of the deaf mother who could be threatened because of the maternal grandmother’s behaviour. The qualitative study had the participation of six deaf mothers and we collected data through interviews in Portuguese sign language. Taking the parameters described, the results reveal that maternal grandmothers actually act like ´educator assistants` in the education of grandchildren. The role of main figure is ensured by deaf mother. It is still evident a change of attitude about the communication in Portuguese sign language by grandmothers, now they are more open-minded in using this language with their grandchildren but this situation did not occur with their daughters.

The value of motherhood: paid maternity leave discourse in major U.S. media outlets in the years 2014-2018

86%

Rabenda A.

tom 12

nr 1

68-85

Aim. This article’s goal is to present the discourse concerning paid maternity leaves in the USA in major American media outlets between the years 2014 and 2018. It is an attempt to answer the question whether maternity, caregiving work or family values are contradictory to American work ethic and regulations of the labour market. Methodology. The work is devoted to content analysis of the four most popular American online media, both liberal and conservative. Their content search engines are used to find information and articles on paid maternity leaves and to group them into different categories. Results. Three main categories are distinguished in terms of the content of 302 articles, namely articles with a positive attitude towards paid maternity leaves (248 articles – 82.10%), articles with a negative attitude (20 articles – 6.60%), and neutral articles (34 – 11.30%). In general, Americans see the long-term benefits of paid maternity leaves, but they differ when it comes to the methods of their introduction. Conclusions. There is a conflict between maternity, family values, American work culture, and regulations of the labour market. In American society, individualism, competition, and masculinity of the business culture do not support the values of nurturing and caregiving. Originality. Except for the USA, there is no other country among OECD states which does not provide paid parental leaves for working mothers. Because of the fact that the United States is known to be one of the most developed countries in the world, this information may be considered worth-studying.