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Control of green rot fungus of Arachis hypogaea L. in orage using plant extracts

100%

Umana E. J. , Akwaji P. I. , Ekpenyong E. M. , Hanson P. I.

tom 58

The antifungal activity of the ethanolic and aqueous fruit extracts of Zingiber officinale, Tetrapleura tetraptera, Garcinia kola and Cola nitida on the green rot fungus (Penicillium sp.) isolated from infected groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) seeds in storage were investigated in vitro. Various concentrations of the aqueous and ethanolic fruit extract ranging from 5g/100ml, 10g/100ml, and 15g/100ml were separately added to Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. The fungus was inoculated into the media and incubated for seven days. Results of the in vitro studies showed that the ethanolic extracts had a significant inhibitory effect (p<0.05) on the radial growth of Penicillium sp. at all levels of concentration tested. Complete inhibition of the fungus was at 15g/100ml of ethanolic extracts of Garcinia kola and Tetrapleura tetraptera. The aqueous extracts showed less inhibitory effect as compared to the ethanolic extracts. The effective inhibition of ethanolic extracts as compared to the aqueous extracts may be attributed to the efficiency of the extraction solvent on the phytochemical content of the plant extracts. The application of botanical extracts for disease management could be less expensive, easily available, non-polluting and ecofriendly. The ethanolic fruit extracts of Garcinia kola and Tetrapleura tetraptera at the higher concentrations can be produced in large quantities and used as spray in controlling the green rot fungus of Arachis hypogaea in storage.

Chemical composition of bitter cola [Garcinia kola] seed and hulls

100%

Eleyinmi A. F. , Bressler D. C. , Amoo I. A. , Sporns P. , Oshodi A. A.

nr 4

The chemical composition of Garcinia kola seed and hull was determined using standard methods. Results show that crude protein, lipid extract, ash, and crude fibre ratios are: 39.52 and 99.92 g/kg, 43.25 and 42.91 g/kg, 11.42 and 18.62 g/kg, 114.02 and 153.44 g/kg respectively. Carbon : nitrogen ratios for the seed and hull are 57.88 and 29.01, respectively. Garcinia kola hull had significantly higher (p<0.05) protein and fibre but has comparable values for lipid and ash. Potassium and phosphorus were the most abundant mineral elements in Garcinia kola seed (334.82 and 242.61 mg/kg, respectively) while phosphorus predominates in the hull (288.61 mg/kg). The seed had significantly higher values for sodium, potassium, copper and cobalt while chromium, molybdenum, manganese, nickel, selenium, lead and mercury were not detected. The dominant saturated, monosaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid, in the seed and hull are palmitic (31.55 and 276.01 mg/kg), oleic (38.36 and 52.77 mg/kg) and linoleic acids (36.16 and 235.83 mg/kg) respectively. The hull has significantly higher (p<0.05) α-linolenic acid content. Glutamic acid is the dominant non-essential amino acid in seed and hull (6.80 and 8.10 g/kg, respectively) while lysine and valine (2.40 and 7.10 g/kg, respectively) are the dominant essential amino acids. The proportion of essential amino acid in the total amino acid is 44.52% in the hull and 35.81% in the seed. Garcinia kola seeds and hulls may find use in food and feed formulations by virtue of their chemical composition.