Nitroimidazoles have been used for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial and parasitic infections in animals. However, they are believed to possess genotoxic and carcinogenic properties, which is why their use in food producing animals has been banned in many countries. At present, nitroimidazoles are approved in the European Union only for use in companion animals and human medicine, although the reason for the ban of their use in food producing animals was just care about the health of people. As a consequence of this ban each European Union country and countries wishing to export animal products to the European Union are required to implement a residue monitoring plan for nitroimidazole residues in food of animal origin which helps to ensure the safety and reduce the possible health risks to consumers. In this article the pharmacological and toxicological aspects of the most commonly used 5-nitroimidazoles in veterinary medicine are summarized.
Odmierzanie objętości należy do najczęściej wykonywanych czynności laboratoryjnych. Jakość tego procesu często decyduje o wiarygodności wyniku badania.
A liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection method for the determination of five fluoroquinolones in muscle tissue was proposed. The method is selective and robust enough for the required purposes. The whole procedure was validated in accordance with the Commission Decision 657/2002/EC. Detection capabilities were from 132.8 to 421.0 µg/kg, and recoveries ranged from 51.7% to 80.91%, depending on the analyte.
In the last few years solid-phase extraction (SPE) has become the most often used preconcentration technique for trace analysis. In SPE with most commercial sorbents, many components of complex samples are co-extracted, so additional clean-up is usually needed before the chromatographic analysis is made. However, specific SPE materials avoid this problem by providing a selective extraction. So far, the most selective phases used for SPE are based on immunoaffinity (IAC). The high selectivity and low stability of immunosorbents and the fact that is difficult and expensive to obtain biological antibodies are reason that IACs are used less widely for many different compounds [56, 57]. An alternative technology, using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), is currently being extensively evaluated. Table 1 compares characteristics of molecularly imprinted polymer, immunoaffinity and conventional SPE columns. As depicted in Figure 1, MIPs are made in situ by copolymerization of functional monomeres and crosslinking monomeres in the presence of the print molecule, called the template that after extraction leaves its molecular impression on the surface as the polymer forms around it [39, 30]. The examples of most commonly used monomers are presented in Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively. Table 2 provides an overview of examples of applications of SPE that incorporate molecularly imprinted polymer technology for extracting drugs and pollutants from different matrices. Besides SPE, MIPs have been applied as selective sorbents in several analytical techniques, including liquid chromatography [12-18], capillary electrophoresis, electrochromatography [19-23], as immunoassay and sensors [24-28].
Malachite green (MG) is a synthetic triphenylmethane dye that has been used worldwide as a fungicide and ectoparasicide in cultured fish eggs, fingerlings and adult fish since the 1930s. Due to its potential animal carcinogenicity, mutagenity, and teratogenicity, MG is not registered for veterinary use in many countries, including the European Union. The aim of this study was to investigate the tissue distribution and persistence of MG and its main metabolite, leucomalachite green (LMG), in carp after a therapeutic bath. On day 0, MG concentration in all tissues exceeded the initial concentration in therapeutic water (2 mg/l). Subsequently, the dye was rapidly and extensively metabolized to LMG, which was slowly eliminated from the tissues. Higher concentrations of MG and LMG were detected in the gills, liver and kidneys than in the spleen and muscles. The parent compound was more persistent in kidneys, liver and spleen (up to 112 days) than in the gills and muscles (up to 56 days). LMG concentrations declined more slowly in all tissues, being still detectable in kidneys and muscles 252 days after treatment.
An improved liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection method for the determination of seven sulfonamides in bee honey was proposed. The method is selective and robust enough for the required purposes. The whole procedure was validated in accordance with the Commission Decision 657/2002/EC. Detection capabilities were from 26.15 to 49.50 µg/kg, and recoveries ranged from 32.8% to 116.1%, depending on the analyte.