Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Edward Tangl (1848-1908)

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Koehler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2007

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tom 52

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nr 2

75-102

EN

Edward Tangl (b. 1848 in Lwów (Lviv)) was originally interested in music, and even made some early attempts at musical composition. It was his father's naturalist passions that aroused Tangl's interest in botany. In 1865, he enrolled at the University of Lwów, Faculty of Philosophy. During his studies he developed an interest in plant anatomy and in 1870 he defended there a Ph.D. dissertation in botany. His special area of research was the perforation of vessels in higher (or vascular) plants. The results of this research was published as Tangl's habilitation dissertation defended at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Lwów. Afterwards, in the years 1871-1876, Tangl worked at that faculty as a Privatdozent in plant anatomy and physiology and later on (1874-1876) as a professor at the School of Farm Husbandry in Dublany. In 1875 he was one of founders of the Nicholaus Copernicus Polish Society of Naturalists. In 1876, Edward Tangl was nominated professor extraordinary in botany at the newly formed k.k. Franz-Josef-Universität at Chernivtsi (Tschernowitz) and in 1881 professor ordinary in botany and pharmacognosy. He founded (1877) the Botanical Gardens and the Institute of Botany of the University of Chernivtsi. In recognition for his contribution to the development of botany, and especially for his discovery of plasmodesmata, he was elected member of the German Botanical Society in Berlin, the Imperial Leopoldine-Caroline German Academy of Naturalists, and a full member of the Zoological-Botanical Society in Vienna. However, this organizational activity had a very harmful impact on his health. Edward Tangl died suddenly at Chernivtsi on July 9, 1905. The published research of Edward Tangl was not very voluminous (14 studies). His main area of research related to plant anatomy and cytology, and to a lesser degree to plant taxonomy. In 1879, at the age of 31, Tangl made a discovery that earned him a place in the annals of botany: namely, he detected intercellular strips (later called plasmodesmata) which held together cells in cotyledons of the plant Strychnos nux-vomica, and then in the endosperm of seeds. Tangl interpreted the strips he observed in all of those studies as plasmatic connections between protoplasts. He inferred this from the fact that the cells he investigated were situated in the path of intensive transport of nutrients. On this basis, he formulated the pioneering concept that intercellular connections integrate the functioning of cells in flowering plants, and form a new a quality out of such cells. The discovery of plasmodesmata made Edward Tangl's name part of the history of botany. The discovery involved a complete change in scientists' perception of plants: Tangl's discovery is comparable, with all due proportions, to the the discovery by Copernicus. Both discoveries have changed science's views: the former on the microcosm, the latter on the macrocosm. Edward Tangl published his only taxonomic work in 1883. He described in it a new genus of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) - Plaxonema, and within the genus a new species, which he called Plaxonema oscillans. Tangl also contributed significantly to the study of plants in the region of Bukovina. Unfortunately, little is known of his research after 1886.

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Edward Tangl (1848-1905)

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Koehler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2007

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tom R. 52, nr 2

75-102

EN

Edward Tangl was born in Lwow (now: Lviv) on March 20, 1848. His original interests were rather focused on music, and he made some early attempts at musical composition. It was his father's naturalist passions that aroused Tangl's interest in botany. In 1865, he finished secondary school and enrolled at the University of Lwow. He studied at the Faculty of Philosophy until 1869. During his studies he developed an interest in plant anatomy, stemming from the lectures by Prof. Gustaw Adolf Weiss (1837-1894). In 1870, he defended a Ph.D. dissertation in botany, at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Lwow. Edward Tangl's special area of research was the perforation of vessels in higher (or vascular) plants. The results of this research was published as Tangl's habilitation dissertation (see Appendix III, item 1). The defence of the habilitation was at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Lwow, in July 1871 at the latest. Afterwards, in the years 1871-1876, Tangl worked at that faculty as a Privatdozent in plant anatomy and physiology. In the years 1874-1876, Tangl worked as a professor at the School of Farm Husbandry in Dublany near Lwow, where he taught agricultural chemistry and botany. In those years, Tangl took an active part in the Polish scientific movement, and was one of the founders of the Nicholaus Copernicus Polish Society of Naturalists (1875). In 1876, Edward Tangl was nominated professor extraordinary in botany at the newly formed k.k. Franz-Josef-Universitiit at Chernivtsi (Tschernowitz), a town where he spent the rest of his life. In 1881 he was nominated professor ordinary in botany and pharmacognosy (for lectures, see Appendix II). It was the professorial tenure at Chernivtsi that ensured Edward Tangl financial stabilization. In 1877 Edward Tangl founded the Botanical Gardens (fig. 1) and the Institute of Botany of the University of Chernivtsi. From 1877 onwards, Edward Tangl was a member of the Examinations Board for Candidates for Junior Secondary Schools at Chernivtsi. In recognition for his contribution to the development of botany, and especially for his discovery of plasmodesmata, he was elected member of the German Botanical Society in Berlin, the Imperial Leopoldine-Caroline German Academy of Naturalists, and a full member of the Zoological-Botanical Society in Vienna. The work of organizing the Botanical Gardens and the Institute of Botany of the Franz-Josef University in Chernivtsi had a very harmful impact on Edawrd Tangl's state of health. It may have been his failing eyesight that prevented him from continuing research with the use of a microscope. It was probably also for those reasons that he did not publish any studies after 1886. Edward Tangl died suddenly at Chernivtsi on July 9, 1905. The published research of Edward Tangl was not very voluminous in terms of the quantity of studies, of which there were fourteen (Appendix 3). His main area of research related to plant anatomy and cytology, and to a lesser degree to plant taxonomy. The first study by Tangl to be published was his habilitation dissertation on the perforation of cell walls, a topic on which he conducted research also in the years that followed. In 1879, at the age of 31, Tangl made a discovery that earned him a place in the annals of botany: namely, he detected intercellular strips (later called plasmodesmata) which held together cells in cotyledons of the plant Strychnos nux-vomica, and then in the endosperm of seeds. In 1880, Tangl published the results of the first series of his observations (Fig. 2, 3, 4). He returned to the issue of plasmodesmata in two other studies, from 1884 and 1885. Tangl interpreted the strips he observed in all of those studies as plasmatic connections between protoplasts. He inferred this from the fact that the cells he investigated were situated in the path of intensive transport of nutrients. On this basis, he formulated the pioneering concept that intercellular connections integrate the functioning of cells in flowering plants, and form a new a quality out of such cells. The discovery of plasmodesmata made Edward Tangl's name part of the history of botany. The discovery involved a complete change in scientists' perception of plants: previously botanists had viewed plants only as .aggregates of separate cells", but Tangl's work caused the plant to be viewed as an organism. Tangl's discovery is comparable, with all due proportions, to the the discovery by Copernicus. Both discoveries have changed science's views: the former on the microcosm, the latter on the macrocosm. Edward Tangl published his only taxonomic work in 1883. He described in it a new genus of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) - Plaxonema, and within the genus a new species, which he called Plaxonema oscillans. Tangl also contributed significantly to the study of plants in the region of Bukovina, and educated a range of botanists of the region, especially plants physiologists. Unfortunately, little is known of his research after 1886.

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LYSENKOISM IN POLISH BOTANY

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Koehler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2008

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tom 53

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nr 2

83-161

EN

Lysenkoism was a marginal phenomenon in Polish botany. There were only 55 botanists who published studies in Lysenkoism. Among them, there were only a few botanists who could boast of significant previous scientific achievements. A majority of the authors were young scientists. There were ca. 140 Lysenkoist botanical publications (out of the total of 3410), i.e. 4.1% of all the botanical publications in Poland in that period. Among the Lysenkoist publications, a significant group was made up of papers popularizing the principles and achievements of Lysenkoism. There were less studies presenting the results of research conducted in Poland on the basis of Lysenko's theory. A great majority of Polish botanists (ca. 96%), dealt with research topics that did not require direct references to Lysenkoism. A number of botanists, who did not want to be exposed to harassment, avoided explicit endorsements of the theory or, whenever possible, used the 'shield' of Soviet science. This consisted in using quotations from the classics of Marxism and Lysenkoism, both in papers delivered at conferences and in written publications. Other botanists (very few in number) took a hostile stand on Lysenkoism. The consequences for a university professor included being deprived of one's chair and being banned from publishing. Due to the censorship activities only isolated studies engaging in polemic with Lysenkoism, or trying to show the fallaciousness of its tenets, appeared in the first half of the 1950s. The content of publications was also affected by editors and editorial boards: as a result of their intervention, authors were forced to include obligatory quotations from the classics of Marxism and Lysenkoism in theirto be completed

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Zarys historii zielnika roślin naczyniowych Lubelszczyzny Zakładu Systematyki Roślin Instytutu Biologii Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej (LBL) w Lublinie (do 2003 r.)

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Koehler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2007

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tom R. 52, nr 1

191-216

EN

The Maria Skłodowska-Curie University in Lublin was established on October 23, 1944. After the founding of the Chair of Plant Systematics and Plant Geography at the university, the gathering of a herbal collection began in the spring of 1946. The first specimens of plants were gathered by research assistants: Barbara Krankowska and Maria Polakowska. In 1947, the vascular plant collection was put under the charge of Dominik Fijalkowski. It was mainly through the addition of plants gathered by Fijałkowski that the collection kept growing. Additions to the herbarium in the years that followed calne also froln solne of the more carefully gathered specimens in M.A. students' herbaria. Herbaria compiled by naturalists connected with Lublin region or the university and presented to various chairs ofbotany in the country were kept as separate collections, not constituting part of the main collection. At the beginning of the 1970s a review of such herbaria was made, they were subjected to pest control treatment and included in the main collection (herbarium generale) of the Herbarium of the Department of Plant Systematics and Plant Geography. Among the additions were herbaria by Helen Koporska (1868-1948), Jarosław Urbański (1909-1981) and Stanisław Trzebiński (?- ?). Unfortunately, no register of the collections was mad e before they were added to the main collection. At beginning of the 1980s, the rooms designated for the herbarium became completely filled up. Since then the addition ofnew collections has been severely restricted, and solne of the collections have been donated to other universities. In 1992 the Department bf Plant Systematics and Plant Geography was divided into the Department of Geobotany and the Department of Plant Systematics. At the same time the herbal collections were divided as well: the Department of Geobotany received most of the col- lections froln outside the Lublin region, while plants froln the Lublin region were kept at the Department of Plant Systematics. In the years 1995-1997 the vascular plants col- lections of the Department of Plant Systematics of the Institute of Biology of the Maria Skłodowska-Curie University in Lublin were temporarily moved to the Institute of Botany of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, for a review oftheir designations. In the years 1945-1947, the herbarium was supervised by Prof. Józef Motyka ( 1900-1984). For the next thirty five years, until 1992, the herbarium was under the charge of Prof. Dominik Fijałkowski. From 1992 until 2004 the herbarium was supervised by Prof. Kazimierz Karczmarz. The vascular plants collections have never had a separate technical supervisor or curator. Description of the collection: 1. Number of sheets in 1997 -80,000. 2. The state of perservation is good. The specimens lie unattached on sheets of grey paper. 3. Labels. Each sheet has two labels: an original and copy. The majority of the labels, just as the specimens, are unattached. 4. Localities represented in the collection. Almost all the specimens have been collected in the Lublin region. 5. The share of the collections gathered by particular persons is illustrated by the diagram (fig. I). 6. The list of persons whose collections are contained is the herbarium Is given in the appendix.

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High pressure treatment of fish muscle: texture properties dependent on protein modifications

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Brunnbauer M. , Koehler P.

Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences

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2011

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tom 61

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nr Suppl.1