In the study we are constructing one branch of genealogical root in the development of detective genre - narration on criminal cases (Vidocq, De Quincey, Newgate Calendar) and famous trials (Pitaval). Pitaval is not only a collection of 'causes célébre' like it is in old literature about crime but the main topic is investigation and conviction of a criminal and finding him guilty by means of proves - at this stage legal knowledge takes effect. By means of Pitaval the connection of criminal topic and rational reflection applied by investigation of crime and proving guilty begins in literary discourse. In Pitaval's work particularly Enlightenment type of rationality connected with the conception of naturalness is concerned. The means of rational reflection allow come to conclusion about what natural acting is like. It is with respect to circumstances and this naturalness is a part of a rational argument. The naturalness and rational argument together produce truth. The voice of truth speaks first of all through the contradictions in the suspects' utterances (through their offends against the rules of reason) and not according to an eyewitness account. Here we read the initiative of the Enlightenment discredit of prejudice (Gadamer). This discourse transformation has been a necessary but not a sufficient condition of establishing the detective genre. Pitaval differentiates from a detective story by its linear composition although in Pitaval we can sometimes also come across the tendency to linear-reversible (detective) composition.
The study analyses composition, motifs and stylistic structure of Doyle's Holmes detective stories. The author tries to determine their value in the context of their development within transformations of the detective genre. He studies the Doyle's texts in regard with the Victorian cultural code and parallel literary worldview movements. For the most important category of the construction of Holmes' rebuses he determines a category of weird and bizarre, sometimes even grotesque. The evil plan or breaking an order (natural or social) comes forth onto phenomenal level in the form of series of weird and absurd events appearing the way to a person, who is trapped in 'hands' of criminals. If the intellect embodied in the person of a genial detective reveals the right motivation, the odour of strange disappears: detective's achievement (searching and resolving) brings back the rational order to absurdly looked world. Only minority of later texts fulfil the rules of the 'standard' type of a classical detective prose. Progressing schematisation of the genre eliminated the most characteristic part of Doyle's heritage: category of strange which is finally suppressed by operation of shifting and reduction: in the further development of the genre which is applied to motif of murder (it makes murder more peculiar and masks it). It is not applied the general motif of rebus as it was in case of Doyle.
The author goes on with analysis of composition, motifs and stylistic structure of Doyle´s Holmes detective stories (see the first part of it in Slovak Literature, 2009, vol.: 56, number: 1, pages: 28 - 56).
The aim of the study is to make a research in genealogic and structural relationship between a genre of fantasy and a detective story. The relationship of both two genres was demonstrated through series of the interpretations of the particular texts not following strictly a historical line, but rather logic of the structural transformations. Following it a typological classification was made. The types of the texts mutually differentially defined through logical relationships: inclusive relationship between fantasy (also horror) and detective story, reversed inclusion of fantasy to a genre of a detective story, exclusion between a detective story and horror and relationship of the unique synthesis between a detective story and a fantasy. Excluding supernatural forces from the detective story operate in economy of a superior regime of the rules of fair play of a detective story (equalities of chances for a reader as well as a detective, providing by pure rationalistic solution). If there is a distributed supernatural explanation in the text, which in its exposition (and etiquette on the cover) activates the detective story reader's generic expectations, pre-programmed detective story reader classifies it as a cheat, as a breaking of a genre pact of a reader with the text. The different genres construct their specific fictional worlds with not breakable rules - breaking of them produces an overlap into a text of a different genre.
The article is an analysis of model describing constitution and transformation of detective genre and he confronts it with a generic model of history of national literature.
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From Borges to Ricardo Piglia, the genre of crime literature is widely used in the twentieth century Spanish American fiction to emphasize the fact that human condition is tightly connected with necessity of interpretation of reality. Today’s prose creates correspondences between the interpretation of various fields (literary criticism, science) and the investigation completed by a detective in a crime story. Various events, human behavior, everyday objects as well as words and cultural texts seem to be important clues for the characters which, at the same time, endow their existence with meaning and bring order into their lives. Both the investigations (detective stories) as well as the interpretations (literary, philosophical) are ways of controlling the chaotic reality.
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The article discusses the literary identity of Marek Krajewski’s fiction. The analysis of his novels serves mainly to indicate their both literary patterns: detective story and hard-boiled fiction. However, Krajewski is inspired not only by them, but also by the bourgeois realism. The article is an attempt to clarify some problems emerging from this poetics. Special attention is paid to such literary structures as presented space, social life schemes and, particularly, the “bourgeois demonism,” i.e. Discreet fascination of urban violence and depravity in the bourgeois novel.
In the paper the author pays attention to how A. Christie in particular texts rewrites the fixed codes of the detective genre by their variations. For instance in the 'Murder on the Orient Express', she symmetrically turns the code of the detective story: a criminal used to be found as one of the persons from the closed circle of suspicious people - in case of the Orient Express - each of those who took part in the case are the criminals except the one who was considered to be a suspicious. In the story 'The Murder of Roger Ackroyd' the murderer is a narrator, who concealed his crime (that course was not new: before Christie it had been used by Cechov, M. Leblanc a S. Elvestad). In 'The A.B.C. Murders', Christie first simulated the method typical for the criminal genre, than the text finally resulted in the detective story according to all literary rules. She also introduced 'topoi' of camouflaging murders later used many times in the detective stories. We can follow up further plots in the texts transforming the mentioned proto-text of A. Christie (M. P. Schaffer, J. Symons, A. Kristof, F. Vargas).
(Title in Czech - 'Detektivka, narodni literatura a Eduard Fiker (K situaci zanru v ceske kulture tricatych a ctyricatych let 20. stoleti)'). The first fifteen novels by Eduard Fiker, the author of detective and adventurous fictions, published between 1933 - 1936 contained stories from England, Africa and Northern America. His detective stories with Czech characters acting in the Czech environment appeared only in 1937. From the end of the 50-tieth of the 20th century in literary scholarly circle a legend has been known, according to it Fiker wrote in the beginning of the 30-tieth several novels so called 'Czech' (that means with the theme coming from the Czech environment). Publisher refused to publish those novels. They made him start his career as a writer by accomplishing novels based on non-Czech material - 'English' detective stories. The paper is an analysis of the mentioned legend in the context of contemporary Czech literary communication of the 20-tieth - 30-tieth. It results in opinion that with high probability the legend was created ex post. And it was constructed in the way that author had to respond private publishers, who because of their individual commercial interests restricted development of the national literature, its progress. The myths like that became in the period of Stalinism a part of socialist literary culture. View, on the reviews reflecting early Fiker's novels, shows different logical paradigms typical for the ideal of national literature in Czech culture in that time. Some of the reviewers (mainly those connected with the printed media of conservative political and cultural orientation) made objections that the first novels are not thematically originated in the Czech lands. They challenged him to receive romantically positivistic ideal of national literature. The others did not share that opinion and they did not see it as a problem or mistake that the novels are not from domestic environment. They found weaknesses of the novels mostly in the area of supranational aesthetics of the genre. There were two equally accepted ideals of the detective story in the half of the 30-tieth of the 20th c: nationally unique novels and those ones meeting internationally standards of quality. As the thesis of the study shows after the 1935 the two tracks option is replaced by the exclusiveness of the ideal of national literature. It is a result of the intimidation from the side of the Nazi Germany in the turn of the 30-tieth a 40-tieth. The process culminated in the second half of the 50-tieth after the period of Stalinism, in which the national component appears as the leading stimulus in the socialist literature being newly constructed. In more general ranks the story of early novels of Eduard Fiker is an illustration of transformation of the Czech literary culture in 1930 - 1960.
The paper maps the process of constitution of the literary stream of so called 'hard-boiled school' from the simple illustrations in the form of literary extracts published in the pulp magazine Black Mask to the most representative novels by the main representatives and to the epigones. Dashiell Hammett internally transformed literary grammar of the detective genre through the change of a chronotop (mega city, gangland) and also by determining realistic motivation for murders. He took the element of rebus and a mystery scheme - logical solution from a formula of a classical detective story. In the novels he uses also methods of other genres (western in The Red Harvest, gothic novel in The Dain Curse). In interpretation we stress an open character of the heroes - sleuths (a detective from the Continental, Sam Spade and Ned Beaumont) with their 'misty' motivation, for which a film technique of narration seems to be helpful. In interpretation of the work of Raymond Chandler we are interested in depicted process of 'cannibalism' - using motifs from his older short stories in his later novels. We also follow gradation of disillusionment in the ends (a novel Long Goodbye versus his short story The Curtain, a novel Farewell, my Lovely versus his short story Try the Girl). The term 'hard-boiled school' overlaps the genre boarders of a detective story and covers wider genre field (e.g. gangster novel and criminal story of a murder in case of James Caine a Jim Thompson). In the novels of the epigone of the 'hard-boiled school' Mickey Spillane we can follow also a semantic line of schizophrenia in the main hero's plan- the detective (mixing thematic outer and narrator's inner perspective).
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