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nr 2
EN
Oxidative stress, defined as a shift of the balance between prooxidative and antioxidative reactions in favor of the former seems to be a common denominator of the action of various agents on living organisms. This review briefly presents the sources of reactive oxygen species and means of antioxidative defense in plants, means of assessment of oxidative stress and exemplary data on the induction of oxidative stress by various environmental and biological factors such as hyperoxia, light, drought, high salinity, cold, metal ions, pollutants, xenobiotics, toxins, reoxygenation after anoxia, experimental manipulations, pathogen infection and aging of plant organs.
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nr 4
EN
Peroxynitrite (oxoperoxonitrate(-l)), anion of peroxynitrous acid, is thought to mediate the toxic action of nitric oxide and superoxide anion. Peroxynitrite is formed in a fast reaction between these species, reacts with all classes of biomolecules, is cytotoxic, and is thought to be involved in many pathological phenomena. Its main reactions involve one- and two-electron oxidation and nitration. Protein nitration is often used as a footprint of peroxynitrite reactions in vivo. Nitration of tyrosine and of tyrosyl residues in proteins may be an important mechanism of derangement of biochemical signal transduction by this compound. However, apparently beneficial effects of peroxynitrite have also been described, among them formation of nitric oxide and nitric oxide donors in reactions of peroxynitrite with thiols and alcohols.
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2003
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tom 08
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nr 2
EN
The Total Antioxidant Capacity of several human fluids was compared and the following sequence of TAC values was found: urine > saliva > blood plasma > milk ≈ amniotic fluid >> sweat. Lower TAC values were found for the saliva of smokers than for that of non-smokers. Drinking of a cup of instant coffee increased the hydrogen peroxide content of urine but did not decrease the TAC of urine.
EN
Inhibition of oxidation of 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) by free radicals generated by decomposition of 2,2'-azobis(2-amidopropane) (ABAP) by antioxidants and biological material was studied. A correlation was found between the ability of various substances to delay the onset of ABTS oxidation and their rapid reduction of the ABTS+* cation radical, and between the ability to reduce the maximal rate of ABTS oxidation and slow reduction of ABTS+*. The length of the lag period of ABTS oxidation was found to be independent of ABTS concentration. Similar decrease of peroxynitrite-induced ABTS+* formation by antioxidants was observed when the antioxidants were added before and after peroxynitrite. All these findings indicate that the main effect of antioxidants in this system is reduction of ABTS+* and not prevention of its formation. Reduction of oxidation products rather than inhibition of their formation may be the predominant mode of action of antioxidants in various assays of antioxidant activity.
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