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Kulturowe otoczenie systemu rodzinnego: Spojrzenie wstecz

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Dryll E.

Psychologia Wychowawcza

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2022

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nr 67(25)

66-87

EN

The issue of the family plays an important role in contemporary social discourse. On one hand, any deviations from its traditional model are strongly criticized, and on the other hand, this model is glorified and offered as “the only right one” against the obvious civilizational and cultural changes. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect on the dilemmas related to the sphere of family life. These dilemmas result from our biological preconditions, and culture tries to resolve them in various ways, proposing certain institutional solutions. Undoubtedly, these solutions result not only from biology, but also from the entire cultural institution of a given civilization formation and are sanctioned by the obvious (and sometimes also the sacred). The description of institutions related to procreation, far from what we take for granted today, is intended to deepen our reflection on the present day. The following issues were taken up (which are also the titles of the following subsections): gender, faithfulness or free love, ritual of commitment, problems with monogamy, parenthood, fatherhood, traditional division of roles. The material for the analysis consists of anthropological studies relating to archaic societies, Egypt of the Hellenic period, Ottoman Turkey, India of the Brahmin period, Greece, Rome, Judaism and Christianity.

PL

We współczesnym dyskursie społecznym problematyka rodziny zajmuje ważne miejsce. Z jednej strony ostro krytykowane są wszelkie odstępstwa od jej tradycyjnego modelu, z drugiej ten właśnie model gloryfikowany i oferowany jako „jedynie słuszny” wbrew oczywistym przemianom cywilizacyjnym i kulturowym. Niezbędna jest, wobec tego, refleksja na temat dylematów związanych ze sferą życia rodzinnego. Dylematy te wynikają z naszego wyposażenia biologicznego, a usiłuje je w różny sposób rozstrzygać kultura, proponując pewne instytucjonalne rozwiązania. Niewątpliwie rozwiązana te wynikają nie tylko z biologii, ale też z całokształtem instytucji kultury danej formacji cywilizacyjnej i są obwarowane sankcją oczywistości (a czasem także sacrum). Opis instytucji związanych z prokreacją, dalekich od tego, co dziś uważamy za oczywiste, ma na celu pogłębienie refleksji nad współczesnością. Podjęte zostały następujące zagadnienia (które też stanowią tytuły kolejnych podrozdziałów): płeć, wierność czy wolna miłość, rytuał zobowiązania, problemy z monogamią, rodzicielstwo, ojcostwo, tradycyjny podział ról. Materiał do analiz stanowią opracowania antropologiczne odnoszące się do społeczeństw archaicznych, Egiptu okresu helleńskiego, Turcji osmańskiej, Indii okresu bramińskiego, Grecji, Rzymu, Judaizmu i Chrześcijaństwa.

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Rodzina w systemie społecznym: Klasyczne teorie i badania psychologii międzykulturowej

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Dryll E.

Psychologia Wychowawcza

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2022

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nr 66(24)

36-59

EN

An undeniable fact in psychology is the statement that the individual fate of an individual is influenced by family influences, but these depend to a large extent on the location of the family in the social structure and, more broadly, in a specific civilization context. Cross-cultural psychology provides a lot of information in this regard, although it seems to be far from the final conclusions. The presented text provides an overview of important theoretical approaches and research relating to contemporary cross-cultural differences in the sphere of family life. In the first subsection, they deal with general approaches and system structure. The second presents data on research related to the concept of parental ethonotheroia of child rearing. The third section is devoted to tracking the specificity of Polish families against the background of the modern world – international research, taking into account the Polish sample, and the comparison of the results of Polish and American research carried out with the use of the same measurement tool (resulting from a specific and, as it turned out, culturally-dependent theory).

3

Doświadczenia życiowe a narracja tożsamościowa osoby

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Dryll E.

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nr 1

PL

Life experience and narrative identity Narrative identity is a story about one’s biography. The story is composed with a use of interpretative schemas, which are provided by the culture. The story changes, when a person passes an important experience. It can change in a typical way, if the experience is typical, because culture offers particular set of possible interpretations of typical human experiences. A spectacular example of that phenomenon is the change of a story about one’s mother, when a woman becomes a mother herself (what is illustrated by conducted research). 50 woman married no longer then 4 years, were asked to tell a story about their mothers. Half of them have got one child (no older then 3 years), a second half have no children yet. Narratives were compared. Stories told by young mothers differ from childless’ women’s in many aspects, especially in paying attention to mother’s relations with others. Women, who have no children, speak of mother’s individual activities (her behavior, work, childhood etc). An experience of motherhood, as can be observed, changes the way the person perceives previous experience. It indicates that the narrative identity is not an agenda of the life events, it is rather a structure of the event’s interpretations – the interpretation constructed in terms of the general schema of meanings or, in other words, the general idea of one’s life.

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Narracja autobiograficzna w biegu życia

63%

Dryll E. , Cierpka A.

Człowiek i Społeczeństwo

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2023

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tom 56

23-43

EN

The aim of the article is to present the concept and research on the development of autobiographical narrative in the course of a person’s life. Reference was made to basic concepts important for the analysis of the topic: the definition of narrative, constructionist assumptions, understanding the process of creating self-narrative and the definition of autobiographical narrative. The considerations also include the issue of autobiographical memory and the discussion on understanding autobiographical narrative as monolithic vs. polyphonic. The following subchapters discuss the predispositions and development of early narrative competences, the beginnings of constructing an autobiographical narrative, the mechanisms of shaping and changing the autobiographical narrative in adulthood, including the characteristic features of self-narratives in late adulthood. The review of research presented in the article documents the mechanisms of shaping the autobiographical narrative, the directions of its changes in the life course and selected relationships important for understanding the process of these changes (e.g. the issue of increasing the ability to reflect biographically with age, fulfilling the need for generativity, the effect of intentionally minimizing unpleasant feelings in senior age, the concept of gerotranscendence, etc.). The article ends with reflections on the importance of constructing an autobiographical narrative in the modern world, the availability of autobiographical reflection and its meaning-creating value.

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Temporal perspective and the transmission of life experience in senility

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Dryll E. , Tokarska U. , Cierpka A.

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nr Special issue

19-39

EN

The article presents the relationship between temporal perspective and wisdom transmission of the people in late adulthood to the younger generation. The participants were asked to write a short “Letter to a grandchild”. The letters written by 119 participants aged over 60 years old were analyzed qualititavely in terms of content and form, using categories from previous studies (Dryll, Tokarska, Cierpka, 2016). In order to assess temporal perspective the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) by Philip G. Zimbardo and John Boyd was used (adaptation by Aneta Przepiórka, Małgorzata Sobol-Kwapińska and Tomasz Jankowski, 2016). A number of dependencies between transmission characteristics and temporal perspective scales was observed. The results follow a characteristic pattern where instead of the focus on timing (past, present, and future), an attitude (positive or negative) seems to be more important. The results do not support the concept of a balanced temporal perspective, which can be explained by cultural differences as well as developmental characteristics of the participants.