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PL
Historia ludzkości to trudny do zrozumienia spektakl, w którym aktorzy łamią granice bestialstwa i heroizmu. Są przy tym chwile, jak II wojna światowa, kiedy morze zła i okrucieństwa, ale także dobra i heroizmu, toczą ze sobą walkę o metafizycznej wręcz skali. Kompetentnym myślicielem do mierzenia się z tym tematem jest ksiądz Konstanty Michalski, ceniony uczony, który w okresie wojny kilka miesięcy przebywał w obozie koncentracyjnym w Sachsenhausen. Swoją głęboką analizę istoty i źródeł walki miłości i nienawiści sugestywnie, także dla czytelnika z XXI wieku, zaprezentował w książce Między heroizmem a bestialstwem, wydanej po raz pierwszy już po śmierci autora w 1949 roku. Pomimo tego, iż od tamtej chwili minęło już ponad 70 lat, to rozważania w niej zawarte wciąż są aktualne.
EN
The history of humanity is a spectacle difficult to understand, in which the actors break the boundaries of beastliness and heroism. There are moments, such as the Second World War, when a sea of evil and cruelty, but also of good and heroism, are at war with each other on a metaphysical scale. A thinker competent to grapple with this subject is Rev. Konstanty Michalski, a respected scholar who spent several months in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp during the war. He presented his profound analysis of the essence and sources of the struggle between love and hatred in his book Between Heroism and Beastliness, which was first published after the author’s death in 1949. Although more than 70 years have passed since then, the reflections it contains are still relevant today.
EN
This article is an attempt at presenting the function of the Germanic seeress in the context of similar positions among other ancient societies, including Roman and Old Norse sources, both written and archeological. The main objective of the study is to situate the seeress in a broader cultural context and an attempt to answer the question if the Roman sources on the subject are precise and credible.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą zaprezentowania funkcji germańskiej wieszczki na tle podobnych stanowisk wśród innych społeczeństw antycznych z uwzględnieniem źródeł rzymskich i staronordyckich, pisanych i archeologicznych. Głównym celem tego studium jest usytuowanie wieszczki w szerszym kontekście kulturowym i próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy źródła rzymskie na ten temat są precyzyjne i wiarygodne.
EN
In book VII of Strabo’s Geography there are passages about the religion of the ancient Germans. One of them mentions the name of the Chatti priest Libes. In two others, the customs of the Kimbrians are mentioned. The purpose of this article is to interpret the religious customs of these peoples, on the basis of which Strabo’s texts are created. In addition to historical data, linguistic and ethnological materials will be used in a comparative approach. A hypothesis will be presented that the considered texts of Strabo describe the Germanic religion subjected to strong Celtic influences. The following conditions were considered. In describing the religion of the Kimbrians, Strabo did not have to use Posidonius regarding them as Celts. Such an assumption results from the analysis of texts. Blood divination rituals are known to be a Celtic tradition, but they were performed by Druids. Among the Kimbrians, gray-haired soothsayers did it. The Gauls did not have women – priestesses. Meanwhile, among the Germans, women dealing in divination played an important role. The Germanic element in the activities of the Kimbrians is also the use of ritual stairs, which Strabo writes about. Archaeological and linguistic research proves the great influence of the Celts on the Germans. Probably Strabo, writing about the Kimbrians as a Germanic tribe, testified to such a process. Regardless of the ethnic identity of the Kimbrians, the picture of their customs given by Strabo is an important source for research on the religion of the Barbaricum peoples.
5
Content available Barbarzyńcy według Salwiana z Marsylii
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EN
In De gubernatione Dei, Salwian of Marseilles assesses barbarians in a negative and positive manner. One might even get the impression that Salwian delivers a eulogy in honor of the barba- rians. The knowledge which Salwian communicates about the subject of barbarians is general in character, even sketchy. This knowledge comes from a certain rhetorical and literary canon, which was circulated at that time. Salwian does not give any more information on the topic of the barbarians directly from him. Although Salwian specifies the negative characteristics of individual barbarous nations, he is not especially interested in showing a negative image of them. Salwian shows barbarians in a rhetorical contrast to Roman Catholics. The pagan or Arian barbarians are portrayed in many cases as better than Roman Catholics and their guilt is shown to be lesser.
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