Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

The Lvov-Warsaw School after 1950

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Brożek A.

Edukacja Filozoficzna

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2022

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nr 74

141-160

EN

Although most historians of philosophy agree about the date of the Lvov-Warsaw School’s beginning (the year 1895, when Kazimierz Twardowski was appointed to the Chair of Philosophy in Lvov), the question of the end of the School’s activities is an object of controversies. A few decades ago, the prevailing view was that the School ceased to exist between 1939 and 1950 as a result of World War II and its aftermath. Today, it is more and more common to say that the School also existed in the second half of the 20th century, although in a slightly different form than before. After presenting this controversy over the Lvov-Warsaw School’s existence in the first part of the paper, in the second and third parts I sketch the history and main features of the School and the reasons why World War II and its consequences caused its collapse. In the fourth part, I first list the criteria of the existence of philosophical schools and then analyze to what degree the Lvov-Warsaw School fulfilled these criteria after 1950. I end with some remarks on the recent developments of the Lvov-Warsaw philosophical tradition.

2

Filozofia polska w perspektywie międzynarodowej

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Woleński J.

Kwartalnik Filozoficzny

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2014

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tom 42

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nr 1

5-25

EN

This paper offers a personal report on the author's investigations concerning the Lvov-Warsaw School. The author outlines the origin of his interests in Twardowski's school and his reasons for deciding to write a comprehensive monograph about this group of philosophers. The last part of the paper mentions other people working on the same topic and focuses on problems related to the popularization of Polish philosophy.

3

A companion to Kazimierz Twardowski

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Grądzka E.

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nr 72

191-202

EN

There have been many significant publications on Kazimierz Twardowski. Jacek Jadacki intends to add to this list another book Rozum i wola. Kazimierz Twardowski i jego wpływ na kształt kultury polskiej XX wieku. In the review it is appraised whether it can be called “a companion to...”. It provides introductory information that can help readers better understand the role of Twardowski in Polish philosophy and culture. Updated findings by contemporary scholars are also included. The quality of the articles is guaranteed by such authors as J. Woleński, R. Kleszcz, A. Brożek and J. Jadacki. However, new authors are also present as well as less common topics like Twardowski’s influence on the Polish School of Philosophy of Medicine and his roles as political scientist, educational theorist, and historian of Ancient philosophy. The authors manage to convince the reader that Twardowski is “a classic” worth knowing, in consequence the book can be treated as a “companion to Twardowski”. It also inspires readers to further investigate the works and accomplishments of the Lvov philosopher.

4

Axiological and Epistemic Individualism in the Lvov-Warsaw School in the Context of Anti-irrationalism and the Problem of Religious Beliefs

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Łukasiewicz D.

Filozofia Nauki

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2022

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tom 30

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nr 2

29-46

EN

This article presents the main epistemological and axiological assumptions of the Lvov-Warsaw School (LWS) and argues that these assumptions led to agnosticism and the conviction about the irrationality of religious beliefs, so common among the LWS members. It is shown that these assumptions were deeply rooted in the tradition of modern epistemic individualism and evidentialism. The final part of the paper discusses two contemporary modifications of the epistemology characteristic of Twardowski and his disciples. The first one, formulated by Jacek Jadacki, is the conception of directival rationality; the second has been proposed by Ryszard Kleszcz and can be labeled relative rationality. Both these conceptions compromise on the LWS firm position concerning the irrationality of religious beliefs and make it possible to regard such beliefs as rational.

5

Związki między Romanem Ingardenem a Kazimierzem Twardowskim i jego Szkołą

88%

Brożek A. , Jadacki J.

Kwartalnik Filozoficzny

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2020

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tom 48

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nr 1-2

157-218

EN

In the paper, we justify the view that Roman Ingarden was an analytical philosopher. First, we show the close personal ties between Ingarden and Kazimierz Twardowski and his pupils. Second, we compare the research program of the Lvov-Warsaw School with the research program formulated by Ingarden. An important point of this program was the use of a specific research method in its implementation. We show that despite the undoubted differences between the research methods declared and actually used by Ingarden and by representatives of the Twardowski School, both of them were methods characteristic of analytical philosophy.

6

Czy Alfred Tarski jest relatywistą aletycznym?

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Moroz J.

Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

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2013

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nr nr 23

99-118

EN

In the article Popper, Tarski and Relativism Jennings argues that according to T-equivalence all ontology (all sort of things in the world) is the derived from the first-order language. So such argumentation leads directly to the relativistic interpretation of Tarski’s semantic theory of truth. This interpretation is very controversial especially given that almost all philosophers of the Lvov-Warsaw School assert that truth is a nonrelativistic value. It seems that Alfred Tarski shares this view with Kazimierz Twardowski and his students. However there are many incompatible interpretations according to which the semantic theory of truth generates different consequences. Thus we can understand this theory in a relativistic, deflationist or absolutist ways. In this article I am reconstructing the relativistic and nonrelativistic interpretations of the semantic theory of truth and I attempt to provide an answer to the important question about whether or not Alfred Tarski is a relativist?

7

The Cognitive Value of Introspection according to Kazimierz Twardowski

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Rechlewicz W.

Filozofia Nauki

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2022

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tom 30

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nr 2

47-64

EN

Kazimierz Twardowski attributed high cognitive value to introspection because he believed it plays a fundamental role in psychology, the primary philosophical discipline. He believed that basing philosophy on inner experience would allow it to obtain universal and justified results. Internal experience consists of perceiving one’s own mental facts; it is non-sensual and selfevident. Twardowski referred to introspection in his investigations in various ways, which is presented in the article.

8

On Good Mental Work: Techniques of Mental Work as a Subject of Pragmatic Logic in the Lvov-Warsaw School

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Będkowski M.

Filozofia Nauki

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2022

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tom 30

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nr 1

95-113

EN

Kazimierz Twardowski was renowned as an outstanding philosopher, teacher, and organizer of academic life. No less famous was his style of work, depicted in many recollections of his students. In the paper, I present three aspects of good mental work: a) stoic inspiration for Kazimierz Twardowski’s style of work, b) the place of the techniques of mental work in the program of pragmatic logic according to the views of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz and Tadeusz Kotarbiński, and c) selected contemporary approaches consistent with the direction provided by the Lvov-Warsaw School. By exploring a new perspective in the study of good mental work by linking it to the ancient philosophy of life as well as to the most recent developments in the theory of good mental work, the paper reveals unexplored insights into the tradition of the Lvov-Warsaw School, demonstrating its significance, depth, and relevance to modern times.

9

The Concept of Aesthetic Value in the Lvov-Warsaw School: An Overview

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Horecka A.

Filozofia Nauki

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2022

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tom 30

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nr 2

95-139

EN

This article discusses selected conceptions of aesthetic value formulated by representatives of the Lvov-Warsaw School, including Kazimierz Twardowski, Władysław Witwicki, Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Tadeusz Czeżowski, Mieczysław Walfisz-Wallis, Stanisław Ossowski, Leopold Blaustein, and Tadeusz Kotarbiński.

10

Mistrz − Kazimierz Twardowski w oczach swoich uczniów

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Hinc-Wirkus M.

Kultura i Wychowanie

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2018

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tom 13

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nr 1

19-29

EN

Polish pedagogy has had many eminent scholars who can be called mentors. The first generation of Polish teachers had to start from the bottom when initiating Polish pedagogy at institutions of higher education. In this reality Kazimierz Twardowski was moulded. Twardowski managed to educate many outstanding, accomplished scholars of Polish pedagogy. At the beginning of the 20th century Twardowski, or the Lvov school, started to be talked about and he was an influence on philosophical centres at Polish universities after Poland regained independence. Kazimierz Twardowski was an intellectual and moral authority, he was a man – institution in Polish academic research during the first half of the 20th century. This article examines Twardowski from the perspective of memories of his students.

PL

Polska pedagogika miała wielu znamienitych uczonych, których można nazwać mistrzami. Pierwsze pokolenie polskich pedagogów musiało zacząć od podstaw- musiało zmierzyć się z wprowadzeniem polskiej pedagogiki do szkół wyższych. W tych realiach ukształtowany został Kazimierz Twardowski. Twardowskiemu udało się wychować wielu wybitnych, zasłużonych dla polskiej nauki uczonych. Już na początku XX w. zaczęto w Polsce mówić o szkole Twardowskiego lub szkole lwowskiej, która stała się zaczynem dla ośrodków filozoficznych na polskich uniwersytetach po odzyskaniu niepodległości. Kazimierz Twardowski był autorytetem intelektualnym i moralnym, był człowiekiem - instytucją w nauce polskiej pierwszej połowy XX wieku. Artykuł ukazuje postać Twardowskiego z perspektywy wspomnień jego uczniów.

11

Jakub Karpiński w kręgu Szkoły Lwowsko-Warszawskiej

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Jadacki J.

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2013

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nr 4(211)

67–83

PL

Artykuł przedstawia filozoficzne tło poglądów Jakuba Karpińskiego. Nawiązywał on do programu Szkoły Lwowsko-Warszawskiej. Jest to zrozumiałe, gdyż jego głównymi nauczycielami byli przedstawiciele tej szkoły. Na wspomniane tło składają się następujące założenia: (1) rzeczywistość, którą opisuje nauka, jest bardzo zróżnicowana ontologicznie (pluralizm ontologiczny); (2) zdarzenia składające się na tę rzeczywistość są powtarzalne i powiązane ze sobą związkami przyczynowo-skutkowymi (determinizm); (3) teorie naukowe są oceniane pod wieloma względami – nie tylko co do tego, czy tezy tych teorii są prawdziwe. W artykule omawiane są ponadto: (a) poglądy Karpińskiego dotyczące pojęcia przyczyny; (b) jego ujęcie zagadnienia operacyjnego definiowania terminów naukowych; (c) przeprowadzoną przez Karpińskiego typologię schematów (scil. metod) badań socjologicznych; (d) jego analizę sporów w nauce.

EN

The paper presents the philosophical background of Jakub Karpiński’s views. In this respect, he took his stand on the program of the Lvov-Warsaw School. This fact is understandable, because his main teachers where representatives of this school. The following suppositions compose the aforementioned background: (1) the reality described by science is ontologically very differential (ontological pluralism); (2) events that compose this reality are repeatable and mutually connected by causal relations (determinism); (3) scientific theories are estimated in many respects – not only on account of truthfulness of their theses. In the paper, the following problems are also discussed: (a) Karpiński’s views concerning the notion of cause; (b) his approach to the problem of operational defining scientific terms; (c) Karpiński’s typology of schemes (scil. methods) of sociological research; (d) his analysis of controversies in science.

12

Putting analysis and construction of concepts into its righteous position

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Grądzka E.

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nr 71

155-173

EN

Analytic description, according to members of the Lvov-Warsaw School (LWS) like Czeżowski, Ajdukiewicz, Ossowska, Tarski is a powerful and an indispensable tool, not only in philosophy but also in any natural science – in psychology especially. It should be equally respected together with empirical analysis and even it is recommended that it should precede any further research. Therefore the book Analiza i konstrukcja: o metodach badania pojęć w Szkole Lwowsko-Warszawskiej [Analysis and construction: on the methods of researching concepts in the Lvov-Warsaw School] can be recommended to philosophers as well as scientists.

13

Leading Metaphilosophical Values of the Lvov-Warsaw School

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Szubka T.

Filozofia Nauki

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2022

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tom 30

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nr 1

47-52

EN

The article explores the concept of scientific philosophy as understood by members of the Lvov-Warsaw School. The author argues that according to Twardowski and his students, philosophy should be done as an exact discipline which ought to be pursued in critical and collaborative spirit. Selected views on scientific philosophy are analyzed, including ideas of Ajdukiewicz, Zawirski, and Dąmbska. It is claimed that though the conception of scientific philosophy is beset with crucial and fundamental ambiguities, it was far more important for the Lvov-Warsaw School than the idea of analytic philosophy.

14

The Main Ideas of Mieczysław Wallis’ Program of Philosophical Anthropology

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Zegzuła-Nowak J.

Filozofia Nauki

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2022

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tom 30

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nr 2

79-93

EN

The article presents the results of several years of analytical and reconstruction efforts carried out by the author who focused on archival writings by Mieczysław Wallis, a representative of the second generation of the Lvov-Warsaw School, which were to a large extent unknown to readers. Wallis’ intellectual profile has been associated so far mostly with his writings on art criticism, aesthetics, theory, and history of art. In the light of painstaking, multistage research of the large collection of his unpublished archival works, it turned out that the current perception of his intellectual preferences and academic achievements is too narrow and simplified. What is especially little known and insufficiently edited are his notes on philosophical anthropology, discussing the question of human existence and human activity in the world. They contain a unique philosophical program based on the axiological concept called psychological relationism. Its main category is the “homo creativus” approach. Wallis’ intellectual program is a valuable contribution to the achievements of the Lvov-Warsaw School and, in general, to the Polish philosophy of the 20th century.

15

Naukowa filozofia Koła Krakowskiego

63%

Wolak Z.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2005

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nr 36

97-122

PL

The Cracow Circle was a group of four Polish philosophers and logicians (Salamucha, Bocheński, Drewnowski, Sobociński) connected with Lvov-Warsaw School. They tried to apply the modern logic to a Christian thought. This application first needed explication what the mathematical logic really is-not a science connected with the Aristotelian abstraction of the second degree but formal science unnecessary in a strict reasoning and defining. Then they showed how important was always exactness in Christian thought and wrote some papers in which the modern logic was used in different issues (maybe the most famous was Salamucha’s analysis of Thomas’ proof ex motu of the existence of God). Cracow Circle was also strongly interested in relations between science and religion, they tried to show and explore new ways to develop Christian, especially catholic, views of the world, philosophy and theology. Very interesting was Drewnowski’s philosophical program and its applications in various problems in philosophy, theology, sociology etc.

16

Geneza koła krakowskiego

63%

Tkaczyk M.

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nr 2

9-39

EN

This paper is devoted to exploring the cultural background of the manifesto of the Cracow Circle, a philosophical group consisting of Józef Maria Bocheński, O.P., Jan Franciszek Drewnowski, Rev. Jan Salamucha and Bolesław Sobociński. The group was mentored by Jan Łukasiewicz and Rev. Konstanty Michalski. The manifesto of the Cracow Circle aimed to apply the programme of the Lvov-Warsaw School to Catholic theology and philosophy. Within the school, special emphasis was placed on Łukasiewicz’s version of the programme. The amendments to be carried out concerned: (a) refurbishing philosophical language to meet all the conditions of proper scientific discourse, (b) incorporating mathematical logic, (c) upgrading semiotics and methodology, and (d) using formal methods in philosophy. Four groups of circumstances are analysed as the milieu of the Cracow Circle at the beginning of the 20th century and in direct relation to the influential activities of its four founders: (a) esprit de l’époque, (b) state of philosophy, (c) state of logic, and (d) state of theology.

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest charakterystyce kulturowego tła manifestu koła krakowskiego i jego zespołu, który stanowili: Józef Maria Bocheński OP, Jan Franciszek Drewnowski, ks. Jan Salamucha oraz Bolesław Sobociński, i który był wspierany przez Jana Łukasiewicza i ks. Konstantego Michalskiego. Manifestem koła była aplikacja programu szkoły lwowsko-warszawskiej do katolickiej teologii i filozofii. W tym przedsięwzięciu szczególną rolę odegrała Łukasiewicza wersja programu. Do zastosowanych środków należały: (a) odnowienie języka tak, aby spełniał on wszystkie warunki właściwego dyskursu naukowego, (b) recepcja logiki matematycznej, (c) uwspółcześnienie semiotyki i metodologii oraz (d) wykorzystanie metod formalnych. Analizowane są cztery grupy okoliczności będące środowiskiem koła krakowskiego: (a) esprit de l’époque, (b) sytuacja w filozofii, (c) sytuacja w logice i (d) sytuacja w teologii – na początku XX wieku – w bezpośrednim związku z decydującymi działaniami czterech założycieli koła.

17

Exponent of intellect products of good taste. Obituary for Professor Jerzy Pelc (30.09.1924, Warsaw – 2.06.2017, therein)

63%

Jadacki J.

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nr 4

PL

Professor Jerzy Pelc was the creator and long-time manager of the Department of Logical Semiotics, University of Warsaw. He also founded the Polish Society of Semiotics. He published six own books, among others Studies in Functional Logical Semiotics of Natural Language (1971; in English); he edited also dozens of volumes of Semiotic Studies and Library of Semiotic Thought. As Kotarbiński, his master, and Twardowski, the master of his master, Professor Pelc was a radical rationalist. This radical rationalism has linked him to atheism, anti-communism, a distance to politics, and a frown on the falsehood of public life. He was a great patriot – in his life and in his work. He considered himself a successor of the Lvov-Warsaw School tradition. In the field of metaphysics, Professor Pelc combined theoretical minimalism with anti-rationalist attitudes, including the postulate of precision and the requirement of criticism. The main field of his interest was logical – and broader: theoretical – semiotics. He advocated and largely developed the functional concept of signs. To traditional paradigms of research: historical, teleological, causal and prognostic ones – Professor Pelc has added a semiotic paradigm, determined by the question “What does it mean that p?”. Referring to the interdisciplinary fashion for interdisciplinary research, he conducted an analysis of the notion of interdisciplinarity. In ontology, he analyzed the notions of object and causality. In his approach, aesthetics was treated form a semiotic point of view: he sought mainly ways to logically rewrite its terminology. In particular, he reconstructed the main aesthetic notions: form and ideology (of literary works), theme, motive, metaphor and (literary) fiction – as well as semiotic notions essential to the description of literary arts, namely the notions of assertion and intensionality. In the field of ethics, Professor Pelc declared himself as an advocate of the ideal of trustworthy guardian, which he took over from his teacher, Kotarbiński. In metaethics, he analyzed the notions of norm, evaluation and humanity. A master of Polish: beautiful Polish – he was certainly a true humanist.

18

Ukraińcy w Szkole Lwowsko-Warszawskiej

63%

Ivanyk S.

Diametros

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2012

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nr 32

232-235

PL

Tematyka niniejszego referatu wpisuje się w badania nad jedną z najważniejszych formacji filozoficznych w XX wieku – Szkołą Lwowsko-Warszawską. W pracy dokonano analizy fenomenu Szkoły Twardowskiego z perspektywy dotychczas przez badaczy tego zagadnienia nie branej pod uwagę – a mianowicie uwzględniającej wielokulturowy charakter Lwowa, jako kolebki Szkoły. Uzasadnienie głównej hipotezy komunikatu, polegającej na stwierdzeniu przynależności szeregu czołowych przedstawicieli ukraińskiej myśli filozoficznej w przedwojennej Galicji do tradycji tzw. filozoficznej Szkoły Lwowskiej, wypełnia istotną lukę w badaniach nad Szkołą Lwowsko-Warszawską i rozszerza perspektywę jej pojmowania jako wielokulturowej formacji intelektualnej.

EN

This article concerns one of the most important philosophical formations in the twentieth century, the Lvov-Warsaw School. It analyzes the phenomenon of Twardowski’s School from a perspective that so far has not been taken into account by scholars: the multicultural nature of Lvov as the cradle of the school. The chief aim of the article is to identify numerous leading representatives of Ukrainian philosophical thought in prewar Galicia with the tradition of the Lvov Philosophical School, thus filling an important gap in research on the Lvov-Warsaw School and broadening the perspective of its understanding as a multicultural intellectual formation.

19

The Kraków School of Philosophy in Science: Profiting from Two Traditions

63%

Polak P. , Trombik K.

Edukacja Filozoficzna

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2022

|

nr 74

205-229

EN

We set several aims for this paper: first, we wanted to attempt to show that from the perspective of historical and philosophical research, it is legitimate to accept the thesis for the existence of the Kraków School of Philosophy in Science, which was rooted in the activities of Michał Heller and Józef Życiński. We also wanted to make a comparative analysis of the basic specific determinants of the Lvov-Warsaw School (as a model for a philosophical school) and their correspondence in the Kraków School. Further, we wished to show how the Kraków School of Philosophy in Science is actually an adaptation of Kazimierz Twardowski’s model, of course taking into account the differences between them. Finally, we wanted to illustrate the nature of the philosophy in the Kraków School and discuss the current efforts to develop it further.

20

O hermeneutyce analitycznej. Na marginesie rozważań Mariana Przełęckiego

63%

Będkowski M.

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nr 67

35-61

PL

Artykuł przedstawia koncepcję hermeneutyki analitycznej jako teorii i metodologii interpretacji tekstów wyrosłej na gruncie filozofii analitycznej. W pierwszej części przywołano wybrane definicje hermeneutyki oraz jej najważniejsze postulaty, a także metodę interpretacji twórczej sformułowaną przez Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego. W drugiej przedstawiono przykłady interpretacji zaczerpnięte z Lektur platońskich Mariana Przełęckiego, które posłużyły do scharakteryzowania wybranych narzędzi interpretacyjnych hermeneutyki analitycznej. Część trzecia zawiera zestawienie hermeneutyki analitycznej z hermeneutyką logiczną oraz filologiczną w rozumieniu Bogusława Wolniewicza. W podsumowaniu omówiono wybrane aspekty hermeneutyki analitycznej jako programu filozoficznego, metodologicznego, społecznego i dydaktycznego.

EN

The article presents the conception of analytical hermeneutics as a theory and methodology of text interpretation developed on the grounds of analytical philosophy. In the first part, the author recalls selected definitions of hermeneutics and its most important postulates, as well as the method of creative interpretation formulated by Tadeusz Kotarbiński. The second section presents examples of interpretations taken from Marian Przełęcki’s Lektury platońskie [Readings in Plato], which were used to describe selected interpretative tools of analytical hermeneutics. The third part contains a comparison of analytical hermeneutics with logical and philological hermeneutics defined by Bogusław Wolniewicz. The summary discusses selected aspects of analytical hermeneutics as a philosophical, methodological, social and didactic program.