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The origin of the opposition πτωσις όρθη (ευθεια) - πτωσεις πλαγιαι (casus rectus - casus obliqui) in the linguistics of ancient Greece

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Wolanin H.

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tom 126

PL

The opposition ptw'si" ojrqhv (eujqei'a) / ptwvsei" plavgiai, which with time began to expressthe contrast between the nominative and the oblique cases (casus rectus – casus obliqui) inthe grammatical tradition, first appeared in the Greek reflection on language most probably inthe circle of the Stoic doctrine, where it was used to determine the meanings of nouns perceivedfrom the point of view of their constituting elements of the predicative-argumentativestructures which formed propositions (ajxiwvmata). What justifies this statement is the fact thatin the framework of the Stoic dialectics concepts denoted by terms ojrqhv ptw'si" andplavgiai ptwvsei" were unambiguously situated in the sphere of the linguistically expressedcontent (ta; shmainovmena, ta; lektav) and used consistently in connection with the concept ofkathgovrhma (‘predicate’), that is the predicative content expressed by the verb. The analysisof the preserved records demonstrates that the term ojrqh; ptw'si" had a meaning of the subjectivepredicate argument (disregarding the value of the case of the noun which denoted it),whereas ptwvsei" plavgiai had the meaning of the non-subjective arguments implied bymulti-argument predicates. Therefore, in the Stoic dialectics the opposition ojrqh; ptw'si" /plavgiai ptwvsei" reflected the hierarchical differentiation of the status of the content expressedby the nouns perceived as arguments of the predicate within the proposition. Theseterms gained the meaning of the nominative and the oblique cases, respectively, only in thecircle of Hellenistic philologists, whose research and analyses were to a greater extent focusedon the formal side of linguistic signs (words). Those scholars used the terminological apparatusof the Stoic school, while introducing there some vital modifications, however. Withreference to the issue which interests us here, the modification consisted in the identificationof the Stoic ojrqh; ptw'si" with its most frequent language exponent, i.e. the noun in the nominative,and following the same principle, of the Stoic plavgiai ptwvsei" with nouns in theoblique cases. The Hellenistic philological school should probably also be ascribed the introductionof the term eujqei'a ptw'si" as a name of the nominative synonymous withojrqh; ptw'si", as there are no sufficient premises on which to attribute the use of the adjectiveeujquv" as an index of that case already to Aristotle.

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Akustyka, mimetyka, estetyka, artykulacja: Grecy o głoskach języka

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Wolanin H.

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tom 33

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nr 1

467-489

EN

The paper contains a thorough examination of the criteria used by the ancient Greeks for defining, describing and classifying the phones of the language. References are made to works by Plato and Aristotle, as well as to the text of the Techne grammatike attributed to Dionysius Thrax. In the dialogues of Plato, and especially in the Cratylus, one can find the first categorical characteristics of different groups of phones, formulated in acoustic terms, as well as individual descriptions of the mimetic qualities of particular phones, based on either sound effects or articulatory features. In Poetics, Aristotle defined the phone as such, connecting it with the notion of voice characterized by indivisibility, ability to create a complex voice (i.e. a word) and exclusively human origin. In setting out three main classes of phones, he based their definitional criteria on their articulatory features (the contact of speech organs or lack of it) on the one hand, and on their phonetic and acoustic properties (audible voice), i.e. on sound distinctness manifesting itself in acoustic autonomy on the other. In the Techne grammatike, in turn, particular classes of phones were identified and defined by formulating the conditions in which they produce voice characterized by a definite – high or law – aesthetic value. Despite the absence of an articulatory criterion, Greek grammarians succeeded in distinguishing all basic classes of phones, although they constantly looked at phones through the prism of letters, which led to them confusing the phonetic level with the graphic one, and thus made it impossible to create a conceptual and terminological apparatus which would be the means appropriate for identifying and describing correctly the whole stock of Greek phones.

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On the (im)possible Latin etymons of Polish jarmułka (‘yarmulke, skullcap’)

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Wolanin H.

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nr 4

PL

The etymology of the Polish word jarmułka has become a subject of discussion in LingVaria (1.15: 113–124). Catalyst for the discussion was a paper written by B.A. Struminsky (1987), in which the author puts forward a thesis concerning the Latin origin of the word. The present paper constitutes a commentary in which the lexical status of the Latin word forms suggested as potential etymons of jarmułka, both in Struminsky’s paper and in the other works concerning the subject, published in the issue of LingVaria mentioned above, is interpreted from a Latinist’s perspective. Moreover, reference is also made to a paper by W.G. Plaut (1955), in which the author postulated the Latin etymology of jarmułka 30 years prior to the work of Struminsky.

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Kwalifikacja gramatyczna wybranych indeklinabiliów w łacińskiej praktyce leksykograficznej

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Wolanin H.

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tom 35

25-37

EN

Classifying lexical items into functional classes, traditionally called parts of speech, is an important lexicographic tool serving to inform the dictionary’s readers about the most general, structural features of the lexical units being described. Yet, the problem of setting right criteria for the classification still remains unsolved, especially with reference to uninflected lexemes, devoid of formal inflectional features. The lack of clear and commonly accepted rules of differentiating between paricular kinds of indeclinable words characterizes also Latin grammatical theory and lexicography. As a result, the main Latin-Polish dictionaries differ in ascribing grammatical status to Latin uninflected lexemes like igitur, nam, utinam, num, quidem, itaque, an, praeter. The aim of this paper is to reflect on functional and syntactic status of Latin indeclinable words, and to suggest a solution for the above mentioned problem.

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Linguistic Didacticism in the Noctes Atticae by Aulus Gellius

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Wolanin H.

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nr 3

EN

The aim of this paper is to examine the didactic value of the Attic Nights from the linguistic point of view, and precisely, from the point of view of Gellius’ teachings on the meanings of words. In this context it has been stated that the author makes his readers aware of new meanings gained by certain words when used in contemporary colloquial idiom, describes and interprets the mechanism which had generated those meanings, evaluates the results of the process of semantic change, and, finally, comments on the way some grammarians assess the usage of certain words in ancient literary texts. In effect, the paper concentrates on the passages where A. Gellius, referring to ancient (archaic and classical) literature, describes the semantic differences occurring in various words, depending on their usage, whether in literary or colloquial language, defines the linguistic mechanism giving rise to colloquial variants of different linguistic items, and presents in a critical light the influence of colloquial language on the way in which interpretation is made of particular words as they occur in literary texts.