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EN
Gender neutral language has been one of the most hotly debated issues in Bible translation in recent decades, especially in translations into English. The article presents some aspects of this problem expanding the perspective and comparing gender neutral language usage in modern translations of Scripture into English and Polish: the New International Version and the Paulist Bible and the Poznan Bible, with occasional references to other English and Polish translations. Renditions of selected New Testament terms such as anthrōpos, anēr, adelphos/adelphoi and huioi are examined, as well as English and Polish translations of diakoneo when it describes women accompanying Jesus in the synoptic gospels. Translations of “Junia/Junius” (Rom 16:7) are also compared as well as the issue of Phoebe the “deaconess” in Rom 16:1. The author concludes that solutions concerning gender neutral language in English and Polish translations of the Bible, sometimes similar, are not identical due to differences between these languages, due to different socio-linguistic norms characterizing Polish and English audiences respectively and due to the fact that the English translation is addressed to the evangelical Christians, while the Polish ones to the Catholics.
EN
During his life in America Czesław Miłosz met numerous people, but few were more important to him than a man whom he saw only twice – Thomas Merton. Miłosz and Merton corresponded regularly for almost ten years (1959–1968) and their letters, published in Polish and English, display two great minds involved in a deep and sincere dialogue which reveals their most intimate thoughts as well as hopes and fears. Although close, the two remained independent in their thinking and free from false flatteries. The article presents their exchanges on political issues such as the Cold War, the Civil Right Movement or the communist Russia as well as the transformations in the Catholic Church initiated by the Second Vatican Council. Intriguing similarities between their biographies are also mentioned.
EN
Aleksander Gomola Does the Bible Say What It Says? A Feminist Interpretation of the Biblical Text by Elisabeth Schiissler Fiorenza. The interpretation of the Bible postulated by feminist theology constitutes an interesting social and religious phenomenon, as it locates itself at the in­tersection of the social and religious discourses, thereby drawing its inspira­tion from both, and advocating new solutions concerning faith and social life. This essay discusses "the transformative dance of interpretation" of the Bible: a hermeneutic strategy which has been developed by the feminist theologian E. S. Fiorenza. The strategy's aim has been to recover for women their right­ful place within the community of the faithful and to revise the male-centered mode of representing the history of Christianity. That is achieved by a critical analysis of the biblical text, with particular attention paid to its patriarchal slant, the rejection of those elements which depreciate women and a creative reinterpretation premised on the assumption of the existence of the original christianity of the "discipleship of the equal", that is a community where men and women enjoyed equal rights. The above mentioned strategy, in contrast with traditional methods of interpretation, bestows upon the reader a superior role in relation to the text, which constitutes a major departure from the tradi­tion of biblical interpretation.
PL
Aleksander Gomola Does the Bible Say What It Says? A Feminist Interpretation of the Biblical Text by Elisabeth Schiissler Fiorenza. The interpretation of the Bible postulated by feminist theology constitutes an interesting social and religious phenomenon, as it locates itself at the in­tersection of the social and religious discourses, thereby drawing its inspira­tion from both, and advocating new solutions concerning faith and social life. This essay discusses "the transformative dance of interpretation" of the Bible: a hermeneutic strategy which has been developed by the feminist theologian E. S. Fiorenza. The strategy's aim has been to recover for women their right­ful place within the community of the faithful and to revise the male-centered mode of representing the history of Christianity. That is achieved by a critical analysis of the biblical text, with particular attention paid to its patriarchal slant, the rejection of those elements which depreciate women and a creative reinterpretation premised on the assumption of the existence of the original christianity of the "discipleship of the equal", that is a community where men and women enjoyed equal rights. The above mentioned strategy, in contrast with traditional methods of interpretation, bestows upon the reader a superior role in relation to the text, which constitutes a major departure from the tradi­tion of biblical interpretation.
EN
The article explores Polish translations of excerpts of selected Shakespeare’s plays and sonnets revealing, according to proponents of “Lancastrian Shakespeare” theory, his pro-Catholic sympathies to see to what extent historical-religious tropes to be found in them are retained in target texts. Allusions to Edmund Campion (The Twelfth Night), Henry Garnet (Macbeth), and Anne Line (The Tempest) are discussed as they appear both in most popular and less known Polish translations of Shakespeare. The analysis shows that certain allusions suggesting Shakespeare’s crypto-Catholicism are visible in Polish translations yet quite a few, especially double entendres, disappear.
PL
Artykuł analizuje polskie tłumaczenia wybranych fragmentów twórczości Szekspira wskazujących, według zwolenników teorii lancasterskiej, na jego kryptokatolicyzm. W części pierwszej przedstawia najważniejsze tezy teorii lancasterskiej i jej skutki dla interpretacji twórczości Szekspira. Później analizuje, jak w polskich tłumaczeniach oddano aluzje do dwóch jezuitów – Edmunda Campiona (Wieczór Trzech Króli) i Henry’ego Garneta (Makbet) oraz do Anny Line (Burza). W analizie uwzględniono tłumaczenia najpopularniejsze (Słomczyński, Barańczak, Sito), jak i mniej znane, w tym najnowsze (Dygat, Siwicka, Kamiński). Krótkiej analizie poddano także tłumaczenia Sonetu 73. Artykuł dowodzi, że przekłady polskie zachowują zazwyczaj konotacje oryginału, gdy te odnoszą się do elementów pozatekstualnych, zatarciu ulegają natomiast konotacje będące wynikiem gry słów lub związane ze strukturą języka oryginału.
FR
L’article explore les traductions polonaises des extraits des pièces et sonnets de Shakespeare révélant, d’après les proposants de la théorie du « Lancastrian Shakespeare », ses sympathies pro-catholiques. La première partie présente les points les plus importants de la théorie lancastrienne et son impact sur l’interpretation de l’œuvre de Shakespeare. La partie suivante analyse les allusions à deux jésuites, Edmund Campion (La Nuit des rois) et Henry Garnet (Macbeth), ainsi qu’à Anne Line (La Tempête). Ces allusions sont analysées puisqu’elles apparaissent tant dans les traductions polonaises les plus connues (tels Słomczyński, Barańczak, Sito) que dans les traductions moins répandues (à savoir Dygat, Siwicka, Kamiński). De surcroît, le Sonnet no 73 est brièvement analysé. L’étude montre que certaines connotations du texte source sont gardées, lorsqu’elles se réfèrent à des éléments extratextuels; néanmoins, beaucoup de connotations, en particulier celles basées sur les jeux de mots, disparaissent.
PL
The article addresses the problem of the Christian discourse, and more specifically conceptual blends with “shepherd”, “sheep” and related concepts in an input space in the writings of Ignatius of Antioch, St Augustine, Cyprian of Carthage and others. The analysis of selected blends shows their importance in Christian discourse and their role in the creation of the doctrine and practice of the early Church. The article shows that conceptual blends are a flexible tool for conceptualising different notions in accordance with the aims of their authors. The overall objective of this article is to show the role of language in the formation of the Christian identity and doctrine, and the usefulness of the blending theory in the description of these phenomena.
EN
The Bible, seen by many as a normative and patriarchal text, poses a serious challenge to feminism. Feminist theologians strive to restore to it female dignity and equality. The article presents selected examples of the feminist interpretation of the Bible. It also analyses the English and German translations. Instances of inclusive language, evident in the feminist translation of the Bible, are examined. Moreover, non-feminist inclusive translations of the Bible into English and Polish are investigated.
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EN
The article explores the gender roles of men and women in selected aspects of the Catholic discourse: the Bible, doctrine, liturgy and mysticism. It demonstrates that the biblical vision of gender roles that depreciates women is still present in the doctrine and liturgy of Catholicism, while in medieval Catholic mysticism it was the basis of „spousal mysticism” resulting in texts with sexual connotations written by women. The biblical understanding of gender roles is still visible in the contemporary Catholic discourse in Poland, as evidenced by the critical attitude of the Church hierarchy towards the LGBT+ people and the current initiatives of Polish laymen referring to military imagery.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia rozumienie ról płciowych mężczyzn i kobiet w wybranych aspektach dyskursu katolickiego: Biblii, doktrynie, liturgii i mistyce. Dowodzi, że biblijna wizja ról mężczyzn i kobiet deprecjonująca kobiety jest ciągle obecna w doktrynie i liturgii katolicyzmu, a w średniowiecznym katolicyzmie Pieśń nad Pieśniami była podstawą „mistyki oblubieńczej” i tekstów mistycznych o konotacjach seksualnych. Biblijne rozumienie płci zarówno w wymiarze biologicznym, jak i społeczno-kulturowym jest nadal widoczne we współczesnym dyskursie katolickim w Polsce, czego dowodzą krytyczny stosunek hierarchii Kościoła do osób z grupy LGBT+ oraz inicjatywy katolików mężczyzn odwołujące się do metaforyki militarnej.
PL
Artykuł omawia wybrane aspekty kulturotwórczej roli Septuaginty na przestrzeni wieków. Po krótkiej charakterystyce tego greckiego tłumaczenia Biblii hebrajskiej i prezentacji jego genezy (zarówno legendarnej jak i faktycznej) przedstawiona została jej rola jako tekstu fundacyjnego dla chrześcijaństwa oraz niektóre ślady jej wpływu widoczne w kulturze europejskiej po dzień dzisiejszy. W konkluzji stwierdzono że Septuaginta to „największy przekład wszechczasów”, który odcisnął trwałe piętno na zachodniej cywilizacji
EN
The article discusses selected aspects of the cultural role of the Septuagint over the centuries. It begins with a brief characterization of this Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible and an overview of its origins, both legendary and factual. The article then explores its significance as a foundational text for Christianity and highlights some traces of its influence that are still visible in European culture today. In conclusion, it asserts that the Septuagint can be considered “the greatest translation of all time” and emphasizes its lasting impact on Western civilization.
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