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PL
W celu zbadania cząsteczek i atomów - ich jąder i cząstek elementarnych - stosowane są różne metody spektralne, które ogólnie określa się mianem spektroskopii. Badania za pomocą metod spektralnych polegają na otrzymaniu i interpretacji widma energii jaką emitują, pochłaniają lub rozporaszają dane atomy, czy jądra atomów. W celu identyfikacji budowy cząsteczek związków organicznych stosuje się oprócz innych metod (NMR, MS, UV-VIS) również analizę widm IR. Technika spektroskopii w podczerwieni została zastosowana jako jedna z metod potwierdzających budowę nowo zsyntezowanych związków z grupy 2,5-dipodstawionych 1,3,4-tiadizoli oraz 4H-3, 1-benzotiazyn o potwierdzonym działaniu biologicznym.
EN
In laboratory plate studies on the effect of L-histidine on the fungistatic action of 2,4,6- trihydroxybenzencarboditioic acid (TBKD) was recorded. A gradual increase of concentration of L-histidine in the mineral medium at first weakens and then increases inhibitory properties of the system. The mechanism of the molecular co-operation of the amino acid was also discussed.
EN
Animal models are very popular in medicine, including psychiatry, having the potential to provide a better understanding of various facets of the course, etiology and treatment of disorders. One of the disorders authors have been focusing their attention on is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In order to provide appropriate information about the disorder the model has to meet several criteria. It has been postulated that even very brief stressors should be capable of inducing biological and behavioural symptoms of PTSD, that the stressor should be capable of inducing the symptoms in a dose-dependent manner, that the symptoms should persist over time or even become more pronounced, that the stressor should induce alterations that have the potential for bi-directional expression; enhanced (hyperarousal) and reduced (avoidance and/or numbing) responsiveness to environmental stimuli which recall the initial trauma and that interindividual variability in response to a stressor should be present either as a function of experience, genetics, or an interaction of the two. Researchers use a variety of stressors to induce PTSD-like symptoms in animals most of which are uncontrollable and unescapable. Both human and animal reactions to threats bear a high degree of similarity. The symptoms observed in animals exposed to a threatening situation resemble those observed in PTSD patients and include behavioural and physiological stress symptoms, avoidance of stimuli associated with an aversive experience, analgesia, disrupted sleep patterns, increased aggressive behaviour, hyperarousal and exaggerated startle response. In the article a number of models of PTSD are being evaluated as to whether they meet the criteria of an ideal model. The criterion most rarely met is taking into account individual differences in the vulnerability to PTSD.
EN
Exploration is considered to be a form of spontaneous activity and it seems to be a stable and phylogeniticaly old phenomenon. In laboratory conditions, many different methods are applied for measurement of activity motivated by need for stimulation. In our experiment we have decided to apply battery of tests - open field, elevated cross-maze and self-exposure chamber, assuming that these tests most fully and complementary measure various aspects of exploratory activity. Experimental factors influencing exploration activity which we decided to test are variables 'handling' and 'sex'. Obtained results show appropriate selection of research methods. An additive effect of experimental factors on indicators of exploratory behavior as well as on emotional behavior, except number of urinations in open field test and lack of interaction of 'handling' and 'sex' factors seems to support postulate of conducting research on mixed samples of males and females. Our results also confirm earlier signaled, existence of two independent motivational systems: one regulating behavior, aimed at new stimuli (expressed by alternation) and second adjusting general level of exploratory activity.
EN
The retention behaviour of eighteen new antifungal dihydroxythiobenzanilides in a reversed-phase high performance thin-layer chromatographic system has been examined. Using water-acetone as the mobile phase, a linear relationship between the volume fraction of the organic solvent and the log k' values over a limited range was established for every solute. The physico-chemical parameters of these compounds were characterized by their hydrophobicity parameters log k'w, determined by extrapolation of the linear relationships for retention data in binary solvent systems to pure water. The good correlation obtained between log k' and S values of TLC equation supports the validity of the extrapolation technique. It was found that log k'w values of examined substances were correlated to their antimicrobial activity. The results suggest that log k'w might be an accurate model for assessment of the hydrophobicity of studied fungicides in biological systems.
EN
Bee venom is a complex mixture of substances of natural origin, whose therapeutic properties are used in many areas of medicine. Generally accepted procedures applied in the process of developing new drugs include tests that examine interactions between the new drug and the enzymes of the cytochrome P450 group (CYP450), which play a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous substances in mammals. The use of bee venom in the treatment of various diseases and in immunotherapy makes it necessary to test this material for its effect on the enzymes of the CYP450 group in order to prevent health-threatening interactions. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of bee venom and its main component, melittin, on CYP1A2 enzyme activity. This enzyme plays an important role in the metabolism of many pharmaceuticals and toxins. This is the first study on the effect of bee venom on the activity of an enzyme of the CYP450 family. The CYP1A2/CEC High Throughput Inhibitor Screening Kit (BD Biosciences) was used in the study. The method was based on the measurement of fluorescence of the enzymatic reaction product (3-cyano-7- -hydroksycoumarin) formed by the action of the CYP1A2 on the substrate (3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin) in the presence of a potential inhibitor in various concentrations. Furafylline was used as a model inhibitor. Twenty samples of bee venom from different years and of different origin, as well as melittin, were analyzed. The tests were performed at 37°C in 96-well microplates with an Infinite M200 Pro (Tecan) microplate reader. Fluorescence measurement parameters were as follows: excitation – 410 nm, emission – 460 nm. On the basis on the results obtained, IC₅₀ values were calculated, which are equal to the concentrations of particular inhibitors causing the inhibition of enzyme activity by 50%. The IC₅₀ values against CYP1A2 for different samples of bee venom ranged from 0.13 µg/ml to 2.38 µg/ml (mean = 0.74 µg/ml). Comparison of the IC₅₀ values for bee venom and furafylline (1.53 µg/ml) demonstrates potent inhibitor properties of bee venom against CYP1A2. The fact that IC₅₀ values for different bee venom samples show a relatively high variability may be caused by composition differences between particular bee venom samples. The data obtained also indicate that melittin is a relatively weak inhibitor of CYP1A2 activity compared to bee venom (IC₅₀ for melittin is 41.04 μg/ml). It can therefore be assumed that the inhibition of CYP1A2 by bee venom is caused by its other components. The results obtained highlight the problem of potential interactions between bee venom and therapy.
EN
The development, optimization, and validation of a new high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) method is presented for determining 2-(3-chlorophenyloamino)-5-(2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (ClABT) in biological samples of rat plasma and brain tissue. ClABT was extracted directly from a plasma supernatant fraction following protein precipitation with acetonitrile and high speed centrifugation. Reverse phase HPLC separation was performed using an ODS-2 Hypersil column with the mobile phase consisting of 0.05 M triethylammonium phosphate buffer solution in acetonitrile and methanol (120:280:600, v/v/v), at room temperature, 1.2 mL min-1 flow rate, and UV-diode-array detection (DAD), at 335 nm. A linear response was obtained between 12.5 and 2000 ng mL-1 at analytically acceptable levels of precision (intra/inter-day) and accuracy. Mean recoveries ranged from 92.7% to 107.9%. It was concluded that the method was specific and precise and thus suitable for quantitative analysis in clinical pharmacokinetic studies of ClABT.
PL
Celem pracy była ocena różnic stężeń cholesterolu (TC), jego frakcji (LDL-C) i triacyloglicerydów (TG) w osoczu badanych pacjentów w okresie jesienno zimowym stosujących dietę hipolipemiczną. Badaniem objęto 47 osób ( 25 kobiet i 22 mężczyzn) w wieku 37-64 lata w związku z leczeniem nadwagi (BMI 27,5±3,9). Wszyscy pacjenci uczestniczący w badaniu od kilu miesięcy stosowali dietę opartą na ograniczeniu zawartości tłuszczów. U 22 osób z tej grupy stwierdzono hiperlipidemię typu II. U pacjentów u których stwierdzono wartości stężeń TC, LDL-C, i TG przekraczające podane zakresy referencyjne zalecono kontrolną wizytę po upływie 12 tygodni. Badanych podzielono na 2 grupy: I: grupa kontrolna: 22 osoby zdrowe (13 kobiet i 9 mężczyzn) z prawidłowymi stężeniami lipidów, w wielu 56,90±6,3 lat. II: 25 chorych z hiperlipidemią typu II (12 kobiet i 13 mężczyzn) w wieku 49,3 lat ±12,3 Po zakończeniu badań u pacjentów z hiperlipidemią typu II stwierdzono znamienny wzrost: 1. TC i LDL-C porównując grupę przed badaniem do grupy po 12 tygodniach obserwacji. 2. LDL-C i TG porównując grupę przed badaniem do grupy kontrolnej. 3. TG porównując grupę po 12 tygodniach obserwacji do grupy kontrolnej.
EN
The aim of the study was to assess the variability of plasma levels of cholesterol, its fractions and triglycerides in patients on hypolipemic diet examined in autumn and winter season. The study comprised 47 patients (25 women and 22 men), aged 37-64 years. All these patients applied the diet based on limitation of fat contents associated with overweight treatment (BMI 27,5±3,9). Type II hyperlipidemia was diagnosed in 22 patients. The patients in whom the values of TC, LDL-C and TG levels exceeded the given reference range, were recommended a check-up after 12 weeks. The examined were divided into 2 groups: I - the control group: 22 healthy subjects (13 women and 9 men) with normal lipid profile, aged 56,90±6,3 years. II - 25 patients with type II hyperlipidemia (12 women and 13 men), aged 49,3±12,3 years. On completion of the study, in patients with type II hyperlipidemia, a significant increase was observed of: 1. TC and LDL - C comparing the group before the examination and after 12 weeks of observation. 2. LDL-C and TG comparing the group before the examination to the control group. 3. TG comparing the group after 12 weeks of observation to the control group.
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