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1

Accelerations Caused by Underwater Explosions on the Naval Gun Foundation

Szturomski Bogdan, Kiciński Radosław, Milewski Stanisław

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 1

129--141

EN

The manuscript analyzes the impact of a non-contact underwater explosion on the foundation of a 35 mm naval cannon mounted on board a Project 258 minehunter. The finite element method was used to complete the task. Cole's empirical formulas were used to describe the distribution of the pressure wave from the explosion of the TNT charge in water as a function of distance, time, and mass. The hull geometry was reflected based on technical documentation as a shell structure reinforced with beam-bar elements. Devices with large weights were represented as rigid bodies. Simplifications were used to minimize the number of degrees of freedom. The construction of ship's hull is made of non-magnetic austenitic steel. The dynamic characteristics of this steel were determined based on static and dynamic tensile tests. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model was used to describe the material properties of steel. As part of the work, the impact resistance study of marine structures was presented, how it is defined by the existing regulations in the Polish Navy was considered, and the scope of their applicability was given. The scientific innovation of the presented work consists of checking and specifying the guidelines for designing and constructing warships.

2

Ultrasonic tests of dissimilar joints

Rawicki Łukasz, Słania Jacek, Krawczyk Ryszard

Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa w Gliwicach

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 1

40--49

EN

Machine building or the fabrication of industrial equipment elements often necessitate the use of welding methods enabling the joining of materials, the physical properties of which differ to a significant extent. Dissimilar joints can often be found in power equipment, chemical systems or reactors. For instance, in power boilers, heat exchanger pipes made of austenitic steels and exposed to very high temperature are joined with system elements made of ferritic steels. Austenitic-ferritic steels and duplex steels are used, among other things, in the construction of chemical tankers. Dissimilar joints are also found in tank elements made of duplex steel joined with fixtures made of high-strength low-alloy steels. The article presents examples of ultrasonic tests concerning joints of heat-resistant steel 13CrMo4-5 with austenitic steel 316L.

PL

W budowie maszyn czy w elementach urządzeń przemysłowych często zachodzi konieczność łączenia metodami spawalniczymi materiałów, które znacznie się różnią swoimi właściwościami fizycznymi. Połączenia różnorodne znajdują często zastosowanie w urządzeniach energetycznych, instalacjach chemicznych czy reaktorach. Przykładowo w kotłach energetycznych rury na wymienniki ciepła pracujące w bardzo wysokiej temperaturze wykonywane są ze stali austenitycznych i łączone z elementami instalacji wykonanych ze stali ferrytycznych. Stale austenityczno-ferrytyczne oraz stale typu duplex wykorzystywane są między innymi przy budowie chemikaliowców. Elementy zbiorników wykonane ze stali duplex z elementami osprzętu tych zbiorników zrobionymi ze stali niskostopowej o podwyższonej wytrzymałości stanowią również połączenia różnorodne. W artykule przedstawiono przykład badań ultradźwiękowych dla połączenia stali żaroodpornej 13CrMo4-5 ze stalą austenityczną 316L.

3

Application of the EBSD method on explosively welded joins of Al ‒ austenitic CrNi steel bimetal

Lokaj Jan, Sahul Miroslav, Sahul Martin, Čaplovic Lubomir

Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne

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2022

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T. 14(S)

146--153

EN

Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) based technique, which enables a sample’s microstructure to be analysed, visualised and quantified. The EBSD method together with associated techniques provides useful information how to interpret the obtained results. Microstructure is the internal structure of a material investigated on the microscopic scale. It is of interest because a material’s internal features (i.e. structure) influences its properties and behaviour. The EBSD method has become the primary tool for characterising microstructures in most metals, alloys, composites and ceramics. The range of applications is numerous, from rapid measurement of grain size and texture in metal sheets, welded joints etc. Many of these materials are relatively simple to analyse using EBSD, but advanced tools such as high-resolution pattern correlation approaches can be applied to improve our understanding of these materials [1]. This method has been applied to investigace the structure of Al ‒ austenitic CrNi steel. Only partial results as for the EBSD method will be given here.

PL

Detektor EBSD (dyfrakcja elektronów wstecznie rozproszonych) zainstalowany w skaningowym mikroskopie elektronowym (SEM) umożliwia analizę, wizualizację i ocenę ilościową mikrostruktury próbki. Metoda EBSD wraz z powiązanymi technikami dostarcza przydatnych informacji, umożliwiających interpretację wyników. Mikrostruktura to wewnętrzna struktura materiału badana w skali mikroskopowej. Jest ona interesująca, ponieważ wewnętrzne cechy materiału (tj. struktura) determinują jego właściwości. Metoda EBSD stała się podstawowym narzędziem do charakteryzowania mikrostruktur w większości metali, stopów, kompozytów i ceramiki. Zakres zastosowań jest szeroki, obejmujący m.in. szybki pomiaru wielkości ziarna i tekstury w blachach, złączach spawanych itp. Wiele z tych materiałów można stosunkowołatwo poddać analizie EBSD, ale zaawansowane narzędzia, takie jak metody operate o analizę obrazu, można zastosować w celu lepszego poznania struktury tych materiałów [1]. Metodę tę zastosowano do badania struktury bimetalu typu aluminium-stal austenityczna CrNi. W tym miejscu omówione jedynie częściowe wyniki analizy EBSD.

4

Analiza wpływu błędu danych wejsciowych na wyniki identyfikacji współczynnika wymiany ciepła

Kwiatkowski Grzegorz, Rozumek Dariusz

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2022

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Vol. 89, nr 1

14--19

PL

W niniejszej pracy opisano wpływ obróbki cieplnej na własności wytrzymałościowe pięciu różnych materiałów platerowanych metodą zgrzewania wybuchowego. W przypadku wszystkich platerów materiałem podstawowym była stal węglowa SA-516 Gr.70 o grubości 10 mm, zaś materiałami nakładanymi były: stale austenityczne (316L oraz 254SMO), super-duplex (SAF2507) oraz stopy niklu (alloy 625 i C-276) o grubości 3 mm. W przypadku wszystkich materiałów przeprowadzono obróbkę cieplną, a dokładniej wyżarzanie odprężające w celu zniwelowania naprężeń własnych powstałych przez proces platerowania wybuchowego. W ramach statycznych badań wytrzymałościowych przeprowadzono: próbę zginania, ścinania, rozciągania, jak również udarność. Wszystkie badania wykonano według amerykańskich norm ASTM SA-264 i ASTM SA-265. Dodatkowo wykonano również rozkład twardości oraz badania makroskopowe, podczas których zmierzono parametry złączy oraz równoważną grubość przetopień (RGP).

EN

The paper describes the effect of heat treatment on strength properties of five different clad explosive materials. For all cladding materials base material was carbon steel SA-516 Gr.70 10 mm thickness, and the clad materials was: austenitic stainless steel (316L and 254SMO), super-duplex (SAF2507) and nickel alloys (alloy 625 and C-276) for 3 mm thickness. For all materials, heat treatment was carried out precisely stress relief annealing in order to reduce the stresses caused by explosive welding process. The static strength tests were performed: bending test, shear test, tensile test and impact test. All tests were performed according to the American standard ASTM SA-264 and ASTM SA-265. In addition, also made the distribution of hardness and macroscopic research where measured parameters of joints and equivalent thickness melted zone (RGP).

5

Attempts to Modify Austenitic Steel with Carbon Nanotubes

Górka Jacek, Kik Tomasz, Burda Michal

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 1

349--356

EN

In this work, research on influence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), produced in Catalic Chemical Carbon Vapor Deposition, NANOCYLTM NC7000CNTs on a structure and properties of AISI 301 steel remelted by TIG arc. In the assessment of influence a type of carbon on properties and structure of austenitic steel, as a carbon filler was use also carburizer. In the specimens (AISI 301 plates) with dimensions 155×60×7 [mm] were drilled holes with 1.3 mm diameter and placed 0.5 mm under specimen surface. Next, to the drilled holes was implemented CNTs, carburizer and mixture of these both powders. Prepared specimens were remelted by TIG method on the CASTOTIG 2200 power source with 2.4 mm tungsten thoriated electrode with parameters sets for obtain 3.0 mm penetration depth. Remelted specimens were cut into the half of the welds distance and prepared for metallographic examinations. Cross sections of the specimens were tested on classical metallography microscopes, hardness tests, SEM analyses (on JEOL 5800 LV SEM EDX equipment) and phase identification by X-ray phase analysis on Philips APD X’Pert PW 3020 diffractometer. Hardness analysis indicates about 25% increase of hardness in the remelted area when the CTNs are used. In the specimens with carburizer there is no significant changes. SEM analyses of remelted areas on AISI 301 specimens modificated with CNTs, indicates that dark areas, initially interpret as one of the phase (based on optical microscope) is finally densely packed bladders with dimensions from 50 nm up to a few µm. These bladders are not present in the specimens with carburizer filler. High resolution scanning microscopy allow to observe in the this area protruding, longitudinal particles with 100-300 nm length. For identification of this phase, X-ray analysis was done. But very small dimensions of used CNTs (diameters about 9,5 nm), random orientation and small weight amount can make difficult or impossible to CNTs detection during XRD tests. It means that it is not possible to clearly determine nature of particles filling the cavities, it is only possible to suppose that they are CNTs beams with nanoparticles comes from their disintegration. Results of the researches indicates, that fill in the weld pool with different form of carbon (CNTs and carburizer) it is possible to achieve remelted beads with different structure and hardness distribution. It confirms validity of the research continuation with CNTs as a modifier of steels and also other metals and theirs alloys.

6

The study of the evolution of the microstructure and creep properties of Super 304H austenitic stainless steel after aging for up to 50,000 h

Zieliński A., Wersta R., Sroka Marek

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 2

art. no. e89, 1--24

EN

The paper discusses several aspects of degradation of Super 304H steel subjected to long-term aging up to 50,000 h at 650 and 750°C. The study includes microstructure examination by scanning and transmission electron microscopy along with X-ray microanalysis of a wide range of precipitates. The Super 304H steel has a structure characteristic for austenitic steels with annealing twins and single primary NBX precipitates of various sizes. Long-term aging leads to precipitation of several phases such as M23C6, MX carbides, σ phases, Z phase and ε-Cu phase. The precipitation processes lead to changes in the creep strength of the tested steel, the value of which strongly depends on the aging temperature used, which is measurably shown by the creep tests carried out with the elongation measured during the test.

7

Correlation between Tensile Deformation Behavior and Microstructural Morphology of Nuclear Grade Austenitic Stainless Steel Welded Joints using Infrared Thermography Technique

Rajasekaran R., Lakshminarayanan A. K., Menaka M.

Welding Technology Review

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2020

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R. 92, nr 1

7--15

EN

Tensile deformation behavior of nuclear grade Austenitic Stainless Steel (SS) and its welded joints fabricated by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) and Activated Flux Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (AGTAW) processes were studied and correlated with relevant microstructural morphologies using Infrared Thermography (IRT) technique. The microstructure of base metal showed a complete austenite phase. GTAW Fusion Zone (FZ) exhibited both primary ferrite and primary austenite mode of solidification. Meantime, AGTAW FZ exhibited only primary austenite mode of solidification. A strain rate of 4.4x10-4 s-1 was used during the tensile test of the base metal and welded joints. The failure locations of the base metal, GTAW and AGTAW samples were noticed at the center of the gauge portion, the base metal side away from Fusion Line (FL) and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) respectively. The temperature variations of the base metal and weld zones were recorded in the form of thermograms using the IR camera at the different stages of the tensile deformation. During deformation study, peak temperature of 39.2 °C, 38.8 °C and 34 °C were observed at the base metal, GTAW and AGTAW samples respectively. The lesser peak temperature of the AGTAW sample compared to the base metal and GTAW samples indicated that the AGTAW sample undergone lesser deformation. Moreover, tensile deformation behaviours of the base metal and welded joints were correlated with their microstructural morphologies using corresponding temperature curves.

PL

W pracy zbadano zachowanie deformacji podczas rozciągania austenitycznej stali nierdzewnej i jej połączeń spawanych wykonanych metodą GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) oraz AGTAW (Activated Flux Gas Tungsten Arc Welding), a następnie skorelowano je z odpowiednimi morfologiami mikrostrukturalnymi za pomocą termografii w podczerwieni (ang. lnfrared Thermography). Mikrostruktura materiału bazowego wykazała całkowitą fazę austenitu. Spoina GTAW wykazywała zarówno ferryt, jak i austenit, podczas gdy spoina AGTAW wykazywała jedynie austenit. Podczas próby rozciągania materiału bazowego i złączy spawanych zastosowano prędkość odkształcania o wartości 4,4x10-4 s-1. Do zerwania poszczególnych próbek doszło odpowiednio na środku próbki materiału bazowego, w linii wtopienia złącza spawanego GTAW i w strefie wpływu ciepła (SWC) złącza spawanego AGTAW. Zmiany temperatury w materiale rodzimym i poszczególnych obszarach złączy spawanych rejestrowano w formie termogramów za pomocą kamery na podczerwień, przy różnych etapach deformacji podczas rozciągania. Podczas badań odkształceń zaobserwowano maksymalne wartości temperatury: 39,2 °C, 38,8 °C i 34 °C odpowiednio w próbkach z materiału bazowego, spawanych GTAW i spawanych AGTAW. Niższa maksymalna temperatura próbki spawanej metodą AGTAW w porównaniu z pozostałymi próbkami wskazała, że uległa ona mniejszemu odkształceniu. Ponadto zachowania deformacji przy rozciąganiu materiału rodzimego i złączy spawanych zostały skorelowane z obrazami ich mikrostruktur przy użyciu odpowiednich krzywych temperatur.

8

The slide broaching burnishing and the influence of deformation on roughness of 314L stainless steel sleeves

Dyl Tomasz, Wijata Mateusz, Kuśmierska-Matyszczak Wioletta

Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime University

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2020

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nr 116

15--28

EN

The paper is intended to inform the reader of the effectiveness of the technological burnishing process utilizing a three burnishing broach mandrel for the inner finishing of cylinder surfaces. The burnishing tools were constructed out of 40HM steel, and the burnishing broach tool was secured in a Hydraulic Press MX-340G. The mechanism of slide burnishing broaching consists of prepared burnishing mandrel pushers with diameters Ø17 mm. The sleeves were designed to achieve a reduction ratio in burnishing of 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm. Here, slide burnishing was conducted in two passes, (down and then up). The burnishing was performed at a constant rate of feed and with the same force for all samples. In the thesis, classifications and characteristics of burnishing with conditions of process parameters and the used instrumentation are presented.

9

Automatyzacja procesów spawania nierdzewnych stali austenitycznych na potrzeby przemysłu spożywczego, chemicznego i kosmetycznego. Piękna i Bestia, czyli ucieczka z paszczy korozji

Tuz Lechosław, Sulikowski Krzysztof

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2020

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R. 22, nr 1

12--15

PL

Specyfika przemysłu spożywczego, chemicznego i kosmetycznego wskazuje na obecność agresywnego środowiska korozyjnego występującego podczas produkcji wyrobów. W obliczu rosnącej dostępności stali nierdzewnej i dynamicznego rozwoju technologii jej obróbki zwiększa się liczba zastosowań w branżach przemysłu przetwórczego, gdzie korzystne właściwości fizykochemiczne i mechaniczne stali nierdzewnej pozwalają na wydłużenie życia zbiorników, maszyn i armatury.

10

Influence of temperature and hydrogen on fatigue fracture of 10Kh15N27T3V2MR steel

Hembara Oksana, Chepil Olha, Hembara Taras, Mochulskyi Volodymyr, Sapuzhak Yaroslav

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

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2020

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Vol. 58 nr 1

3--15

EN

A theoretical and experimental approach to prognosis of fatigue crack growth behavior and determination of the remaining resource of elements of constructions under the influence of temperature and hydrogen is discussed in the paper. Kinetic fatigue fracture diagrams of austenitic steel of 10Kh15N27T3V2MR were experimentally built and analytically described at different temperatures in a neutral environment and in hydrogen. The threshold and critical values of the stress intensity factor (SIF) were found. The durability of a turbine disk was evaluated. It is found that hydrogen reduced the remaining resource of this structural element almost by 2-3 times.

11

Assessment of mechanical strength and corrosion resistance at variable pH of orthodontic wires

Augustyn-Nadzieja Joanna, Szczotok Agnieszka

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2020

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Vol. 23, no. 157

2--9

EN

Orthodontic wires are components of fixed appliances used to perform the necessary tooth movements in the course of the orthodontic treatment. A variety of materials e.g. metals, alloys, polymers and composites are used to produce orthodontic wires. This study examined the mechanical strength and cracks resistance of three different types of wires, i.e. made of: austenitic steel grade AISI 303, NiTi alloy and Tiβ alloy. Corrosion processes are regarded to have a harmful effect on the properties of orthodontic wires, such as their strength, biocompatibility and aesthetic appearance. In this study, we investigated the corrosive behaviour of the wires in the artificial saliva solutions with varied pH simulating the natural oral cavity environment. It was demonstrated that the orthodontic rectangular wires made of austenitic steel grade AISI 303 exhibited the highest tensile strength. The NiTi alloy wires exhibited the best plastic properties of all the examined samples. In the case of electrochemical tests (changes in corrosion potential over a period of 24 h), the wire made of austenitic steel and the NiTi alloy wire reached a stable level of the stationary potential in the acidic environment. For the wires made of Tiβ, the highest stationary potential was observed in the alkaline environment. Additionally, the Tiβ alloy wire revealed the broadest passivation area in the specified potential scope.

12

3D DIC-assisted residual stress measurement in 316 LVM steel processed by HE and HPT

Brynk Tomasz, Krawczyńska Agnieszka Teresa, Setman Daria, Pakieła Zbigniew

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, no. 3

18--29

EN

A method has been developed for determining residual stress based on displacement fields near drilled holes analyzed using 3D digital image correlation. Finite element modeling was used to determine corrections for analytical equations describing displacement fields near the blind holes, which made it possible to determine the residual stress distribution over a wide range of hole depth-to-hole diameter ratios and various areas of displacement field measurements using inverse method iterative calculations. The proposed method eliminates many drawbacks of traditional procedure based on strain gauges as hole eccentricity sensitivity and requirement of the relatively large span between holes. The method and testing setup, build-up of generally available components, were used to determine the residual stress distribution for 316 LVM samples processed by two methods from the large deformation group: hydrostatic extrusion (HE) and high-pressure torsion (HPT), by drilling 1.75 and 0.58-mm-diameter blind holes, respectively. In the case of the measurements performed on the surface of a HE-processed 16 mm bar cut along its diameter, a gradual change was revealed-from a compressive to a tensile residual stress distribution (from ~ − 300 MPa in the center to 400 MPa in 4 mm distance from the edge) in the longitudinal direction, with near-zero values in the radial direction. Moreover, the method was also adapted to perform measurements on the outside surface of the bar, which gave results consistent with those taken along the radius profile (~ 600 MPa longitudinal stress). Measurements on the top surface of a cylinder 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm high processed by HPT showed a high compressive residual stress in the center and a dominant shear component for the holes drilled at different distances from the center.

13

Analiza wybranych właściwości materiałów stosowanych na instrumentarium chirurgiczne

Chrobak Aleksandara, Łagan Sylwia

Aktualne Problemy Biomechaniki

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2020

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z. 19

5--11

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza porównawcza wybranych właściwości materiałów metalicznych wykorzystywanych na narzędzia chirurgiczne. Przeprowadzono badania określające odporność na korozję (metodą grawimetryczną), zwilżalność powierzchni (metodą kropli siedzącej) oraz analizę swobodnej energii powierzchniowej z wykorzystaniem dwóch modeli analitycznych: Owensa-Wendta oraz van Ossa-Chauhury-Gooda. W wyniku badań wskazano właściwości stali austenitycznej i martenzytycznej determinujące dobór materiału do produkcji instrumentarium chirurgicznego.

EN

The aim of this work was comparative analysis of selected properties of metallic materials used for surgical instruments. The studies have been conducted to determine the corrosion resistance (gravimetric method), surface wettability (sitting drop method) and free surface energy analysis using two analytical models: Owens-Wendt’s and van Oss-Chauhury-Good’s. As a result, the properties of austenitic and martensitic steel determining the choice of material for the production of surgical instruments have been indicated.

14

The influence of cooling rate during welding on joint properties made of austenitic steel 1.4301

Rzeźnikiewicz Agnieszka, Makielak Mateusz, Dyner Piotr

Welding Technology Review

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2019

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R. 91, nr 11

43--49

EN

The aim of the research was to investigated the influence of cooling rate during welding on joint properties made of austenitic steel 1.4301. Three test panels were made: cooled in air, cooled by dipping the plate in water and cooled by spraying water from the side of the weld ridge. Non-destructive examinations (visual, penetrative and radiographic) and destructive tests (stretching, bending and impact tests) were made on the test panels. In addition, the ferrite content measurement was carried out. It has been shown that the cooling affects the ferrite content and the impact strength of the joint.

PL

W pracy zbadano wpływ szybkości chłodzenia podczas spawania na własności złącza wykonanego ze stali austenitycznej 1.4301. Wykonano trzy płyty próbne: chłodzoną w powietrzu, chłodzoną poprzez zanurzenie płyty w wodzie oraz chłodzoną poprzez natrysk wody od strony grani. Na płytach próbnych wykonano badania nieniszczące (wizualne, penetracyjne oraz radiograficzne) oraz niszczące (rozciągania, zginania oraz badania udarności). Dodatkowo wykonano pomiar zawartości ferrytu. Wykazano, że szybkość chłodzenia ma wpływ na poziom zawartości ferrytu oraz na udarność złącza.

15

Qualification of brazing procedure for furnace brazing of austenitic steel according to requirements of the ASME BPVC, section IX

Rogalski Grzegorz, Landowski Michał, Świerczyńska Aleksandra, Łabanowski Jerzy, Tomków Jacek

Welding Technology Review

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2019

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R. 91, nr 9

13--24

EN

The article presents the procedure for qualifying brazing technology in a vacuum furnace on the example of stainless steel elements joined with copper filler material from the F-No group. 105, in accordance with the ASME Sec. IX, part QB (ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Qualification Standard for Welding, Brazing and Fusing; Procedures; Welders; Brazers; and Welding, Brazing and Fusing Operators). The essential variables of the furnace brazing process are discussed in relation to the requirements of the protocol of qualified PQR (Procedure Qualification Record) and BPS (Brazing Procedure Specification) in accordance with the ASME Sec. IX. The requirements for joints by the calculation code ASME Sec. VIII div.1 (Rules of Construction of Pressure Vessels), related to the working temperature of the designed device have also been taken into account. The paper presents examples of brazed joints made and their properties (strength, fill level of the clearance) obtained on the basis of the carried out tests. Attention was paid to the technological aspects during the performance of brazed joints using vacuum furnaces.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono procedurę kwalifikowania technologii lutowania twardego w piecu próżniowym na przykładzie elementów ze stali wysokostopowej nierdzewnej austenitycznej łączonych lutem miedzianym z grupy F-No. 105, zgodnie z przepisami ASME Sec. IX, part QB (ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Qualification Standard for Welding, Brazing and Fusing; Procedures; Welders; Brazers; and Welding, Brazing and Fusing Operators). Omówiono zmienne zasadnicze procesu lutowania próżniowego w odniesieniu do wymagań stawianych dokumentacji tj.: protokołowi z kwalifikowanej technologii lutowania PQR (ang. Procedure Qualification Record) oraz Instrukcji technologicznej lutowania BPS (ang. Brazing Procedure Specification) zgodnie z przepisami ASME Sec. IX. Uwzględniono również wymagania stawiane połączeniom przez kod obliczeniowy ASME Sec. VIII div.1 (ang. Rules of Construction of Pressure Vessels), a związane z temperaturą pracy projektowanego urządzenia. Przedstawiono przykłady wykonanych połączeń lutowanych oraz ich właściwości (wytrzymałościowe, stopień wypełnienia szczeliny lutowniczej) uzyskane na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań. Zwrócono uwagę na aspekty technologiczne podczas wykonywania złączy lutowanych przy zastosowaniu pieców próżniowych.

16

Laser welding of panel joints of stainless steel heat exchangers

Lisiecki Aleksander, Wójciga Piotr, Kurc-Lisiecka Agnieszka, Barczyk Michał, Krawczyk Sonia

Welding Technology Review

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2019

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R. 91, nr 7

7--19

EN

Results of study on the laser welding process of pillow plates heat exchangers are presented in the article. The influence of basic parameters of CO2 laser welding on the quality of overlap joints of AISI 304 stainless steel plates 2.0 and 4.0 mm thick was determined. The range of optimal parameters of welding, providing the highest quality and high mechanical performance of the test joints was determined. The technological conditions elaborated during the study were applied for manufacturing of the real pillow plates heat exchangers with dimensions of 1.5x1.5 m.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań procesu spawania laserowego złączy panelowych wymienników ciepła. Określono wpływ podstawowych parametrów spawania laserem gazowym CO2 na jakość złączy zakładkowych blach ze stali austenitycznej AISI 304 o grubości 2,0 i 4,0 mm. Określono zakres optymalnych parametrów spawania zapewniających najwyższą jakość i wysoką wytrzymałość złączy. Opracowane warunki technologiczne spawania laserowego zastosowano do wytwarzania partii panelowych wymienników ciepła o wymiarach 1,5x1,5 m.

17

Influence of seawater salinity on corrosion of austenitic steel

Starosta Robert

Journal of KONES

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2019

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Vol. 26, No. 3

219--225

EN

Due to the paramagnetic properties and the ability to passivation, for the production of hulls of some vessels (mainly warships), corrosion-resistant (stainless) steels with austenitic structure are used. This article describes the influence of seawater salinity on selected corrosion properties of high-alloy steel X5CrNi 18-10 (304). The average salinity of the seas is taken as 3.5% content of sodium chloride. Corrosion rate of the tested material was evaluated in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride was evaluated. The NaCl concentration in corrosive solutions was 0.7%, 1.4%, 2.1%, 2.8%, 3.5%, 4.2%. Corrosion tests were performed using the potentiodynamic method. The range of electrochemical potential changes was Ecorr ±150 mV. Corrosion rate was assessed on the basis of corrosion current density measurements. Corrosion potential values against the saturated calomel electrode were also determined. Based on the obtained measurement results and non-parametric significance tests carried out, a significant influence of seawater salinity on the value of corrosion current density and corrosion potential was found. The highest value of corrosion current density (jcorr), and thus the highest corrosion rate, was recorded for 3.5% NaCl solution. In the concentration range from 0.7 to 3.5% NaCl in solution, the corrosion rate of austenitic steel increases. A further increase in salinity of electrolyte results in the inhibition of corrosion rate of steel. There is almost a full negative, linear correlation between the proportion of sodium chloride in the corrosive solution and the value of corrosion potential. Along with the rise in the salinity of seawater, increase the electrochemical activity, and thus the corrosion susceptibility, thus the corrosion susceptibility, of the austenitic steel X5CrNi 18-10 was observed.

18

Role of materials design in maintenance engineering in the context of industry 4.0 idea

Dobrzański L. A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 96, nr 1

12--49

EN

Purpose: The paper presents the issues of designing the maintenance of materials and products in accordance with the idea of Industry 4.0. The author's views on the need for augmentation of the Industry 4.0 model were also presented, as well as the author's original concept that hybrid activities in predictive maintenance and condition-based maintenance should be preceded by designing material, maintenance & manufacturing 3MD at the stage of the product's material designing and technological designing. The 3MD approach significantly reduces the frequency of assumed actions, procedures and resources necessary to remain the condition of this product for the longest possible time, enabling it to perform the designed working functions. Examples of own advanced research on several selected, newly developed materials, used in very different areas of application, confirmed the validity of the scientific hypothesis and the relationship between the studied phenomena and structural effects and the working functions of products and their maintenance and indicated that material design is one of the most important elements guaranteeing progress production at the stage of Industry 4.0 of the industrial revolution. Design/methodology/approach: The author's considerations are based on an extensive literature study and the results of the author's previous study and empirical work. Each of the examples given required the use of a full set of research methods available to modern material engineering, including HRTEM high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Findings: The most interesting intellectual achievements contained in the paper include presentations of the author's original concepts regarding the augmentation of the Industry 4.0 model, which has been distributed so far, which not only requires augmentation but is actually only one of the 4 elements of the technology platform of the extended holistic model of current industrial development, concerning cyber-IT production aided system. The author also presents his own concept for designing material, maintenance and manufacturing 3MD already at the stage of material and technological design of the product, eliminating many problems related to product maintenance, even before they are manufactured and put into exploitation. Detailed results of detailed structural researches of several selected avant-garde engineering materials and discussion of structural changes that accompanying their manufacturing and/or processing are also included. Originality/value: The originality of the paper is associated with the novelty of the approach to analysing maintenance problems of materials and products, taking into account the requirements of the contemporary stage of Industry 4.0 development. The value of the paper is mainly associated with the presentation of original issues referred to as findings, including the concept of augmentation of the Industry 4.0 model and the introduction and experimental confirmation of the idea by designing material, maintenance and manufacturing 3MD.

19

Microstructure and selected mechanical properties of welded joints in austenitic perforated bottoms made using the automated TOP TIG method

Tuz Lechosław, Sulikowski Krzysztof

Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa w Gliwicach

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 2

69--75

EN

The article presents selected test results obtained during welding tests preceding a Welding Procedure Qualification, performed using a robotic TOP TIG welding station. The test results revealed the obtainment of welded joints characterised by proper geometry and proper austenitic structure. In addition, the article presents typical welding imperfections observed in relation to the adjustment of welding process parameters, i.e. hot cracks in the weld root area and cavities.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wybrane wyniki badań uzyskane na etapie prób spawania przed kwalifikowaniem technologii spawania przy zastosowaniu zrobotyzowanego stanowiska do spawania metodą TOP TIG. Wyniki badań wskazują na uzyskanie poprawnej geometrii złączy spawanych oraz poprawną austenityczną strukturę złączy spawanych. Przedstawiono również typowe niezgodności spawalnicze obserwowane podczas doboru parametrów spawania, tj. pęknięcia gorące w obszarze grani spoiny i pustki gazowe.

20

Causes of cracks of chemical apparatus made of austenitic steel

Lange A., Białucki P., Małachowska A., Bashir A., Harapińska E.

Welding Technology Review

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2018

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R. 90, nr 12

25--31

EN

The subject of the research was the installation of a water steam used in the chemical industry. Penetration tests revealed an extensive network of cracks on the surface of steel and welds. Metallographic studies, chemical composition analysis, EDX analysis were performed. Thermal treatment of steel was carried out and microhardness measurements were made. The results of the tests showed that stress corrosion was the main reason for the occurrence of cracks.

PL

Przedmiotem badań był inżektor - element instalacji pary przegrzanej eksploatowany w przemyśle chemicznym. Badania penetracyjne ujawniły rozległą siatkę pęknięć na powierzchni stali i spoin. Wykonano badania metalograficzne, analizę składu chemicznego, analizę EDX. Przeprowadzono obróbkę cieplną stali oraz wykonano pomiary mikrotwardości. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wykazały, że główną przyczyną wystąpienia pęknięć była korozja naprężeniowa.