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PL
Zaolejona ziemia bieląca (Z) jest odpadem porafinacyjnym przemysłu tłuszczowego o naturalnym kwaśnym pH 3,8-4,2 i zawartości tłuszczu 18-40%. W pracy zbadano aktywność lipolityczną autochtonicznego szczepu Bacillus subtilis BH w biodegradacji substancji tłuszczowych Z w zależności od stymulacji wybranymi dodatkami mineralnymi (jonami wapnia i/lub żelaza). Zastosowanie tego szczepu w warunkach in situ z udziałem aktywatorów enzymów lipolitycznych prowadziło do powstawania różnych związków chemicznych, takich jak: kwasy nasycone, aldehydy i węglowodory, a ich rodzaj i ilość zależały od typu modyfikacji. W obecności szczepionki obserwowano wzrost zawartości węglowodorów w produktach rozkładu substancji tłuszczowej. Natomiast jony wapnia stymulowały jej aktywność w kierunku tworzenia aldehydów ogółem, a jony żelaza - nasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych.
EN
A spent bleaching earth - Z (pH 3.8-4.2, a fat content 18-40%) is a waste of fatty industry, obtaining after rafining process. The lipolytic activity of autochtonie Bacillus subtilis BH species in Z fatty substance biodegradation in dependence of mineral additions (Ca and/or Fe ions) was investigated. It was observed that Bacillus subtilis BH species degraded fatty substance obtaining by its extraction from Z (degrease of mass in time). But, parallely, the conversion of fatty substance took place; the quality and quantitative composition of final extractions were different in comparison to initial one.
PL
W pracy badano uzdolnienia drożdży Yarrowia lipolytica do biodegradacji substancji tłuszczowych w ZZB (Zaolejona Ziemia Bieląca). W badaniach stosowano inokulum drożdży o zróżnicowanej liczbie jednostek propagacyjnych, w postaci wolnej biomasy oraz unieruchomionej w formie granulek alginianowych. Aktywność zróżnicowanych form szczepionki oraz kierunki rozkładu substancji tłuszczowej w ZZB określono na podstawie analizy mikrobiologicznej, chemicznej oraz oznaczenia trwałości granulek po zakopaniu prób w ziemi na okres zimy. Immobilizowana szczepionka Y. lipolytica stymulowała wzrost bakterii autochtonicznych i grzybów. Najwyższy ubytek substancji tłuszczowej w porównaniu z kontrolą obserwowano w obecności 50% granulek w ZZB. Natomiast niezależnie od typu szczepionki tendencje rozkładu substancji tłuszczowych były zbliżone, ale odmienne od procesów samorzutnych. Efektem przemian stymulowanych zarówno biomasą, jak i drożdżami immobilizowanymi było obniżenie zawartości nasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych o długości łańcucha C6 – C8, a wzrost C9, C16-C18. Wynika stąd, że wykorzystując szczepionki można ukierunkować proces biokonwersji substancji tłuszczowych w ZZB do kwasów tłuszczowych o dłuższym łańcuchu. Warto podkreślić, że proces bioremediacji zachodził nawet w okresie zimy.
EN
The abilities of Yarrowia lipolytica yeast to biodegradation of fatty substances in spent bleaching earth (SBE) were investigated. Yeasts inocula (of different number of propagation units) were added to SBE as free or aliginate immobilized (beads) biomass. The studied samples with SBE and yeasts were buried in soil and after winter the microbiological and chemical analyses were done as well as beads resistance and yeasts viability. The immobilized Y. lipolytica inoculum stimulated autochtonic microflora growth. The most important decrease of fatty substances in SBE was observed in presence of 50% of beads. Whereas, non depended on form and dose of yeasts was the composition of fatty acids in SBE samples, which was similar for different inocula but different from autonomous one. The effect of metabolic changes engendered by biomass suspension and immobilized cells was the decrease of contents of fatty acids of C6 – C8 and increase of C9, C16-C18. So, the inoculation of SBE with yeast could causes a specific bioconversion of fatty substances to long chain fatty acids. Noteworthy is the fact that bioremediaction was going on during winter period.
EN
Grain fusariosis are caused by phytopathogenic fungi from genus Fusarium, which due to their high pathogenic properties and toxicity contribute to enormous farming loses. In crop farming they lower grain harvests and worsen its quality, especially the ability to germinate and baking parameters. Most of the wheat diseases are caused by fungi from genera F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. nivale, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides, F. poae, F. oxysporum and F.verticillioides. Chemical fungicides are often used to control fusariosis, however, despite their effectiveness and easy application, they have not gained good recognition. Phytopathogenic fungi become resistant to fungicides, they reduce beneficial organisms and endanger the health of a consumer. It has led to a search of alternative methods of controling grain fusariosis, with the application of effective biodegradable fungicides and products containing active substances of natural origin or antagonistic microorganisms.
PL
Fuzariozy zbóż wywoływane są przez fitopatogenne grzyby strzępkowe rodzaju Fusarium, które przyczyniają się do strat gospodarczych, co wynika z ich patogenności i toksynotwórczości. W uprawach zbóż obniżają plon ziarna i pogorszają jego jakość, a zwłaszcza zdolność kiełkowania i parametry wypiekowe. Głównymi sprawcami chorób pszenicy są grzyby gatunków: F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. nivale, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides, F. poae, F. oxysporum i F. verticillioides. Do ich zwalczania stosuje się często chemiczne środki grzybobójcze, które mimo wysokiej skuteczności i łatwości stosowania nie cieszą się uznaniem, ze względu na zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego konsumenta spowodowane pozostałościami fungicydów, zwiększającym się uodparnianiem patogenów i redukcją pożytecznych organizmów. Wszystko to sprawia, że poszukuje się alternatywnych metod ich zwalczania z zastosowaniem skutecznych biodegradowalnych fungicydów i preparatów zawierających w swym składzie substancje czynne pochodzenia naturalnego lub mikroorganizmy antagonistyczne.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono efekt działania różnych stężeń fosforanu mocznika na 6 szczepów grzybów środowiskowych różniących się intensywnością wzrostu, sposobem zarodnikowania i typem tworzonych zarodników (Penicillium italicum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium resinae, Mucor hiemalis, Rhizopus nigricans). Fosforan mocznika już w stężeniu 3% w sposób statystycznie istotny ograniczał wzrost masy grzybni wszystkich testowanych grzybów.
EN
In this paper the authors presented the influence of various urea phosphate doses, 1-12%, on the environmental fungi growth depending on its intensity and the type of created spore e.g .(Penicillium italicum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus n iger, Cladosporium resinae, Mucor hiemalis i Rhizopus nigricans). The result of urea phosphate effect on fungi was estimated by static culture method using dry mass increase change [g. dry mass/ldm3]. The control was created by the growth of the above mentioned fungi on the basis of urea phosphate free soil. The obtained results were worked out by a statistic method using Duncan 's test. The tested fungi showed different senstivity to the various urea phosphate doses. In the presence of 1% urea phosphate the fungi sensitivity depended on their growth intensity (Aspergillus niger, Mucor hiemalis i Rhizopus nigricans). Additionally, the stimulation of fungi growth with rapid vegetative structure progress was observed. Independently of their physiological properties, significant inhibition of dry mass increase in the range of 3-12% concentration urea phosphate was observed. The result of the use of 3% urea phosphate was the reduction of dry mass growth of all tested fungi.
EN
The active substance of new herbicide generation is N-(2-pirydyloamino) methylenobisphosphonic acid. Two strains Fusarium culmorum CB3 and Fusarium oxysporum XVI, isolated from soil treated with examined substance, were chosen to investigation of using it as a sole source of phosphorus, nitrogen or carbon in the concentrations at 1.0 mM. Interactions between the dominating strains of fungi and N-(2-pirydyloamino) methylenobisphosphonic acid, mycelium growth rate, the spore germinate index, the level chemical changes of N-(2-pirydyloamino) methylenobisphosphonic acid and pH were investigated after cultivation in mineral medium and its modifications. The results of growth kinetics of the studied Fusarium fungi in the presence of N-(2-pirydyloamino) methylenobisphosphonic acid, were expressed by dry weight [g·dm-3]. Only Fusarium oxysporum XVI has been capable to grow in acidic medium (pH 4.0) using N-(2-pirydylamino) methylene-bisphosphonic acid as an alternative source of phosphorus. In these conditions the N-(2-pirydylamino) methylenebisphosphonic acid degradation was carried out to utilize phosphorus compounds as a source of nutrient components for this strain. The presence of N-(2-pirydylamino) methylenebisphosphonic acid receded a growth rate of mycelium but did not have an effect on spores of the tested fungi.
EN
Storage is a critical process of food production because incorrect conditions during this process lead to the growth of economic costs caused by material loss. It is important to maintain adequate microbiological purity of storage areas. The development of microbes present in warehouses may lead to secondary contamination of stored materials and reduce their quality. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of essential oils on the growth of Acremonium strictum, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium expansum and Purpureocillium lilacinum. Fungal strains were isolated from the food warehouse. Studies on the influence of selected mix of phenolic substances were performed using three commercially available essential oils, namely rosewood, rosemary and thyme. Evaluation of antifungal activity of these essential oils was done by plate dilution method and expressed as inhibition rate of mycelial growth and index of mycelial growth, and by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) assays. Thyme oil showed the highest antifungal activity and inhibited growth of all fungal strains at the lowest tested concentration (1 μL mL-1). Penicillium expansum strain was found to be the most resistant to the tested essential oils.
PL
Magazynowanie zbóż jest jednym z najważniejszych etapów łańcucha produkcji żywności. Zanieczyszczenia mikrobiologiczne, a w szczególności grzybami strzępkowymi mogą obniżać jakość przechowywanego ziarna oraz pośrednio generować straty ekonomiczne i niekorzystnie oddziaływać na zdrowie ludzi. Celem przeprowadzanych badań była ocena różnorodności grzybów strzępkowych obecnych w powietrzu i frakcji opadającej na powierzchnię magazynów zbożowych oraz w przechowywanym ziarnie zbóż. Badania przeprowadzono w magazynach płaskich w czasie składowania zbóż. Ogólną liczbę grzybów strzępkowych w powietrzu magazynowym oznaczono metodą wolumetryczną przy użyciu aparatu MAS-100 firmy MERCK w siedmiu wyznaczonych punktach poboru materiału. W analogicznych punktach oznaczono liczbę grzybów strzępkowych we frakcji opadającej na powierzchnię magazynową na podstawie mikrobiologicznego indeksu opadania. Ocenę mykologiczną ziarna zbóż wykonano metodą hodowlaną rozcieńczeń Kocha. Grzyby strzępkowe identyfikowano według cech morfologicznych przy wykorzystaniu kluczy diagnostycznych. W powietrzu, frakcji opadającej na powierzchnię magazynową oraz przechowywanym ziarnie zbóż dominowały szczepy z rodzajów Aspergillus i Penicillium.
EN
Storage of cereal grains is one of the most important stage in the food production chain. The microbial contamination, especially fungal one’s, may provide to decline in the grain quality and indirectly create economic losses during the storage time. The most dangerous biological hazard in the cereal warehouses, which may produce threaten human and animal health mycotoxins, are molds. Secondary metabolites of that organism are a critical issue in the word cereal production. Is suggested that mycotoxins has contaminated from 25 to 45% stored grains. Health problem affected by mycotoxins does not involve only livestock and consumers, but also warehouse workers. Especially dangerous is biological dust which includes spores and part of fungal mycelium. The purpose of research was to assess the diversity in the counts of store molds which were occurred in the air, sedimented on the surface and obtained from grains. The assessment of fungal diversity in the warehouse air was carried out by volumetric method by use the MAS-100 collector (MERCK, Poland). Each warehouses were divided on the smallest area and were selected 7 sampling points, where took 50 dm3 of air. Simultaneously 7 grain parts were collected in the random samples. The total count of molds deposited on the surface obtained by use the sedimentation index. Estimation of moulds count were taken in the mineral CzapekDox medium by the incubation in 25°C during the 7 days. Molds were sorted to species by assessed the morphological properties and comparison to the identification keys. Result were given in the CFU·m⁻³, CFU·m⁻²·min⁻¹ or CFU·g⁻¹. Molds belonged to the Pencillium genus dominated in the air and fraction deposited on the surfaces in both warehouses. The highest diversity in the species obtained within this genus. In the first warehouse isolated inclusively 22 fungal species and 13 of them were from Penicillium genus. Second warehouse characterised by occurring 17 species of molds, but only 7 belonged to Penicillium. The highest count of molds was in the store grain and the main fungal contamination were Aspergillus and Penicillium. Farther, in the second warehouse on the grain occurred phytopatogenic molds from Fusarium genus and the count of them constituted 22 percentages of total fungal count.
13
Content available Kondycjonowanie kukurydzy do produkcji bioetanolu
51%
PL
Wydajność produkcji bioetanolu zależy od jakości ziarna kukurydzy oraz zawartości szkodliwych dla gorzelnianych drożdży metabolitów. Niepożądane procesy mikrobiologiczne zachodzące w wilgotnym ziarnie kukurydzy powodują obniżenie wydajności alkoholu. Z tego powodu ziarno nie nadaje się do dłuższego przechowywania bez konieczności dosuszania, co powoduje wzrost kosztów i ceny surowca. W praktyce ziarno przechowywane jest w warunkach beztlenowych, w tzw. rękawach, i/lub konserwowane związkami chemicznymi, które mogą zaburzać proces technologiczny. Celem badań była ocena skuteczności preparatu ANTY-CYD, wprowadzonego metodą zamgławiania do cyklu technologicznego w przemysłowej produkcji bioetanolu z ziarna kukurydzy przechowywanego w rękawach. Metodą hodowlaną oznaczono liczebność mikrobioty ziarna kukurydzy. Równolegle oznaczono pH i suchą masę próbek. Obiecujące wyniki uzyskano, stosując zamgławianie ekologicznym preparatem ANTY-CYD. W konsekwencji uzyskano poprawę jakości surowca – wyraźne obniżenie ogólnej liczebności bakterii, dzikich drożdży i grzybów strzępkowych oraz bakterii fermentacji mlekowej i beztlenowych.
EN
A key role in the production of bioethanol plays a high content of starch in the raw material and the efficiency of alcoholic fermentation. Quality of corn grain, and the metabolites harmful for yeast S. cerevisiae have effect on the productivity. Undesirable microbiological processes in the moist corn grain are cause performance decrease of alcohol, and the development of filamentous fungi which poses a risk of mycotoxin contamination. For this reason grain is not suitable for long-term storage without drying, which increases the cost price of the alkohol production. This expenditure can be reduced by usage of undried grain. These grain should be used within a short time. In practice, grain are stored in anaerobic conditions and/or with use of chemical preparations. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of conditioning of grain maize using ANTI-CYD preparation by fogging method in conditions of industrial production of bioethanol. Conditioning installation to fogging of corn grain using ANTI-CYD preparation was installed at the screw conveyor to the mill. ANTI-CYD preparation was obtained in the anode-cathode reactor by electrochemical activation of NaCl solution. The resulting liquid was characterized by a strong properties of oxidizing-reducing, due to the presence of ozone, chlorine dioxide, hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions that determine the properties of the disinfectant. The culture method total number of bacteria, yeast, fungi, anaerobic microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria, acetogenic bacteria, amylolytic microorganisms, bacteria of family Enterobacteriaceae and genera: Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Enterococcus were determined. Parallelly pH of the samples and the dry mass [%] were determined. The results were given in the CFU·g⁻¹ DM. The dependence analysis were taken in the R software 3.3.1 (R Foundation, Switzerland). Promising results were obtained using fogging ecological ANTI-CYD preparation. Consequently, the obtained improvement of the quality of the grain maize; reducing the total number of bacteria, wild yeast and filamentous fungi, and lactic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria. Conditioning grain corn of reduced quality of distilling as well as in a mixture of dry grain, using a series of technological preparation ANTI-CYD, significantly reduced the number of microorganisms contaminating material. Fogging technique used raw material for bioethanol production makes the preparation reaches even difficult to reach areas and improves its efficiency disinfection, which can contribute to improving the quality of bio-ethanol and its performance.
EN
The main aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of granulating and expanding processes on bacterial and fungi-like impurities found in feed mixes for poultry. The total number of mesophylic bacteria and fungi was specified, and pathogenic bacteria and toxinogenic fungi were also taken into account. The granulating and expanding process limited the number of the bacteria, reducing it by 79.80% in the granulated mixes and by 86.40% in the expanded mixes. All the tested feed mixes were free from pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus or Salmonella. The application of granulation resulted in a 73.92% reduction of the number of fungi, and of expansion, in a 60.30% reduction. In pellets, the most frequently isolated fungi were Penicillium and Aspergillus, although Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladospo- rium, Geotrichum, Verticillium and Mucor dominated in the expanded feed. Granulating and expanding technologies seem to be very effective means of reducing microbiological impurities in feed mixes, simultaneously having a significant influence on the product quality and general salubrity of animals.
EN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of the occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in food of animal origin in the Opole region in 2008-2010. Three types of food of animal origin were examined during the study: raw meat ready for direct consumption, heat-treated meat, and dairy products. All products came from production plants. In total, 1945 samples of meat and 634 samples of dairy products were examined. Studies were conducted in accordance with official standards [PN_EN ISO 11290-1:1999]. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated with different frequency from food of animal origin throughout the research period. The highest contamination (70-80%) was found in 2008-2009 in raw meat products ready for direct consumption. Listeria was isolated from samples taken in June and November (80%) 2008 and in May (100%) 2009. Significantly lower levels of contamination (4%) were found in heat-treated meat products. Listeria was mostly isolated from samples taken in August (20%) and December (15.40%) 2008, in February (12.50%) 2009 and in August (20%) and November (25%) 2010. It was never detected in heat-treated meat products in March, April and May, regardless of the year. In dairy products, L. monocytogenes was found only in 2009, in 2.32% of the samples tested in April and in 25% of the samples tested in December. The hygiene of raw meat production improved considerably in 2010, since Listeria was found only in 13% of products. In 2010, dairy products were free of L. monocytogenes.
PL
W warunkach laboratoryjnych oceniono przydatność preparatu o handlowej nazwie Fyre-Zyme do oczyszczania gleby z substancji ropopochodnych oraz jego wpływ na dynamikę zmian mikroflory glebowej. Testowany preparat, niemający w Polsce atestu, był najskuteczniejszy w ciągu 6 godzin od wprowadzenia do zanieczyszczonej gleby. Uby­tek substancji ropopochodnych w tym czasie, w porównaniu z kontrolą, wynosił 29%, a po 60 dniach - 52%. Preparat Fyre-Zyme wspomagał usuwanie węglowodorów n-alifatycznych i WWA, natomiast nie wpływał na ubytek węglowodorów monoaromatycznych (BTEX). W obecności preparatu, w 60 dniu procesu zaobserwowano zmiany liczebności mikroor­ganizmów glebowych - obniżenie liczby mikroorganizmów eukariotycznych oraz wzrost liczby mikroorganizmów prokariotycznych. Natomiast nie odnotowano jego wpływu na liczebność mikroorganizmów metabolizujących heksadekan.
EN
The usefulness of the enzyme preparation Fyre-Zyme (trade name) for puri­fication of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil was investigated under laboratory conditions. Parallelly, its influence on the dynamics of soil microflora has been tested. Fyre-Zyme, which does not currently have a certificate in Poland, was the most effective during the first 6 hours of experiment. At this time, in comparison to control soil (without Fyre Zyme), the content of petroleum substance decreased by 29% and after 60 days by 52%. Fyre-Zyme preparation assisted the degradation of n-aliphatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) but did not affect in loss of mono-aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX). The changes of soil biotic relations were observed at presence of Fyre-Zyme - decrease of the number eukaryotic microflora and increase of prokaryotic microflora during 60 days of process. However, the enzyme preparation had no influence on the number of hexadecane degrading microorganisms.
EN
This paper assesses the impact of creosote and low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) on the activity of acid phosphomonoesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, phosphotriesterase, and inorganic pyrophosphatase in soil. The experiment was carried out on loamy sand samples with organic carbon content of 8.71 g·kg⁻¹, with the following variable factors: dosages of creosote: 0, 0.5%, and 2.5%; type of LMWOAs: oxalic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid in the amount of 50 mmol·kg⁻¹ of soil; days of experiment: 1, 7, 14, 28, 56, 112. Obtained results showed that contamination with creosote caused decrease in the activity of soil phosphatases. The observed effect did not always increase with increase in the dosage of the pollutant. Among the assayed phosphatases, the biggest changes were noted in the activity of phosphomonoesterases. Application of LMWOAs to contaminated soil mainly effected the inhibition of phosphatase, especially the activity of acid phosphomonoesterase. Comparison of the effects of LMWOAs showed that the citric acid was the least toxic to soil phosphatases.
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