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1

Wybrane konflikty zbrojne w ujęciu polemologicznym. Część III – wojna etiopsko-erytrejska jako przykład nierozwiązanego konfliktu granicznego

100%

Barański Ł.

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nr 4(16)

5-29

EN

The article presents an indepth look into the reasons and sources of the last armed conflict of the 20th century and one of the greatest in the Horn of Africa. The course of the conflict and its consequences were outlined which despite a clear influence on the security environment in the region are not actually sufficiently recognized and understood. The choice of this topic in the time of growing threats, massive migrations and a changing geopolitical situation seems legitimate. The war between Ethiopia and Eritrea significantly affected the shape of both countries, strengthening undemocratic regimes whose indirect clashes moved also on other countries’ territories, thus destabilizing the region.

2

Multi variable calibration of hydrological model in the upper Omo Gibe basin, Ethiopia

72%

Nesru M. , Shetty A. , Nagaraj M. K.

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tom Vol. 68, no. 2

537--551

EN

The calibration of any hydrological model in any river basin is generally performed using a single hydrological variable. Spatially distributed hydrological modeling provides an opportunity to enhance the use of multi-variable calibration models. The objective of this study is to test the efciency of satellite-based actual evapotranspiration in the HBV hydrological model to render the catchment water balance using multi-variable calibration in the upper Omo-Gibe basin in Ethiopia. Five years (2000–2004) meteorological data, streamfow, and actual evapotranspiration (ETa) based on remote sensing were used for calibration and validation purposes. The performance of the HBV model and the efciency of SEBS–ETa were evaluated using certain calibration criteria (objective function). The model is frst calibrated using only streamfow data to test HBV model performance and then calibrated using a multi-variable (streamfow and ETa) dataset to evaluate the efciency of SEBS–ETa. Both model setups were validated in a multi-variable evaluation using streamfow and ETa data. In the frst case, the model performed well enough for streamfow and poor for ETa, while in the latter case, the performance efciency of SEBS–ETa and streamfow data shows satisfactory to good. This implies that the performance of hydrological models is enhanced by employing multi-variable calibration.

3

Rozwój energetyki w Etiopii

72%

Gierlotka S.

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tom R. 89, nr 1

40-42

PL

Etiopia należy do najuboższych krajów świata. Usytuowana jest wysoko nad poziomem morza i obejmuje bardzo zróżnicowane krajobrazy. Tu przebiega Wielki Rów Afrykański, stanowiący system wielu obniżeń tektonicznych. Etiopia, licząca ponad 105 mln mieszkańców, jest drugim pod względem liczby ludności państwem w Afryce.

4

APOKRYFY NOWEGO TESTAMENTU JAKO INSPIRACJA DLA SZTUKI CHRZEŚCIJAŃSKIEJ: PRZYPADEK IKONOGRAFII PRÓBY GORZKIEJ WODY W ETIOPSKICH ILUMINACJACH

72%

Krawczuk M. K.

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nr 2

339-350

EN

One of the characteristics of Ethiopian Christian art is the presence of motifs which are relatively rare in other areas of the Christian world. An example of such a motif is the ordeal by bitter water which, according to the apocryphal Protoevangelium of James, Mary had to undergo. This scene, which is very rare in early Christian art, appears in ca. dozen Ethiopian illuminations, most of which come from Gospel manuscripts. The Ethiopian iconography of the scene appears to depend on the early Christian prototypes, however certain elements have been added, in particular some symbols connecting the scene to the Jerusalem Temple. This corresponds to the general trend in Ethiopian Mariology to interpret the figure of Mary through the Old Testament. This perhaps was the main reason to include the scene of the ordeal by bitter water to the Ethiopian Marian iconography.

PL

Jedną z cech sztuki chrześcijańskiej Etiopii jest występowanie motywów ikonograficznych stosunkowo rzadkich w innych obszarach świata chrześcijańskiego. Wynika to między innymi z peryferyjnego położenia Etiopii i specyficznego kontekstu, w jakim rozwijała się tam sztuka religijna. Takim motywem jest między innymi próba gorzkiej wody, której według apokryficznej Protoewangelii Jakuba miała zostać poddana Maryja. Ta bardzo rzadka w sztuce wczesnochrześcijańskiej scena pojawia się ogółem w kilkunastu etiopskich iluminacjach, w większości pochodzących z rękopisów ewangelii. Etiopska ikonografia tej sceny wydaje się zależna od pierwowzorów wczesnochrześcijańskiej, zostały jednak do niej dodane pewne elementy, w szczególności symbole, które jednoznacznie łączą scenę ze Świątynią jerozolimską. Pozostaje to w zgodzie z typową tendencją etiopskiej mariologii to interpretowania postaci Maryi w kontekście Starego Testamentu. Być może to właśnie przesądziło o włączeniu próby gorzkiej wody do etiopskiej ikonografii maryjnej.

5

Z kawa i muzyka przez rozne kraje [II] Na kawowym szlaku

72%

Lenart B.

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2006

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tom 60

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nr 09

25

6

Zachowanie roznorodnosci biologicznej roslin uprawnych w krajach rozwijajacych sie w swietle koncepcji 'on-farm conservation'

58%

Nowosielska D.

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tom 77

99-109

7

New Horizons in the Study of Early African Christianity

51%

Helleman W. E.

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tom 81

127-156

EN

Teaching early Christianity in Nigeria and elsewhere in Africa since 2002, has convinced this author how important it is for African Christians to know of the deep roots of Christianity in Africa, and recognize the important early African theologians, Tertullian, Origen, Athanasius and Augustine, just to name a few. This argument has a significant precedent among 19th century African Christians encouraged by the unbroken presence of Christianity from antiquity in Ethiopia. In the US, Thomas Oden promoted the study of pre-Islamic Christian Africa through the Centre for Early African Christianity, and publications like the series, Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture. This Centre has also encouraged universities in Africa to get involved in deciphering archeological materials and documents from North African sites as evidence for Christianity from its earliest days; the study of such documents has recently been established at the University of Jos (Plateau State, Nigeria). These initiatives are doubly significant because Christianity is growing phenomenally throughout Africa and is often accused of being “mile wide and an inch deep”.

8

Teff - alternatywne zboże

44%

Abdalla M.

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tom 57

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nr 05

9

Na dachu Afryki

36%

Lesinski J. A.

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nr 2

23-25