This study investigates the effect of magnetic water (MW) on the properties of slag-based geopolymer composites (SGCs) incorporating ceramic tile waste (CTW) from construction and demolition waste (CDW). The presented study consists of two stages. In the first stage, reference mortars without additives were produced, and optimum parameters for molarity, curing temperature and curing time were determined. Tap water (TW) was used as mixing water, and blast furnace slag (BFS) was used as a precursor in SGCs in this stage. SGCs were produced using different alkali activator concentrations (12, 14 and 16 M) and were cured for either 24 or 48 h in an oven at ranging from 60 to 110 °C. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (Upv), flexural strength (ffs), and compressive strength (fcs) tests were performed on the produced SGCs. The results of these tests indicated that optimum paramaters for molarity, curing temperature and curing time parameters were determined to be 16 M, 100 ℃ and 24 h, respectively. Then, TW and MW were used as mixing water, and BFS and CTW were used as precursors in the second stage. At this stage, SGCs were produced using 16 M and cured in an oven at 100 ℃ for 24 h. In the mixtures, CTW was used by substituting 10, 20, 30 and 40% by weight of BFS. In the second stage, workability, Upv, ffs, and fcs tests as well as microstructure analyses, were performed on the produced SGCs. Microstructure analyses were performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). According to the results, Upv, ffs, and fcs increased compared to the reference SGCs when 10% of CTW was used. Additionally, when MW was used as mixing water, there were increases in workability, Upv, ffs, and fcs results compared to those produced with TW. From SEM analyses, it has been observed that MW accelerates the polymerization process of SGCs containing CTW and reduces the pore size of SGCs. As a result, it has been determined that MW can improve the fresh and hardened state properties and microstructures of SGCs containing CTW.
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In this study, the particle size distribution (PSD) of class F and C fly ash (FA) was optimized using theory of the Fuller-Thompson. After defining the optimal size distribution, the distribution modulus (q) of 0.4 yields the best mechanical property results. The freeze–thaw up to 300 cycles on mechanical and permeability properties of 90-day cementitious composites incorporating optimized class F and C fly ash (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% by weight of cement) were investigated. Optimized FA has improved the mechanical and permeability properties of cementitious composites under freeze–thaw cycling by ensuring a better filler effect. The cementitious composite mortars with 20% optimized class C fly ash and class F fly ash replacement yielded high compactness and better mechanical properties than the control cementitious composite mortars without any fly ash replacement after 90 days. Finding the best particle size distribution of FA providing high compactness will save cement, reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission that pollutes the environment in cement production, and contribute to the economy and environment.
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