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1

The Determinants and Contents of the Resolutions of the Tenth Expanded Plenum of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Workers' Party (Communists) Concerning the Macedonian Question - August 1946

100%

Znamierowska-Rakk E.

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tom 39

183-218

EN

The establishment of the official stand of the Bulgarian communists as regards the Macedonian question at the Tenth Plenum of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Workers' Party (communist) in August 1946 ended an almost two-years long process, marked by the pressure exerted on Sofia by Belgrade and subservient Skopie for the purpose of incorporating the Bulgarian part of Macedonia into the Yugoslav Federation. However, as a result of the tenacious protest expressed by London and Washington, the Yugoslav leaders were compelled to suspend forcing through the direct incorporation of Pirot Macedonia into the People's Republic of Macedonia. Instead, they decided to pursue the profound Macedonianisation of a population, whose overwhelming majority regarded itself as Bulgarian. At the same time, it was planned to Macedonianise the Macedonian émigrés settled in assorted regions of Bulgaria.The instrument of this policy was, according to Belgrade, to assume the form of a national-cultural autonomy of the Bulgarian Macedonians. Nonetheless, this requirement caused among the Bulgarian leaders essential resistance and doubts, being perceived by society and the democratic opposition as contrary to the Bulgarian raison d'état. On the other hand, apart from the Yugoslav pressure on the Bulgarian Workers' Party a great impact was also exerted by the Soviet side, which opted for Macedonianisation. A further factor was the unregulated position of the Bulgarian state on the international arena - in the summer of 1946 the Paris Conference witnessed a struggle for determining the final conditions of the peace treaty with Bulgaria, forcing Sofia to turn for support to Belgrade. Yugoslavia's backing, especially in its capacity as a member of the anti-Nazi coalition, was of prime importance for Bulgarian interests. In this state of things, at the beginning of August 1946, the leaders of the Bulgarian communist party gathered at the Tenth Plenum of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Workers' Party, approved a complex programme of the Macedonianisation of Pirot Macedonia, and a planned incorporation of this territory into the People's Republic of Macedonia as part of Tito's Yugoslavia.

2

BULGARIA'S NATIONALITY PROBLEMS IN THE 20TH CENTURY

100%

Eberhardt P.

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nr 27

53-70

EN

The first part of the article presents the historical context for the shaping of ethnic relations in the territory of contemporary Bulgaria. A statistical analysis of the ethnic composition of Bulgaria from the period of 1900 to 2001 demonstrates that, at the beginning of the 20th century, some 80 percent of the population of this country were ethnic Bulgarians. The most numerous minority were Muslim Turks. Despite massive political and demographic-social transformations, the numerical proportions of Bulgars and Turks have not change dramatically. The central section of the article takes a historical approach to the situation in Bulgaria in the interwar period, during World War Two, and in the Communist times. On the basis of statistical data from consecutive censuses, the evolution of the nation's ethnic structure is examined, with particular attention devoted to the issue of Macedonians and the so-called Pomacy - Muslims who speak the Bulgarian language. The conflict between Bulgarian authorities and the Turkish population in the 1980s is also discussed. The main part of the study discusses the ethnic situation of contemporary Bulgaria. Conclusions are based on the census of 2001, which surveyed nationality, language, and religion and presents a breakdown of the ethnic composition of Bulgaria's population. There are separate analyses for the entire country and for its 28 individual counties, which clearly illustrate the numbers and distribution of the ethnic Bulgarian population as well as the country's major national minorities (Turks, Pomacy, and Roma).

3

Media, Death, Dialogue. Social and Media Values in the Discourse about the ‘Family’ Suicides in Bulgaria

75%

Kanev P.

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nr 2

98–110

EN

How media confront abnormal social trends speaks volumes about the prevailing social and journalism norms and values. Bleak economic and social conditions may give rise to suicides, which classical sociological theory views as a strong indicator of a society in a serious crisis and in need of reconstruction. Media coverage and especially comments on such grave events demonstrate the capacity and willingness of journalists to engage in a sensible communication on the issue, or attempt to divert the public’s attention from the crux of the matter. A value analysis is thus revealing of media’s motivation and the eventual outcome of its thorough or selective highlighting of an alarming situation. The study employs a qualitative type of content analysis to discover the willingness of media to engage in an honest dialogue on the larger picture. The conclusion is hardly optimistic: media in Bulgaria tend to eschew dialogue, provide narrow technocratic explanations of tragedies, developing insensitive blind spots for the wider reality, the social and the human, thus failing its mission. Since values change slowly and under the influence of long-term factors, this study provides an insight on the way cultivation forces have worked in the Bulgarian society and media.

4

PATRIARCHÁT NA BALKÁNĚ – DOMINANTNÍ IDEOLOGIE NEBO ŠKÁLA MOŽNOSTÍ? (NA PŘÍKLADU VOJVODOVA, OBCE ČECHŮ A SLOVÁKŮ V BULHARSKU)

75%

Budilová J. L.

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2017

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tom 49

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nr 4

405 – 426

EN

The topic of the article is the scope and limits of the model of patriarchal gender relations in the Balkans. Ethnographic material of Vojvodovo, a village of Czechs and Slovaks in Bulgaria, is used to test the general applicability of this model. The author analyses sexual division of labour, inheritance practices or marriage strategies in Vojvodovo, as well as the local folk model of gender relations. Gender ideology and practice of gender relations of Vojvodovo villagers are set in the context of the Balkan societies to discuss to what extent this village presents an exception in the “Balkan patriarchal model”.

5

OD DOKUMENTÁRNOSTI K BELETRIZÁCII. OBRAZ BALKÁNU V STARŠEJ SLOVENSKEJ LITERATÚRE

63%

Brtáňová E.

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nr 5

332 - 351

EN

The very first attempts at travel literature include accounts of the journeys made by two Humanist scholars Pavol Rubigal and Ján Dernschwam, whose lives and activities were associated with Slovak mining towns. Both of the humanists joined the Hungarian delegation that travelled to Constantinople to deliver political messages to the sultan. Their works, which represent a type of documentary literature, also reflect on the countries on the Balkan peninsula, especially Serbia and Bulgaria. In his Latin-language poem Opis cesty do Konštantínopola/The Account of the Journey to Constantinople (Hodoeporicon itineris Constantinopolitani, Wittenberg 1544), written in elegiac couplets, Pavol Rubigal provides a negative picture of the Serbs, whose manners and customs are conditioned by the harsh environment. His point of view is influenced by the disagreements between the Serbian and Hungarian representations. Bulgaria seems to be more civilized country and the Bulgarians´ decent behaviour is explained as the result of their deep Christian conviction. Cestovný denník do Konštantínopola a Malej Ázie/The Constantinople and Asia Minor Travel Diary (Tagebuch einer Reise nach Konstantinopel und Kleinasien, 1553 – 1555) by Ján Dernchwam develops the type of travelogue which is exemplified by The Travels of Marco Polo in medieval literature. Nature and culture are often seen by the author from the perspective of his other (Slovak) homeland. When exploring Serbia and Bulgaria, he adopts the approach of confrontation. He takes notice of similarities (language, confession) and differences (landscape, inhabitants). The novel Ladislav (1838) by Karol Kuzmány seems like a travelogue featuring elements of fiction. As a whole it focuses on the subject of mother country and nation and develops the idea of Slavic togetherness, with regard to which it promotes the struggle of the Serbian nation for freedom as well as their literary culture. By means of the apotheosis of Serbia Kuzmány tries to stimulate the development of Slovak national life and culture.

6

Kurban. Obětní slavnosti v Bulharsku

63%

Machova B.

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nr 2

173-190

EN

In Bulgaria, the word 'kurban' denotes bloody sacrifice brought to God, saints or mythical protectors of family group or the whole village. It represents a specific feature of spiritual culture that runs across the whole structure of traditional as well as contemporary folk customs in Bulgaria. The sacrifice of animal constitutes part of family, annual and work customs and church ceremonies. The article renders basic information on the roots and context of this custom and characterizes its traditional form. It focuses on the preparation of 'kurban' as ritual dish and the attitudes of the Orthodox Church to this custom. It traces the persistence of the custom in contemporary Bulgarian society, where the broad traditional family relations are being lost. The article is based on field research realized in the years 2005 and 2007 as well as the study of literature.