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XX
Omówiono działanie Komisji Europejskiej na temat równouprawnienia mężczyzn i kobiet w krajach UE. Celem państw UE jest rozszerzenie na cały kontynent europejski przepisów pozwalających kobietom na ubieganie się o pracę na tych samych warunkach co mężczyźni.
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2000
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nr nr 2
117-120
XX
Omówiono działalność Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich w zakresie przestrzegania zasady równości kobiet i mężczyzn.
EN
The paper discusses the role of the Ombudsman in efforcing the Constitutional principle of non-discrimination based on gender. The paper describes the procedures used by the Ombudsman, regulations regarding the collection of information on violations of human rights and freedoms as well as civic right, and provisions that indicate agencies authorised to file claims in the case of such violations. (short original abstract)
XX
Przedstawiono problem równouprawnienia kobiet i mężczyzn na Węgrzech po wprowadzeniu gospodarki rynkowej.
XX
Przedmiotem artykułu jest ocena sytuacji na rynku pracy w 15 krajach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej i w Norwegii w świetle danych statystycznych i ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sytuacji kobiet.
EN
Equal opportunities ruls are very important in the European Union legislation for many decades, but in the reality some inequalities are still exists. As european gender - differentiated statistics shows, women s earnings are around 79% of men's, in spite of that, on average, women in the labour force are better educated. Women's employment rate is lower that men s but their unemployment rate is higher. Women are much more likely than men to work part-time. (original abstract)
XX
Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu wskazanie wyzwań związanych z wykorzystaniem właściwych metod do badania polityki równościowej, jej podstaw i znaczenia. (fragment tekstu)
EN
This is an attempt at answering the following question: what research methods should be employed in research probing equality issues in the European Union, as well as the effectiveness of European equality policy. The methods of studying equality issues in the states of European Union, and even individual academic and research centers or NGOs need to be standardized, or at least become compatible. Because the research carried out to date is often based on different methodology, it is not reliable and it cannot serve as a complete, trustworthy basis for defining the foundation and modes of implementing EU equality policy. This paper presents an opinion in the important debate on "gender mainstreaming" in EU equality policy, pointing to the advantages and disadvantages of this method in the legal and functional context of this policy. It purports to answer the question of what interdisciplinary methods should be used in studying gender equality. After all, appropriate conclusions must be reached on the basis of efforts undertaken under the Peking Platform of Action which lies at the heart of EU equality policy, and is in keeping with EU primary and secondary law. It is on the basis of these conclusions that the Union's equality policy could then be modernized. (original abstract)
XX
Eksperci Banku Światowego przyjrzeli się różnicom pomiędzy sytuacją kobiet i mężczyzn w zakresie dostepu do możliwości rozwoju ekonomicznego oraz przyczyn nierównowści w kontekście politycznym i społeczno- gospodarczym. Państwa przechodzące transformację charakteryzują się brakiem odpowiednio silnego nacisku na promowanie równego statusu kobiet i mężczyzn.
XX
Przedstawiono problem równouprawnienia mężczyzn i kobiet w Rumunii.
EN
This paper critically examines the claim that Utah is "the most sexist state" in the United States, as suggested by a WalletHub report ranking it lowest in "Women's Equality." Utilizing an economic analysis from the Austrian School perspective, this study scrutinizes the data, metrics, and conclusions of reports by the Utah Women & Leadership Project (UWLP). The analysis focuses on distinguishing statistical disparities from sexism, proposing that observed gender inequalities in Utah are largely influenced by cultural and economic factors, particularly the state's high marriage rate and traditional gender roles. Contrary to the notion that sexism predominantly drives gender disparities, the paper argues that personal choices and subjective value theory play significant roles in shaping these outcomes. The study highlights the importance of considering cultural context, individual preferences, and the marital asymmetry hypothesis when interpreting gender-related data, challenging the assertion that Utah's gender disparities are primarily due to sexist attitudes. The findings suggest that Utah's gender gaps in areas such as income and workforce participation are more accurately attributed to the state's unique cultural and economic landscape rather than pervasive sexism.(original abstract)
XX
Podmiot, poznanie i działanie - to trzy pojęcia, które wyznaczają zakres debat, jakie toczą się w ramach Koła Krakowskiego. W trakcie dyskusji rozpatrywane były uwarunkowania poznania, związki pomiędzy poznaniem i działaniem i możliwe ograniczenia podmiotu poznającego. Warto sobie jednak zadać pytanie, jakie znaczenie dla poznania i działania ma pleć podmiotu poznającego. Czy jest ona jedynie jednym z wielu wymiarów różnic pomiędzy podmiotami poznającymi? Czy może jest różnicą fundamentalną, która określa zarówno charakter poznania, jak i relacje pomiędzy sposobem opisu świata i imperatywami, jakimi należy się kierować w działaniu? Poszukując odpowiedzi na te pytania, przyjrzymy się w niniejszym tekście badaniom feministycznym. Zostaną one przedstawione jako przykład badań zaangażowanych, czyli takich, w których zaciera się granica pomiędzy poznaniem i działaniem, a w skrajnym przypadku poznanie zostaje podporządkowane działaniu, bowiem nadrzędnym celem poznania staje się intencjonalna zmiana społeczna. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
The debates conducted by the Kraków Circle revolve around three notions: the cognitive subject, cognition, and action. The discussion in question focussed on the determinants of cognition, the relationships between cognition and action as well as the possible limitations imposed on the cognitive subject. It makes sense, however, to inquire about the impact of gender of the cognitive subject on her cognition and action. Is gender only one of many differences between cognitive subjects? Or else, is it a crucial distinction that defines both the nature of the cognitive process and the relationships between the mode of description of the world and the imperatives that should be followed in action? In an attempt to answer these questions, the authors focus on feminist research, which is committed, i.e. it crosses the line between cognition and action. In extreme cases, cognition becomes subordinated to action, since the overriding goal of cognition is to effect intentional social change. (original abstract)
XX
W artykule przedstawiono rolę kobiet w podejmowaniu decyzji politycznych w Unii Europejskiej. Zaprezentowano politykę Wspólnot Europejskich w zakresie równości kobiet i mężczyzn do czasu powstania Unii Europejskiej oraz ewolucję polityki Unii Europejskiej od wymiaru ekonomiczno-społecznego do wymiaru politycznego. Autorka przedstawiła również działania podejmowane obecnie na rzecz zwiększenia udziału kobiet w gremiach decyzyjnych.
EN
The study focuses upon participation of women in political decision-making in the European Union. Women, while accounting for majority of the EU citizens, have no relevant representation in structures of political power (their participation in parliaments and governments is relatively little). In countries in which democratic traditions are well-rooted, a trend can be observed to ensure balanced representation between women and men in political life. As far as the European Union Member States are concerned, this is manifested in a peculiar form, as apart from measures taken up by individual Member States, the goal is also sought by the policy articulated and implemented at the EU institutions level. The fundamental aim of the study is to present instruments and actions undertaken within the whole EU institutional system to reach more balanced women's participation in political power structures. A time perspective assumed in the study extends over the whole period of existence of the European Communities, with a special emphasis upon the recent stage since the establishment of the European Union in 1992. This event marked a milestone of crucial, historical importance. Together with creation of the EU also European policy of equal opportunities for women in relation to men reached a new stage of development. (original abstract)
XX
Przedstawiono relacje miesięcznej i godzinowej wysokości wynagrodzeń kobiet w stosunku do wysokości wynagrodzeń mężczyzn w poszczególnych krajach Unii Europejskiej. Szczegółowo pokazano dysproporcje między stawkami godzinowymi między płciami w zależności od poziomu wykształcenia i przynależności do grupy zawodowej.
EN
Differences in rewards between sexes are problem, which refers many, if not all of societies. Women and men receive different rewards for work of similar- identical values, and woman, as a rule, lower. Policy equal treatments in process of work and formations of rewards is one from main pillars of Union's law. The EU created legal, structural and institutional base to lead a policy of equal chances. Legislative activities are however insufficient. Women, in spite of profitable settlements, earn less in comparison to men. Concentrating attentions on equal earnings of women and men results from fact, that just in this subject most brightly step out disproportions between sexes. This article describes relations between hourly rewards of women and men in context of professional groups. It also introduced relations of rewards in context of time of work and level of education. Conclusions sailing out from article confirm, that rewards of women are lower from rewards of men in context of time of work and level of education. The higher level of education leads to greater disproportions in earnings between sexes. Besides, rewards are lower also in context of professional groups. Women, as a rule, receive lower rewards than their colleagues working in these same professional groups and occupations. (original abstract)
XX
Przedmiotem artykułu jest polityka rodzinna ukazana w trzech kontekstach: zmian procesu formowania się rodziny, przemiany narodowego państwa opiekuńczego oraz zmian struktury gospodarczej, a głównie przejścia od struktury z dominacją przemysłu do struktury usługowo-informacyjnej. Przedstawiono różne sposoby prowadzenia polityki rodzinnej na świecie i w Polsce (dawniej i dziś).
EN
The subject of this article is family policy considered from three perspectives: (1) changes in the family formation process, (2) changes in the national welfare state model and (3) changes in the economic structure: transformation from industry dominated economy to service and information economy. The paper describes various family policies in the world as well as the evolution of the family policy in Poland in long history. Finally – in the article is assessed the nowadays Polish family policy program. (original abstract)
13
Content available remote Women's employment and marital stability: the role of the context
60%
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nr nr 1(161)
81-101
EN
A discussion of the effects of partners' labour force participation on marital stability has been part of the demographic debate for several decades. While theorists generally agree that men's employment has a stabilizing effect on marriage, there is considerable controversy about the effects of women's involvement in the labour market on marital stability. This debate has centred on several models and arguments. The most recent contributions have underlined the role of the context in moderating the relationship in question, and our study aims to contribute to this debate. We use the case of Poland, a country that underwent rapid and profound changes in its economic, institutional, and socio-cultural settings. Using GGS- PL data, we estimated a hazard regression of marital disruption, separately for women and men. The effects of employment status were allowed to vary by calendar time in order to determine how the relationship between women's economic activity and marital stability was affected by the transformation of the labour market; the reassignment of responsibility for an individual's welfare among the state, the family, and the market; the change in institutional support for families; and the liberalisation of the gender roles. Our empirical study showed that, after the onset of the economic transformation, working women became significantly more likely to divorce than women who did not have a job. This finding implies that the economic transformation led to a substantial increase in women's dependence on their partners, and made it much more difficult for non-working women to exit unhappy marriages. This conclusion is further corroborated by our finding that, relative to working women, the disruption risk among women on maternity and parental leave declined over time. As expected, men's employment was found to stabilise marriages both prior to and after 1989. (original abstract)
XX
Przedstawiono podstawowe regulacje prawne w zakresie równouprawnienia na rynku pracy. Omówiono instrumenty finansowe polityki równouprawnienia na rynku pracy UE.
EN
The objective of the EU is to eliminate inequalities, counteraction against discriminate ich and support of equalities of men and women in all areas of life on the labour market and of it, The development of European integration causes changes in the range of rule of equality of men and women with reference to labour market. The paper presents the basic community law regulations and the most important activities for their implementation. Gaining objectives of equality policy is taking place thanks to wide range of instruments, mainly of legislative (directive guideline) and financial (programmes, initiatives, structural funds) character. Unfortunately, in spite of the positive assessments and opinions about applied instruments, it's impossible to speak about solving the problem of discrimination in respect of gender at the labour market. However, it can be stated that more effective ways of its overcoming are being searched for.(original abstract)
XX
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu są kwestie związane z nierównym traktowaniem kobiet i mężczyzn w sferze zawodowej w Polsce oraz w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 1992-2001. Zaprezentowano różne rodzaje i formy dyskryminacji, z jakimi spotykają się kobiety na europejskich rynkach pracy oraz sposoby walki z przejawami dyskryminacji kobiet, w szczególności na polskim rynku pracy.
EN
The subject of this paper is the analysis of gender inequalities in the professional sphere on the Polish and the European labour markets from 1992 till 2001. In the beginning the definition and the forms of discrimination against women on the labour market were presented. Next the trial of the identification and the materialization of discrimination of women on the Polish and the European labour markets was raised on the basis of statistical data (GUS, Eurostat) and the results of public survey (bulletins of CBOS). Within the discrimination of women in the professional sphere four forms were presented: employment discrimination, occupational and qualification discrimination, human capital discrimination and self-discrimination. Then earning discrimination was considered, In the conclusions the possibilities of eliminating the gender inequalities were shown, including positive discrimination. (original abstract)
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2000
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nr nr 2
121-124
XX
Idea powołania kobiecego lobby w polskim parlamencie zrodziła się w 1989 roku. W artykule opisano zadania jakie postawiła sobie Parlamentarna Grupa Kobiet i ich realizację. Podstawowym celem w deklaracjach ideowych Parlamentarnej Grupy Kobiet jest troska o sprawy kobiet w ustanawianych przez parlament regulacjach prawnych a także obrona interesu kobiet w aktualnych warunkach bytowych społeczeństwa i polskich rodzin.
EN
The paper presents the background of the women's lobby in the Polish Parliament. It describes the initiative of establishing the Women MP Group, its practical implementation, the objectives of the Group and its early programmes. The paper then enumerates interventions undertaken by the Group in the Houses of the Polish Parliament, and in particular the issues the Group has covered: preventing unemployment among women, preventing discrimination in pay for work, the campaign for women's rights to make independent decisions regarding maternity, health care for women, etc. (short original abstract)
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2000
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nr nr 2
92-100
XX
Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej omówiono zabezpieczenie równych praw kobiet i mężczyzn w Konstytucji RP. W drugiej przedstawiono równość traktowania mężczyzn i kobiet w świetle prawa europejskiego
EN
The paper consists of two sections. Section 1 presents provisions defining equal treatment of women and men contained in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of March 1997. Section 2 focuses on equal treatment of women and men in the context of European legislation. (short original abstract)
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2000
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nr nr 2
110-113
XX
Przedstawiono faktyczną sytuację odnośnie równego traktowania kobiet i mężczyzn w Polsce oraz rozwiązania prawne w tym zakresie. Wyjaśniono konieczność dostosowywania prawa polskiego do prawa wspólnotowego w zakresie równego traktowania kobiet i mężczyzn.
EN
The paper consists of four section. Section 1 discusses the factual background regarding equal treatment of women and men in Poland, in particular in the labour market. Section 2 focuses on legal instruments that make up the general framework of equal treatment of women and men in Poland. Section 3 and 4 discuss respective EU regulations ( it is emphasised that equal treatment of women and men is one of fundamental principles of acquis communautaire) and the approximation of the Polish law to EU regulations. (short original abstract)
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