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1

Hardness, corrosion behavior, and microstructure of Al-Cu-Mg alloy as a function of 0.3 wt.% Zr addition

Saad Karrar, Al-Murshdy Jassim M. Salman

Diagnostyka

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2023

|

Vol. 24, No. 1

art. no. 2023104

EN

The effect of adding zirconium (Zr) as an alloying element to Al-Cu-Mg alloy on the hardness and corrosion of this alloy was investigated. The hardness and polarization test results of samples treated for various periods by aging at 423.15 K for 3hr showed a significant increment in the Brinell hardness (HBW) improvement ratio of 115.6% (from 45HBW to 97HBW) and an extreme reduction the corrosion rate of the alloy after Zr adding decrease in the current density by 79.42% (from 56.50 µA cm-2 to 11.63 µA cm-2) with aging for 3 hr compared to the base alloy. The impact of this addition is also reflected in the strengthening, recrystallization, and modification of the grain microstructure. These changes were clearly demonstrated by microscopic testing and proves that the addition of Zr has a considerable synergistic effect causing inhibition of recrystallization and refinement of grain size.

2

Influence of plunger motion profile of high pressure die casting on the casting porosity and solidification rate

Żak Katarzyna, Dańko Rafał, Żak Paweł L., Kowalczyk Wojciech

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 5

art. no. e147339

EN

The high pressure die casting (HPDC) is a technique that allows us to produce parts for various sectors of industry. It has a great application in such sectors as automotive, energy, medicine, as the HPDC allows us to produce parts very fast and very cheaply. The HPDC casting quality depends on many parameters. The parameters among others, are cast alloy alloy metallurgy, filling system design, casting technology elements geometry and orientation, as well as, machine operation settings. In the article, different plunger motion schemes of the HPDC machine were taken into account. Analyses lead to learning about plunger motion influence on the casting porosity and solidification process run. Numerical experiments were run with the use of MAGMASoft® simulation software. Experiments were performed for industrial casting of water pump for automotive. Main parameter taken into account was maximal velocity of the plunger in the second phase. The analysis covered porosity distribution, feeding time through the gate, temperature field during whole process, solidification time. Cooling curves of the casting in chosen points were also analysed. Obtained results allow us to formulate conclusions that connect plunger motion scheme, gate solidification time and the casting wall thickness on the solidification rate and porosity of the casting.

3

Evaluation of the Effect of External Conditions During Crystallization and Solidification on the Final Structure of AlSi7Mg

Radkovský Filip, Gawronová Martina, Kroupová Ivana

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 1

118--123

EN

Abstract The paper deals with the possibilities of influencing the final microstructure of aluminium alloy castings by changing the external conditions of crystallization and solidification. Aluminum alloys, especially Al-Si alloys, are nowadays one of the most used non-ferrous metal alloys, especially due to their mass application in the automotive field. It is in this industry that extreme emphasis is placed on the quality of cast parts with regard to safety. For this reason, a key production parameter is the mastery of the control of the resulting microstructure of the castings and the associated internal quality, which is subject to high demands defined by international standards. The aim of the experiment of this paper is to evaluate the effect of different preheating of the metal mould on the resulting structure and hardness of test castings made of AlSi7Mg0.3 material. The hardness measurement will be evaluated on a hardness tester. The parameter SDAS, Microporosity, Content of excluded eutectic will be evaluated. Dependencies will be found and plotted.

4

Effect of the lubrication on the friction characteristics of EN AW-2024-T3 aluminium alloy sheets

Krasowski Bogdan, Kubit Andrzej

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Mechanika

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2022

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z. 94

23--35

EN

The article presents the results of friction tests conducted on EN AW-2024 Alclad aluminium alloy sheets. The lubrication efficiency of oleic acid, mineral and vegetable oils with the addition of SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles was determined using the strip drawing test to assess the friction conditions in the flange area in the deep drawing process. The samples in the form of sheet metal strips were pulled between countersamples with a rounded surface at a speed of 2.5 mm/s. Gear oil and oleic acid demonstrated the lowest value of the coefficient of friction (COF) in the whole range of nominal pressures investigated. The lowest efficiency in reducing the COF was shown by hydraulic oil, olive oil and machine oil. A high content of TiO2 nanoparticles (0.5-0.9%wt%) is beneficial in the friction process involving oleic acid.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań tarcia blach ze stopu aluminium EN AW-2024-T3 Alclad. Efektywność smarowania za pomocą kwasu oleinowego, olejów mineralnych oraz roślinnych z dodatkami nanocząstek SiO2 oraz TiO2 została określona za pomocą testu przeciągania blachy używanego do oceny warunków tarcia panujących w kołnierzowej części wytłoczki w procesie głębokiego wytłaczania. Próbki w postaci pasów blachy przeciągano pomiędzy przeciwpróbkami o zaokrąglonej powierzchni (R = 200 mm) z prędkością 2,5 mm/s. Olej przekładniowy oraz kwas oleinowy zapewniły najmniejszą wartość współczynnika tarcia w całym zakresie analizowanych nacisków nominalnych. Najmniejszą efektywność zmniejszania współczynnika tarcia wykazały olej hydrauliczny, oliwa z oliwek oraz olej maszynowy. Najkorzystniejszy efekt zmniejszenia wartości współczynnika tarcia wynikający z dodatku nanocząstek SiO2 jest widoczny dla kwasu oleinowego przy zawartości nanocząstek 0,5% (wagowo). Wysoka zawartość nanocząstek TiO2 (0,5-0,9% wagowo) jest korzystna podczas procesu tarcia z udziałem kwasu oleinowego.

5

Investigations of the structure and hardness of dissimilar steel-to-aluminum joints made using laser welding technology

Misiura Karolina, Konieczny Jarosław, Labisz Krzysztof, Boris Renata

Transport Problems

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2022

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T. 17, z. 1

73--86

EN

Since welding technology is currently used to assemble the frame of driver’s seats, it is important to develop laser welding technology for steel and aluminium. For this reason, the purpose of the present work was to examine the structure and selected properties of aluminium-steel joints using the example of an EN AW-6060 aluminium alloy and DC04 low-alloy steel welded in laser technology. Overlapping joints were made, weld type -following the hole laser welding method -laser beam (LB) using a high power disk laser (TRUMPF TruDisk3302), in which the active medium is a yttrium-aluminium crystal (YAG). Metallographic microstructure investigations were carried out using a light microscope from Carl Zeiss - Observer Z1m, and the weld microstructures were investigated using an SEM Supra 35 microscope, also from Carl Zeiss. The chemical composition analysis in micro-areas was carried out using an X-ray energy dispersion spectrometer from EDAX, which was a part of the SEM Supra 35. The hardness of the substrate material and the welded area was measured following the Vickers method using an FM-ARS 9000 micro hardness tester from Tokyo, Japan. It was found that there is a potential for commercial use of laser welding to make a low-carbon steel-aluminium alloy joint. During the formation of the weld in its microstructure, intermetallic compounds of the FexAly type were created, which significantly reduced the mechanical and plastic properties of the joint. The hardness of the weld created wasabout seven times higher than that of DC04 carbon steel. The choice of laser welding parameters (primarily, laser power and beam speed) significantly impacted the weld structure and properties.

6

Influence of heat treatment on the properties of explosively welded Cu-Al joint

Lokaj Jan, Sahul Miroslav, Sahul Martin, Čaplovič Ľubomír

Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne

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2022

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T. 14

4--13

EN

Explosive welding of copper C10200 to aluminium alloy AW 5083 was performed. C10200 was proposed as a flyer plate due to its suitable plastic properties. A parallel layout of welded metals was selected to attain a more stable welding process. Welding parameters and conditions were determined. The surfaces of both materials were mechanically machined and degreased prior to welding which was performed using Semtex S30. The bimetals were characterized by a regular wavy interface. The aim of the research was to establish the influence of heat treatment on both the structure and microhardness at the interface of the explosively welded bimetal Al-Cu. Heat treatment was performed at 250, 300 and 350 °C over 2, 3 and 4 h. After heat treatment, an increase in Inter Metallic Compounds (IMC) was observed, proportional to the increasing temperature. An analysis of chemical composition carried out by EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analysis) confirmed the presence of Inter Metallic Phases (IMP) such as θ (Al2Cu), η2 (Al2Cu), ξ2 (Al3Cu4), δ (Al2Cu3), γ1 (A14Cu9). The microhardness decreased after the heat treatment in the bimetal but significantly increased at the interface as a consequence of IMC formation.

PL

Wykonano zgrzewanie wybuchowe stopu aluminium miedź C10200 i AW 5083. C10200 został zaproponowany jako płyta napędzana ze względu na jego odpowiednie właściwości plastyczne. Wybrano równoległy układ zgrzewanych metali, aby uzyskać bardziej stabilny proces łączenia. Określono parametry i warunki łączenia. Powierzchnie obu materiałów zostały poddane obróbce mechanicznej i odtłuszczeniu przed zgrzewaniem wykonanym przy użyciu Semtex S30. Bimetale charakteryzowały się regularną falistą powierzchnią styku. Celem badań było określenie wpływu obróbki cieplnej zarówno na strukturę, jak i mikrotwardość na granicy faz bimetalu Al-Cu zgrzewanego wybuchowo. Obróbkę cieplną przeprowadzono w 250, 300 i 350 °C przez 2, 3 i 4 godziny. Po obróbce cieplnej zaobserwowano wzrost związków międzymetalicznych (IMC), który był proporcjonalny do wzrostu temperatury. Analiza składu chemicznego przeprowadzona przez EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analysis) potwierdziła obecność IMP takich jak θ (Al2Cu), η2 (AlCu), ξ2 (Al3Cu4), δ (Al2Cu3), γ1 (Al4Cu9). Mikrotwardość zmniejszyła się po obróbce cieplnej w bimetalu, ale znacznie wzrosła na granicy faz w wyniku tworzenia IMC.

7

Finite element analysis on prosthetic leg under different loads and flexion angles for medical applications

Konada Naresh Kumar, Koka Naga Sai Suman

Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 6, No 2

1--12

EN

Prosthetic legs are mainly used to perform leg amputations more easily and sometimes the appearance is similar to a real leg. Different types of legs have been developed in recent days to be used in specific fields like running, cycling in sports and normal walking. The selection of materials and load bearing capacity of a leg determines its usage for any field of application. The behavior of prosthetic legs can be assessed properly by performing a finite element analysis on it with varying material properties and loads before it undergoes a designing and manufacturing stage. In the current study, Al alloy, Ti alloy, unidirectional Carbon fiber epoxy (UDCFE) and combined composite material which include (CF, UDCFE and Ti alloy) are used as materials for the prosthetic leg. A prosthetic leg model of C Type with its main parts being the sleeve, the rod and the base foot was designed initially by using the Solid Works 2010 software and the assembled file was imported to Ansys Workbench 2020 to perform a static and fatigue analysis. The static analysis was performed under four different load conditions, i.e. 60 kg, 70 kg, 80 kg and 90 kg, considering the different human weights of the body. A fatigue analysis was done by using the Soderberg method and applying a sinusoidal varying load for low cycle fatigue conditions. Theoretical calculations were also performed at various inclinations of foot 10°, 20°, and 30° with the ground and stresses were evaluated using finite element equations. The results obtained theoretically were compared with the analytical results. The best material which provided the lesser value of deformation and sustaining more loads with a lower value of the damage factor was selected for the design. Further experimental studies were suggested based on the results obtained from this work.

8

Optimisation of variation coolant system techniques in machining aluminium alloy Al319

Zainal Ariffin S., Efendee A. M., Redhwan A. A. M., Alias M., Arifuddin A., Kamrol Amri M., Mohd Ali M., Khalil K., Aminullah A. R. M., Hasnain A. R., Baba N. B.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 113, nr 2

72--77

EN

Purpose: Cutting parameters are often chosen for machining by machine operators in the industry. The experience and efficiency of the machine operator in producing a quality product are frequently used to decide parameter selection - low productivity results from improper parameter selection, inefficient machining, and technological issues. Today's key issues in the machining industry are focusing on increasing machining performance on surface roughness while minimising coolant usage. The study's objective is to enhance the performance of the nozzle lubrication system during the turning operation of an aluminium alloy 319 workpieces (Al319) to generate good surface roughness by applying turning parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, and the depth of cut. Design/methodology/approach: Response Surface Method (RSM) was used to create the experimental method for this investigation, carried out using a CNC lathe machine with two axial movements and a wet cooling nozzle with a size of 1.0 mm. Synthetic soluble lubricants, Al2O3-coated cemented carbide inserts, and Aluminium alloy 319 were utilised as cutting tools and workpiece materials. Findings: To study the influence of cutting parameters on surface roughness, the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) approach was utilised while the response surface method was performed to achieve an optimum machining performance (RSM). When comparing dry and wet cooling systems, the size of 1.0 mm nozzle shows appropriate surface roughness. According to the ANOVA analysis, the key factor impacting the surface roughness as machining performance in lubrication technique experiments was the utilisation of 1.0 mm nozzle size. Research limitations/implications: The findings of combination machining parameters at a cutting speed of 270 m/min and a cutting depth of 0.60 mm at a feed rate of 0.08 mm/min offered the best results, achieving a surface roughness, Ra of 0.94 μm. Practical implications: The use of coolant size nozzle 1.0 mm technology combined with the use of correct machining parameters can improve machining cuts. Originality/value: The novel size of 1.0 mm nozzle in this current research is also valuable for reducing and increasing productivity in the machining business, as well as reducing dependency on machining operators' experience and abilities.

9

Optimization of friction stir processing parameters of aluminum alloy reinforced with hybrid nanoparticles using the Taguchi method

Ali Mohammed Sultan, Al Saffar Iman Q.

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 27, no. 4

13--25

EN

This study deals with the selection of optimum parameters for friction stir processing of Al alloy 6061-T6 reinforced with a hybrid nanoparticle (B4C and SiO2) in terms of their effect on the mechanical properties (hardness, tensile strength, and wear resistance) using Taguchi method. This work was carried out under four parameters each one running in three levels; rotational speeds (800, 1000 and 1200) rpm, travel speeds (10, 20, and 30) mm/min, holes depth (2, 2.5, and 3) mm, and mixing ratio of (SiO2/B4C) nanoparticles (1/1, 1/2, and 1/3), using L9 (34) Taguchi orthogonal array. Tensile strength and microhardness tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties, in addition to the wear resistance test which is carried out using a pin-on-disk device. The microstructure was examined by optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction analysis. It was found that the highest tensile strength (223) MPa at 1200 rpm rotational speed, 30 mm/min traverse speed, 2.5 mm holes depth, and 1/2 (SiO2/B4C) nanoparticles mixing ratio, the highest hardness reached is (155) HV, then decreases in the direction of thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat affected zone (HAZ), and the base material at (1200) rpm rotational speed, (30) mm/min linear speed, a hole depth of (2) mm and (1/3) mixing ratio of (B4C/SiO2) nanoparticles. The wear behavior was of a mild type or an oxidative type at low loads (5 N), which became severe or metallic wear at higher loads (20 N) at fixed sliding time and speed. The (ANOVA) table has been used to determine which parameter is the most significant using MINITAB software.

10

Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Aluminium Alloy, EN AC-Al Si12CuNiMg

Sirata Gotfila G., Wacławiak K., Dyzia Maciej

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, iss. 3

34--40

EN

the manufacture of mechanical structures where low weight is critical. However, when these alloys are subjected to elevated temperatures, their mechanical properties deteriorate significantly. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of aluminium alloy, EN AC-Al Si12CuNiMg. For this purpose, an experimental investigation was performed at ambient and elevated temperatures on aluminium alloy samples prepared by casting. Tensile and hardness tests were carried out to characterize the mechanical properties of this material. Additionally, an optical microscope was used to examine the microstructures of this alloy. Finally, a scanning electron microscope was used to analyze the fracture modes of this material. The results show that the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, and Young's modulus of this alloy dramatically decrease when the temperature exceeds 250oC. The microstructural investigation reveals several factors that are detrimental to the mechanical properties of this alloy. This includes coarse-grained structures, micro-pores, and several intermetallic compounds. Furthermore, fractography reveals a minor cleavage-like pattern and micro-cracks on the fracture surface of all failed samples under various temperatures, indicating semi-brittle fracture mode.

11

Effect of Zeolite Addition on the Production of a Cast Porous Composite Based on AC-AlSi11 Silumin

Borowiecka-Jamrożek Joanna, Kargul Marcin

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, iss. 4

96--101

EN

The paper presents the application of the casting method for the production of porous composites, called syntactic foams, of the casting alloy - solid particles type. This method was used to produce composites based on Al alloys reinforced with particles of clinoptilolite, a natural mineral from the zeolite group. Before the casting process, tests were carried out on the morphology, physicochemical properties and chemical composition of the zeolite, which was obtained from a rock called zeolite tuff, mined in a quarry in Kucin, (VSK PRO-ZEO s.r.o., Slovakia). Observations of the microstructure of the produced composites were also carried out using a scanning electron microscope. Diffractometric tests of zeolite rock as delivered for research and of the produced samples reinforced with zeolite particles were also carried out. Initial studies of the density and porosity of the produced composites were performed. The usefulness of the presented method of composite production was assessed on the basis of the conducted structural tests, with particular emphasis on the particle distribution in the alloy matrix.

12

Aluminium members in composite structures - a review

Chybiński Marcin, Polus Łukasz, Szumigała Maciej

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2022

|

Vol. 68, nr 4

253--274

EN

This paper presents a review of composite structures in which aluminium alloys are used. Current trends in the research of composite structures with aluminium girders and their possible applications in structural engineering were shown. In the presented solutions, advantageous properties of aluminium alloys were exploited, such as high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance and recyclability. The authors demonstrated the structural behaviour of aluminium-concrete and aluminium-timber composite beams based on their own tests as well as investigations presented in the literature. Furthermore, aluminium-concrete composite columns, a composite mullion made of an aluminium alloy and timber, and a military bridge consisting of aluminium truss components, a stay-in-place-form, reinforcement and concrete were presented. In addition to the description of the structural elements, the main conclusions from their experimental, theoretical and numerical analyses were also demonstrated in this paper. The connection of aluminium girders with concrete or timber slabs provided for the increase of the load-bearing capacity and stiffness, and it eliminated the problem of local buckling in girder flanges and lateral-torsional buckling of girders in the analysed solutions.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono przegląd zespolonych konstrukcji, w których zastosowano stopy aluminium. Omówiono aktualne kierunki badań nad konstrukcjami zespolonymi z dźwigarami ze stopu aluminium oraz możliwe ich zastosowania w budownictwie. W prezentowanych rozwiązaniach wykorzystano zalety stopów aluminium m.in. korzystny stosunek wytrzymałości do ciężaru, odporność na korozję oraz przydatność do recyklingu. Autorzy opisali zachowanie belek zespolonych aluminiowo-betonowych oraz drewniano-betonowych, biorąc pod uwagę własne badania, jak i te znane z literatury. Dodatkowo, scharakteryzowano słupy zespolone aluminiowo-betonowe, słupek zespolony aluminiowo-drewniany zastosowany w konstrukcji fasadowej oraz wojskowy most składający się z kratownicy ze stopu aluminium, szalunku traconego, zbrojenia oraz betonu. Oprócz opisu elementów konstrukcyjnych, przedstawiono główne wnioski z ich analizy eksperymentalnej, teoretycznej oraz numerycznej. Połączenie dźwigarów ze stopu aluminium z płytami wykonanymi z betonu lub drewna zapewniło wzrost nośności oraz sztywności dźwigarów oraz wyeliminowano problem lokalnego wyboczenia pasa dźwigara oraz jego zwichrzenia.

13

Fabrication of longitudinal welded tube of aluminum alloy for structural application using friction stir welding process and its characterization

Sen Debolina, Pal Surjya Kanta, Panda Sushanta Kumar

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2022

|

Vol. 22, no. 2

art. no. e91, 1--21

EN

Thin-walled aluminum alloy tubes used for structural applications can be produced by various processes among which friction stir welding process (FSW) has emerged rapidly due to its superior welded properties. But, FSW of tubular components is complex due to its curvature which makes it challenging to get the desired quality of the tube. Hence, in the present study, an attempt was made to fabricate longitudinal FSWed tubes of AA5083-O alloy. A novel parameter window highlighting their effects on the weld quality was presented, and the significant process parameters were optimized to get a defect-free good-quality welded tube. In this regard, X-ray micro-computed tomography, hardness and uniaxial tensile tests of the weld zone (WZ) were carried out to assess the weld quality. Negligible amount of porosity was observed in the WZ, and the hardness was comparable to that of the base material. The joint efficiency obtained was 87%, suggesting homogeneity of the WZ. To get further insight into the WZ homogeneity, the failure mechanism along with the microscopic damage initiation characteristic of the tensile samples was studied. Failure of these samples took place in between the nugget zone and the thermo-mechanically affected zone, and a mixed type of fracture was observed. Three types of void nucleation mechanisms viz., inclusion or particle cracking, interface debonding, and matrix cracking coexisted in the welded sample among which particle cracking was the most significant. Also, the surface roughness of the WZ was measured and it was observed that the material flow during the welding process affected the average roughness value.

14

AA5052 failure prediction of electromagnetic flanging process using a combined fracture model

Deng Huakun, Mao Yunfei, Li Guangyao, Zhang Xu, Cui Junjia

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

|

2022

|

Vol. 22, no. 2

art. no. e84, 1--17

EN

Electromagnetic forming process could significantly increase the forming limit of aluminum alloy. However, high-speed fracture prediction of aluminum alloys is a major problem in the development of electromagnetic flanging process. In this study, notched specimen tensile tests with high-speed Digital Image Correlation system were conducted under the strain rate range from 0.001 to 100 s-1. A fracture model of AA5052 alloys which combined of an uncoupled fracture model, Gissmo damage evolution model and Johnson-Cook strain rate effect was established. Electromagnetic flanging experiments were conducted to verify the failure criteria effectiveness. Results showed that failure strain was significantly influenced by strain rate under various loading path. Compared with the experiments, the percentage error of established electromagnetic flanging process FEM model was less than 4%. The fracture model established could well predict notched specimen high-speed failure, and also accurately predict sheet failure model of electromagnetic flanging experiments and, thus, verified the effectiveness of the established dynamic failure criteria in electromagnetic flanging process.

15

Assessment of adhesively bonded joints of aluminum sheets for application as the core of composite beams

Derlatka Anna

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Budownictwo

|

2021

|

Z. 27 (177)

30-36

EN

The paper presents an evaluation of joints resulting from adhesively bonded aluminum sheets. The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of applying this type of connection for the construction of composite beams. The results of experimental tests on the shear test of joints are presented. Four types of connectors were the subjects of the research. The joints of the same geometry were made of four 1.6 mm thick sheets of aluminum alloy AA 7075-T6. Each type of joint was characterized by a different material joining the sheets: three of them were connected by acrylic foam tapes, one joint was made using two component toughened methacrylate adhesive. Three different double-sided acrylic foam tapes with different properties were tested. It has been assessed that the two-component toughened methacrylate adhesive can be used for the construction of the aluminum core applied in composite structures.

PL

Dokonano oceny połączeń aluminiowych blach w wyniku adhezji. Celem pracy była ocena możliwości zastosowania tego typu połączeń do budowy belek kompozytowych. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań eksperymentalnych z próby ścinania złączy. Przedmiotem badań były cztery rodzaje złączy. Złącza o identycznej geometrii zbudowano z czterech blach ze stopu aluminium AA 7075-T6 o grubości 1.6 mm. Każdy typ złącza charakteryzował się innym materiałem łączącym blachy: trzy z nich połączono za pomocą akrylowych taśm piankowych, jedno złącze powstało z wykorzystaniem dwuskładnikowego, utwardzanego metakrylowego kleju. Przebadano trzy różne dwustronnie klejące akrylowe taśmy piankowe różniące się właściwościami. Oceniono, iż do budowy konstrukcji kompozytowych opartych na bazie trzonu aluminiowego istnieje możliwość zastosowania dwuskładnikowego, utwardzanego metakrylowego kleju.

16

Materials used in the structure of rail vehicle wheels

Słowiński Marcin Stanisław

Pojazdy Szynowe

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2021

|

Nr 4

14--24

EN

The subject of this text is the description of structural materials used in the structure of railway vehicle wheels. The characteristic of this structural element as well as its functional and material requirements are presented. The description of commonly used carbon steels and alternative construction materials, such as cast steel, ADI cast iron or aluminum alloys, are presented in the further part, which are supposed to limit the wear of the wheel-rail friction pair and reduce the level of noise.

PL

Przedmiotem niniejszego tekstu jest opis materiałów konstrukcyjnych stosowanych w budowie kół pojazdów szynowych. Przedstawiono charakterystykę tego elementu konstrukcyjnego, a także jego wymagania funkcjonalne oraz materiałowe. W dalszej części zaprezentowano opis powszechnie używanych stali węglowych oraz alternatywnych materiałów konstrukcyjnych, takich jak staliwa, żeliwa ADI czy stopy aluminium, które w założeniu miałyby ograniczać zużywanie pary ciernej koło-szyna oraz zmniejszać poziom emitowanego hałasu.

17

Zastosowanie stopów metali lekkich w bezzałogowych statkach powietrznych

Muszyński Tomasz, Kmiotek Małgorzata, Kordos Adrian, Ficek Daniel

Obróbka Metalu

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2021

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nr 2

42--49

PL

W ostatnich latach obserwuje się znaczny wzrost użycia bezzałogowych statków powietrznych (BSP) w licznych zastosowaniach komercyjnych, a także wojskowych. Obecnie szacuje się, że na świecie istnieje przeszło 10 mln tego typu obiektów, wykorzystywanych od celów od hobbystycznych po profesjonalne, których wartość przekracza wiele milionów dolarów. BSP, zwane powszechnie dronami muszą cechować się małą masą i dużą sprawnością układu napędowego i zasilania, które pozwalają na długi czas nieprzerwanej pracy w powietrzu zwiększając obszar potencjalnych zastosowań. Jest to szczególnie istotne w przypadku obiektów latających używanych w zastosowaniach profesjonalnych. W zależności od zastosowania i liczności serii, do ich budowy wykorzystuje się wiele różnych materiałów w szczególności kompozytów. Jednakże bezzałogowe aparaty latające używane do celów militarnych, a także komercyjnych, np. w transporcie i rolnictwie muszą dodatkowo cechować się wytrzymałą i stabilną konstrukcją pozwalającą na przenoszenie dużych obciążeń. Z tej przyczyny coraz częściej do budowy BSP używa się stopów metali lekkich w szczególności aluminium, magnezu i tytanu. Ważnym argumentem przemawiającym za używaniem stopów metali lekkich są również względy ekologiczne gdyż niedostatecznie jeszcze są rozwinięta procesy recyklingu materiałów kompozytowych.

EN

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV) in numerous commercial as well as military applications. Currently, it is estimated that there are more than 10 million such objects in the world, used for purposes ranging from hobby to professional, with a value exceeding many millions of dollars. UAV, commonly referred to as drones, must be characterized by low weight and high efficiency of the propulsion and power systems that allow for long periods of continuous operation in the air increasing the area of potential applications. This is especially important for flying objects used in professional applications. Depending on the application and the number of series, many different materials are used for their construction, especially composites. However, unmanned aerial vehicles used for military as well as commercial purposes, such as transport and agriculture, must additionally feature a robust and stable design to carry heavy loads. For this reason, lightweight metal alloys, in particular aluminum, magnesium and titanium, are increasingly being used to build UAV. An important argument for the use of light alloys are also ecological considerations as recycling processes for composite materials are still underdeveloped.

18

Wpływ cyklicznych obciążeń mechanicznych na odporność korozyjną aluminium

Strąk Adrian, Francke Barbara

Materiały Budowlane

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2021

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nr 6

2--6

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wpływ zmęczeniowych obciążeń mechanicznych na odporność korozyjną profili okiennych i drzwiowych wykonanych ze stopu aluminium EN AW-6063 z powłoką poliestrową. W badaniach zastosowano własną metodę oceny, polegającą na cyklicznych obciążeniach skupionych działających na próbkę metodą trójpunktowego zginania. Efektem tych obciążeń było powstanie w obrębie struktury aluminium trwałego odkształcenia plastycznego, podczas gdy w przypadku powłoki pokrywającej profile aluminiowe nastąpiło niewielkie zmniejszenie odporności korozyjnej, niepowodujące jednak utraty właściwości barierowych. Stwierdzono również, że gdy obciążeniom mechanicznym towarzyszy działanie kwaśnej mgły solnej, pojawiają się mikrouszkodzenia w strukturze powłok, w istotny sposób zmniejszając ich właściwości barierowe, co potwierdzono wynikami badań spektroskopii impedancyjnej.

EN

The article presents the effect of mechanical load fatigue on corrosion resistance of profiles made of EN AW-6063 aluminium alloy with polyester coating. In test, own research methodology was used, consisting in cyclical application of concentrated load to the tested sample with the three-point bending method. The effect of these loads was the formation of a permanent plastic deformation within the aluminium structure, while in the case of the coating covering aluminium profiles, there is a slight reduction in corrosion resistance, without the loss of barrier properties, however. It was also found that when in addition to mechanical load, salt spray test was applied, microdamage in the coatings’ structure appeared, significantly reducing their barrier properties, which was confirmed by the results of impedance spectroscopy.

19

Effect of SiO2 flux on the depth of penetration, microstructure, texture and mechanical behavior of AA6063 T6 aluminum alloy using activated TIG welding

Kumar Rajiv, Vettivel S. C., Kumar Kansal Harmesh

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 1

art. no. e136215

EN

Activated tungsten inert gas (ATIG) welding has a good depth of penetration (DOP) as compared to the conventional tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. This paper is mainly focused on ATIG characterization and mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy (AA) 6063-T6 using SiO2 flux. The characterization of the base material (BM), fusion zone (FZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and, partially melted zone is carried out using the suitable characterization methods. The weld quality is characterized using ultrasonic-assisted non-destructive evaluation. A-scan result confirms that the ATIG welded samples have more DOP and less bead width as compared to conventional TIG. The recorded tensile strength of ATIG with SiO2 is better than the conventional TIG welding. The failure mode is ductile for ATIG welding with larger fracture edges and is brittle in the case of conventional TIG welding.

20

Cavitation erosion of electrostatic spray polyester coatings with different surface finish

Szala Mirosław, Świetlicki Aleksander, Sofińska-Chmiel Weronika

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 4

art. no. e137519

EN

Polyester coatings are among the most commonly used types of powder paints and present a wide range of applications. Apart from its decorative values, polyester coating successfully prevents the substrate from environmental deterioration. This work investigates the cavitation erosion (CE) resistance of three commercial polyester coatings electrostatic spray onto AW-6060 aluminium alloy substrate. Effect of coatings repainting (single- and double-layer deposits) and effect of surface finish (matt, silk gloss and structural) on resistance to cavitation were comparatively studied. The following research methods were used: CE testing using ASTM G32 procedure, 3D profilometry evaluation, light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical profilometry and FTIR spectroscopy. Electrostatic spray coatings present higher CE resistance than aluminium alloy. The matt finish double-layer (M2) and single-layer silk gloss finish (S1) are the most resistant to CE. The structural paint showed the lowest resistance to cavitation wear which derives from the rougher surface finish. The CE mechanism of polyester coatings relies on the material brittle-ductile behaviour, cracks formation, lateral net-cracking growth and removal of chunk coating material and craters’ growth. Repainting does not harm the properties of the coatings. Therefore, it can be utilised to regenerate or smother the polyester coating finish along with improvement of their CE resistance.