The article attempts to define the concept of a public service in transport used in Article 93 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Article 93 of the Treaty is the basis for providing public aids for reimbursements for costs incurred as a result of discharge of public services by transport companies. In Poland, those reimbursements are the most common form of public aid in the sector. So that these services are treated as public aids it is necessary to prove that they refer to public services in accordance with the Community law. Still, none of EU legal acts set forth a definition of these services. This leads to various interpretations applied by both Polish authorities and the European Commission and consequently companies that organise public transport have to operate in an unclear legal situation.
The aim of the article is to explain the Roman roots of one of the forms of a deduction, i.e. a compulsory deduction, which is normalized in the Polish legal system by articles 498-505 of the civil code. Basing his analysis on the origins of Roman law and the subject literature, the author establishes the substantive and legal reasons for a deduction (subjective and objective ones). He explains the character of changes introduced to this institution by the law of Justinian. He solves the problem of the admissibility of compensation 'ipso iure', introduced in the Justinian's constitution of 531. The article enables to draw a conclusion that there is a correlation between the deduction requirement in the Polish civil law.
The aim of the present article is to present the problem of translating into Polish the joual, which is one of the important elements of the oeuvre of the Quebecois playwright Michel Tremblay. Using the play Albertine, in five times and its Polish translation by Jacek Mulczyk-Skarżyński, the present authors demonstrate both the specific nature of the original text and the characteristic features of the joual as well as the strategies applied by the translator. Albertine, in five times is a unique combination of the world of female characters and joual, inextricably connected with them, which means that such an important element of the text should be rendered in a translation with particular care. In the analysed corpus, the translator acquits himself well on the whole, although the technique he chose (compensation, mainly on the lexical level) brutalises the target language text. Of significance is the translator’s young age, which is also revealed in the lexical items he chose. Thus the translation itself shows the translator’s influence on the final text.
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On January 1, 2012, new legal regulations came into force which determined the procedure before Commission for Medical Incidents in Poland. Accordingly, the patient will be able to decide whether claim for compensation and redress for improper treatment before court of justice, just like before, or before the new commission. The article presents legal regulations concerning proceedings of the above-mentioned commission and differences in claiming compensation before the commission and court of justice. Emphasis is put on advantages and disadvantages of the new procedure.
This paper focuses on three theories of personal identity that incorporate the idea that personal identity is the result of a person’s adopting certain attitudes towards certain mental states and actions. The author calls these theories subjective theories of personal identity. He argues that it is not clear what the proponents of these theories mean by “personal identity”. On standard theories, such as animalism or psychological theories, the term “personal identity” refers to the numerical identity of persons and its analysis provides the persistence conditions for persons. He argues that if the subjective theories purport to provide a criterion of numerical personal identity, they fail. A different interpretation may suggest that they purport to provide a non-numerical type of identity for the purpose of providing plausible analyses of certain identity-related practical concerns. The author argues that the criteria the subjective theories provide fail to capture several of the identity-related concerns. As a result, this interpretation must be rejected as well.
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