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An analysis of parents’ and teachers’ struggles during the unprecedented situation of the COVID-19 pandemic and teachers’ suggestions to parents on how to stimulate children’s development in case it extends or re-surge

100%

Nowak-Fabrykowski K.

nr 615(10)

54-67

Many theories (Comers’ SDM, change theory, the Ohio Collaborative) stress that parents’ engagement is key for a child’s achievement and identified their role as co-teachers, co-leaders, co-workers, and co-supporters in their children’s development. Siegel and Hartzell’s (2006) emphasized that parents must be mindfully present during connecting interactions. The pandemic that started in 2019 put pressure on parents struggling with health, financial problems, etc. by adding new demands to participate in their children’s daily lessons, learn new technology, and keep children engaged and prepared for classes online. These problems occurred were not localized to the USA, but were in all countries, as COVID was a global pandemic. This study addresses teachers’ suggestions on what parents could do to stimulate their children’s learning and development. A mixed-method research study was conducted in the Midwest of the United States using Qualtrics with data collected from a survey sent to 121 teachers of young children The results provided an analysis of parents’ and teachers ‘struggles in this unprecedented situation and teachers’ suggestions for parents on how to stimulate children’s development if it extends or re-surge.

Children’s Metaphoric Expressions; The Meaning of Friendship. A Comparative Analysis Between the USA and Poland

51%

Bristley A. , Wiśniewska-Kin M. , Nowak-Fabrykowski K.

tom 50

56-69

The goal of this research project is to analyze children’s understanding of the concept of friendship by investigating symbolic representation in drawing and metaphoric expression in language. This research project is grounded in the conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980), in which metaphor is defined as a conceptual-linguistic mapping between a source and a target domain. It uses qualitative, ethnographic research based on Spradley’s (1979) theory stating that meanings are derived from symbolically coded concepts where X is a symbol and Y is a referent. The researchers in this study, one from the USA and one from Poland, asked a group of preschool children to draw pictures of their friends. When the children finished their drawings, the researchers asked them 4 questions: “What did you draw?” “Why are they friends?” and “A friend is like…”, “A friendship is like…”. The results demonstrate that preschool children have the cognitive ability to understand the concept of friend and even differentiate between friends and playmates. In the study, the children could determine the number of their real friends, and for most children in both countries, it was 1 or 2 friends. In the group of American children, friendship (X) had two basic meanings (Y): helping (YH) and playing (YP). In Poland, friendship meant playing (YP) and being together after school (YBT). The children in both countries associated friends (target domain) with (source domain) certain people (FP), character quality (FCH), activity (FA) and (FO) object/places. A comparison of the results demonstrates a difference in the number of friends the children claimed to have in Poland versus the USA. Additionally, the research showed that the American children drew only their friends without including themselves, while the Polish children included themselves in their pictures.