Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Wymiana handlowa Polski z Armenią, Azerbejdżanem i Gruzją

100%

Gomółka K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego ACTA POLITICA

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2014

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nr 29

5-16

EN

Foreign trade of Poland the fastest was developing with Georgia on the background of the South Caucasus countries. In 2001 foreign trade turnovers of Poland were greatest with Azerbaijan, but in 2012 with Georgia. In the period 2001-2012 overall Polish trade turnovers were higher with Georgia than Azerbaijan. It happened because it was not realized project to extend the Odessa-Brody pipeline to Plock and Gdansk which would enable in future to increase the purchase of fuels. Armenia exhibited weaker results in foreign trade with Poland. In 2001 share of South Caucasus countries in total trade turnovers of Poland accounted for 0.005%, and in 2012 it increased for 0.045%. Although trade exchange was characterized by an upward trend, it had not had a major impact on the economic situation of Poland.

PL

Handel zagraniczny Polski najszybciej rozwijał się z Gruzją w porównaniu z pozostałymi krajami Kaukazu Południowego. W 2001 r. największe obroty handlowe Polska zanotowała z Azerbejdżanem, a w 2012 r. z Gruzją. Ogółem obroty handlowe Polski w latach 2001-2012 były większe z Gruzją niż Azerbejdżanem. Stało się tak z powodu nie podjęcia realizacji projektu przedłużenia rurociągu Odessa- Brody do Płocka i Gdańska, co umożliwiłoby zwiększenie zakupu paliw płynnych. Słabszymi wynikami w handlu z Polska mogła się wykazać Republika Armenii. Łączne obroty handlowe Polski z państwami Kaukazu Południowego w 2001 r. stanowiły 0,005% całości polskich obrotów a w 2012 r. 0,045 %. Pomimo, iż cechowała je tendencja wzrostowa, to nie miały one większego wpływu na sytuacje ekonomiczną Polski.

2

Energy Security of Polish Consumers in 2004–2021

63%

Gomółka K. , Kasprzak P.

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nr 2

21-39

EN

Theoretical background: Energy security is one of the most important components of economic security. It is influenced not only by access to energy sources and the economic situation of the state and the individual consumer. The authors adopted the definition of energy security of an individual consumer as included in the UN report. It states that the energy security of an individual consumer is guaranteed when the average consumer has access to energy at all times, in various forms, in sufficient quantity and at a reasonable price, with the simultaneous development of support mechanisms for socially and economically sensitive consumers, and after implementation of independent mechanisms for resolving disputes with the energy company, which eliminate or at least alleviate the economic advantage of the enterprises.Purpose of the article: The main aim of the paper is to present the impact of macroeconomic indicators of the Polish economy on the energy security of Polish consumers with a minimum and average monthly income. Detailed objectives include determining the possibility of purchasing by consumers with such income, diesel oil, Pb95 gasoline, LPG, electricity, heat and present changes in the energy security of individual consumers in the analyzed period (i.e. 2004–2021).Methods: The study covered Poland, country which joined the European Union in 2004. The period of the analysis described the years from 2004 to 2021. The source of the collected information was a review of the literature on the subject and statistical data. Descriptive, tabular and graphical methods, constant dynamic indicators were used for the analysis and presentation of the results.Main findings: The last two decades of the 21st century have brought Poland a number of positive socio-economic changes. The Polish economy noted that inflation remained at the level of National Bank of Poland’s expectations, increased trade, a marked decline in unemployment and rising wages, and thus a general increase in the quality of life as well as energy security of the individual consumer. The authors assumed that in the years of 2004–2021 the consumer had good access to energy, heat and other fuels. The supplies of energy resources were ensured by long-term contracts, including the Yamal contract, and the demand for heating coal was satisfied with the raw material largely mined in Poland. Heat, mainly in large clusters of people, was generated by coal-fired power plants. This raw material was also used by power plants. For heating their houses, individual consumers – mainly in the countryside – used gas or oil.

3

The Business Environment of Georgia and Ukraine: Approaches to a Comparative Analysis

63%

Gomółka K. , Kurmaiev P.

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nr 1

119-134

EN

The formation of a favourable business environment and the intensification of entrepreneurial activity on this basis is one of the priorities of economic policy of governments around the world. The aim of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of some of the characteristics of the business environment of Georgia and Ukraine. The theoretical basis of the study is the understanding of the business environment as a necessary prerequisite for the implementation of entrepreneurial initiatives in a particular country. In the process of our research, the following methods were used: comparative analysis, generalisation, content analysis, correlation, and regression analysis. The authors studied the business environment of Georgia and Ukraine on the basis of an analysis of the following components; that of general economic, political and legal, financial, and fiscal. The results of the study show that Georgia's business environment is more favourable than Ukraine's. It is noted that between 2011-2020, Georgia made significant progress in the fight against corruption, in simplifying the procedures for starting a business, and bettering access to finance. Both countries are reforming their tax systems towards liberalisation and democratisation, and they declare the functioning of special tax regimes. According to the Paying Taxes indicator, which is calculated within the Doing Business rating, Georgia improved its result from 61st position in the ranking in 2011 to 14th position in 2020, while Ukraine improved its result from 181st place in 2011 to 65th place in 2020. It is indicated that between 2011-2020, Ukraine showed significant positive dynamics in inflation targeting. The authors note that the weakest elements of the business environment in Ukraine are its efforts to ensure the independence of the judiciary and the fight against corruption. In conclusion, the authors note that the policy of the governments of Georgia and Ukraine should be aimed at the further democratisation of relations with businesses in order to increase the level of a favourable business environment.