In his influential article, What makes an interpretation acceptable?, Stanley Fish states that meaning is not inherent in the text and that all interpretations, even the most far‑fetched ones, are potentially equally plausible and legitimate. However, translation theories usually seem to imply that meaning is a stable, inter‑subjective and uncontested feature of a text. The author of the article seeks to reconcile such an unrestricted multiplicity of interpretations with the idea of an objectively assessed semantic dominant of a text and suggests a new paradigm in translation studies which would give translators more freedom.
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Autotoxicity is a type of intraspecific allelopathy (autoallelopathy), caused through the release into the environment compounds, which belong to secondary metabolites. Autotoxicity is observed in natural environment and in agroecosystems. It causes both, beneficial and negative effects. Autoallelopathy allows plants to survive by avoiding intra-competition. On the other hand, it is a serious economical problem. Accumulation of autotoxins in the soil causes soil sickness, and results in negative effects on plant photosynthesis, respiration, hormonal balance or ion uptake and finally led to increase in yield losses. Some species developed mechanisms to avoid autotoxicity by sequestration of the toxic compounds in cell compartments or by binding them in form of glycosides. The phenomenon of autotoxicity could be exploited also as weed management strategy.
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