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EN
The aim of the paper was to present legal regulations pertaining to the protection and registration of traditional and regional food in the European Union and Poland. The paper discusses the conditions which food products must meet to qualify for protection under Protected Designation of Origin, Protected Geographical Indication and Traditional Speciality Guaranteed.
EN
Mycoplasma mastitis is one of the most pressing problems in herds of cows, especially in regions of increased milk production. Clinical signs in infected animals are not specific and the diagnosis of its causes should be based on laboratory testing. The classical scheme of investigation used in laboratories does not allow for their detection and should be extended to one of their methods of detection. Increased opportunities to detect mycoplasma are attained by proper storage of the milk samples.
EN
Examination of raw milk samples provides important information to breeders, free practice veterinarians, inspectors, and processing facilities. Milk samples are collected at different stages of the dairy chain. The paper discusses most of the directions in which raw milk samples are tested at the stages of milk collection and storage. In order to standardize the proceedings prior to laboratory analysis, the paper cites regulations and guidelines specifying the appropriate sampling of milk, as well as the transport and storage of samples. Each sample collected for testing should be accompanied by a document that identifies the sample and the batch from which it was collected. Proper pre-analytical procedures are an important factor influencing the results of laboratory tests.
EN
The study has described the history of the research of Listeria, starting from 1924 when it was identified for the first time. Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of Listeria have been described. Furthermore, the occurrence of Listeria in the environment of humans and animals has been presented. Moreover, mechanisms and effectors that influence pathogenesis have been presented as well as the latest information about the extent of presence of listeriosis in European Union countries.
EN
Detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MAP) in tissues of patients suffering from Crohn's disease has given rise to speculation that this mycobacterium may play some role in the development of this disease in humans. Food products, especially milk obtained from animals infected with paratuberculosis, may be a potential vector of MAP to humans, yet the detection of this pathogen poses a number of difficulties. This study was aimed at comparing the effectiveness of MAP isolation from milk samples. Mycobacteria were detected by means of two methods: direct isolation of DNA using a QIAamp DNA Mini Kit by Qiagen, and a culture method with the use of HEYM culture medium. Analyses were carried out on 87 samples of udder cow milk originating from a herd that exhibited seropositive and serodoubtful reactions against paratuberculosis. The presence of an insertion sequence IS-900 was detected in 18 samples of udder milk analyzed with the method of direct DNA isolation and in two samples analyzed by means of the culture method.
EN
The development of new and modification of previously existing food quality systems are the result of growing consumer demand for quality food. The EU systems guaranteed traditional specialty and geographical indications have been subjected to verification and are designed for these new legal requirements, which are discussed in the article. Moreover, in this article five national systems approved by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development are presented and characterized. Differences between the UE and national food quality systems have been indicated.
EN
The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis occurrence in raw milk samples from north-eastern Poland. Samples of udder milk were collected from herds in which seropositive reactions on paratuberculosis had been confirmed in samples of bulk tank milk from production farms. Standardization and decontamination of milk samples from fast growing microflora was carried out prior to research which was performed by using the culture method. PCR technique was used to distinguish MAP from other mycobacterium, thus enabling the IS-900 fragment to be detected. The presence of MAP was confirmed in 2.4% of udder milk samples from north-eastern Poland, but none was confirmed in bulk tank milk samples from this region.
EN
Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) is a chronic, infectious enteritis of both domestic and wild ruminants. Unfortunately, the problem of MAP infections is not linked only with the health status of animals and potential direct and indirect economic losses in bovine herds (of dairy cattle in particular). MAP bacilli present in food of animal origin (milk in particular) are likely to lead to the development od the disease in humans. Fast and effective diagnosis of the disease in animals, especially of its subclinical form, may prevent the transmission of the germ to humans. The study was aimed at analyzing the correlations between the occurance of seropositive and serodoubtful reaction in the ELISA test and the presence of DNA-MAP in udder milk. The results suggest that half of the population of animals with positive and doubtful serological responces against John’s disease are likely to be a potential source of germ transmission into humans. The fact of detecting DNA-MAP in 1/3 of all milk samples points to the likelihood of occurrence ofMAP bacilli in milk of animals not displaying seropositive or serodoubtful responses.
EN
Producing dairy products which are safe for consumers requires the constant monitoring of the microbiological quality of raw material, the production process itself and the end product. Traditional methods, still a "gold standard", require a specialized laboratory working on recognized and validated methods. Obtaining results is time- and labor-consuming and do not allow rapid evaluation. Hence, there is a need for a rapid, precise method enabling the real-time monitoring of microbiological quality, and flow cytometry serves this function well. It is based on labeling cells suspended in a solution with fluorescent dyes and pumping them into a measurement zone where they are exposed to a precisely focused laser beam. This paper is aimed at presenting the possibilities of applying flow cytometry in the dairy industry.
EN
The aim of the study was to determine the kinetics of the growth and survival of Staphylococcus aureus in regional rennet ripened cheese manufactured from unpasteurized goat’s milk. Cheese samples were contaminated with S. aureus and stored at 4, 6, 20, or 22°C. During storage, pH balance, water activity, and the number of S. aureus cells per gram of the sample were determined. On the basis of the data, models of growth and survival of staphylococci in cheese were described, using a system of three coupled differential equations. The analysis of the measurements and fitting of the model demonstrated that the model consisting of a system of three differential equations was a good fit for the experimental data on water activity, pH, and the number of bacteria.
EN
Paratuberculosis is a chronic, ulcerating enteritis induced by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It affects domesticated and wild ruminants throughout the world and causes significant economic losses. The opinion that the eradication of tuberculosis has resulted in the elimination of MAP-infected animals and that the disease no longer occurs in Poland, together with difficulties in the diagnosis of the disease, often complicated by other afflictions, the long period of its development and its dubious clinical picture, cause that herd infection might remain unrecognized for a number of years. Dyspepsia proceeding with periodical watery diarrhea was observed on a farm with 250 dairy cows located in Żuławy Wiślane, in the north-eastern region of Poland. By the elimination of epizootic diseases, the conclusion was that the most probable cause of the disease is paratuberculosis. It was proved by the serological tests of cows with clinical symptoms and cows which had manifested symptoms earlier. All blood samples from cows with clinical symptoms and two samples from clinically healthy cows had positive results for paratuberculosis. The subsequent serological test showed that 8.6% of the herd population was infected by MAP. An autopsy performed instantly after anaesthetizing the animals with clinical symptoms showed changes typical for paratuberculosis. Regular examination, the isolation and elimination of infected animals, as well protection of new born calves should be the method used to restrain paratuberculosis in the herd. It could be useful to certify the herds and transport the animals only between farms free from paratuberculosis.
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