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1

Physicochemical properties of fuel compositions obtained from diesel fuel and different kinds of fatty raw material

Duda K., Piętak A.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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Vol. 25, No. 3

137--143

EN

Increased interest in development of alternative fuels used to power combustion engines is caused by excessive use of fuels obtained from mineral sources. Depletion of resources, political aspects as well as the negative impact on the environment are commonly discussed issues in relation to fossil fuels. On the other hand, biodegradability, lower toxic components emissions and interchangeability with mineral fuels are commonly described benefits related to biodiesel, interpreted as fatty acid methyl esters obtained from fatty raw material. Also the multiplicity of raw materials that can be used for production promotes popularization of the biodiesel. However the variety of raw materials can have significant impact on the number of physicochemical properties of alternative fuels due to the differences in molecular structures forming given type of raw material. The article presents analysis of properties of different types of biodiesel and its mixtures with diesel according to the outlines presented in the quality standards for mineral and alternative fuels. Alternative fuels were produced in the laboratory setup from swine, poultry, rape and sunflower fatty raw material. Such parameters as: density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, acid value, oxidation stability, cold filter plugging point, sulphur content, water content and total contamination were examined, based on the results, the quality of the biofuels was evaluated. Study confirms that biofuels derived from plant origin fatty raw material present favorable results in the aspect water content, total contamination, acid value and cold flow properties, thus biofuels derived from animal origin raw fatty material presents lower density and sulphur content.

2

The impact of the share of biogas in a supply dose on load parameters in the combustion chamber of a dual-fuel compression-ignition engine

Wierzbicki S., Boruta G., Piętak A.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 2

407--414

EN

The need to increase the share of renewable fuels in the general energy balance necessitates the search for new possibilities of their use. One such fuel is biogas, which is generated both as a result of natural processes occurring, e.g. in landfills, and can also be obtained from various biological materials in biogas plants. Because of its properties, biogas may be used to power spark-ignition engines. At the same time, in numerous scientific centres attempts are underway at using biogas to power compression-ignition engines. Due to the relatively high autoignition temperature of methane, which is the main component of biogas, it is necessary to use dual-fuel supply systems in CI engines. Providing fuel gas to such an engine in the form of biogas, which can have a varying chemical composition, considerably changes the conditions of combustion in the engine compartment, which affects both the performance of the engine as well as the emission of toxic compounds into the atmosphere. The present paper discusses the impact of supplying an engine with fuel gas, as well as of the composition of biogas, on the ratios describing the load in the combustion chamber of a dual-fuel compression-ignition engine. The calculations were conducted for a four-cylinder forced induction engine, assuming that the volume of the drawn gas and air mixture equals the volume of the drawn air during mono-fuel operation.

3

Spectrofluorometric characterization of oil from pyrolysis of scrap tires

Ambrosewicz-Walacik M., Piętak A.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 1

25--30

EN

Almost all kinds of fuel applied in combustion engines come from refining industry, in which crude oil serves as basic raw material. However, there are also searched other sources of hydrocarbons which can be used directly or as additives to conventional fuels. The most popular in this regard are vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, from which are produced esters used as fuel for diesel engines. On the other hand, as additives to gasoline can be used alcohols derived from the fermentation of agricultural products. Another way to obtain liquid hydrocarbons is pyrolysis of scrap tires. In this article, such pyrolytic product is analysed in terms of its fluorescence properties compared to the fluorescent properties of substances derived from the distillation of the pyrolysis product in three following temperatures: 160, 204 and 350 ºC. All the tested substances show relatively strong fluorescence in ultraviolet range. Fluorometric spectra were performed applying the spectrofluorometer Hitachi F-7000 FL with 1x1 cm quartz cuvette. Studied substances were previously diluted in n-hexane to obtain concentration 4 ppm. Amount of fluorescent peaks and their positions depends on kind of distillate. Ipso facto fluorescence method seems be suitable much more – than chemical analyse – for quick identification of substances constituting a components of distillate obtained from pyrolytic product.

4

A proposal of simulation model of a wind-steering system for sailing yachts, based on single-stage servopendulum coupled with main rudder

Piętak A., Mikulski M., Melzacki M., Czerwiński K.

Polish Maritime Research

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2015

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nr 2

15--22

EN

The aim of this study was to investigate possible application of fast design prototyping methods for wind-steering systems used in offshore sailing yachts. The development of such methods would help to speed up the construction work and reduce the scope of necessary experimental research, prior to implementation of the system. In the present work, based on an analysis of existing designs of windvane systems, a preliminary selection of the system configuration has been undertaken, in terms of a compromise between efficiency, performance, and design complexity. Construction design of a single- stage, servo – pendulum system, has been developed by using the Autodesk Inventor design package. Next, based on the design data, a simulation model of the system, has been produced by using Matlab – Simulink software and SimMechanics library. The model was further verified in terms of kinematics mapping with the use of Matlab visualization tools.

5

Modelowanie procesów hamowania pojazdów samochodowych w programie Matlab

Olejnik A., Piętak A., Wacławek M.

Logistyka

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2015

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nr 4

5096--5105, CD 2

PL

W celu weryfikacji zasadności badań eksploatacyjnych, mających bezpośrednie przełożenie na bezpieczeństwo w ruchu drogowym, przeprowadzono symulację procesu hamowania pojazdu samochodowego klasy M1 i M3 w programie Matlab w odniesieniu do warunków metodyki badań homologacyjnych. Wykazano, iż pomimo znacznych różnic w metodyce badań homologacyjnych i eksploatacyjnych, badania wykonywane na stacji kontroli pojazdów zapewniają miarodajne wyniki, pod warunkiem, gdy badany pojazd samochodowy obciążony jest do swojej nominalnej masy roboczej. Wykazano również, że kluczowym czynnikiem w procesie hamowania jest czas reakcji kierowcy, zaś jego wydłużenie skutkuje brakiem możliwości bezpiecznego wytracenia prędkości pojazdu przed pojawiającą się na drodze przeszkodą.

EN

In order to verify the validity of exploitation tests having a direct impact on road safety, a simulation of vehicle braking process for M1 and M3 vehicle class was performed in Matlab with regard to the conditions of methodology of approval tests. It was demonstrated that despite significant differences in methodology of approval tests and tests performed on vehicle inspection stations, both provide reliable results, under condition that the tested vehicle is loaded to its nominal working mass. It was also shown that a key factor in the braking process is driver's reaction time, and its elongation will result in the inability to safely decelerate and decrees vehicle speed before an obstacle appearing on the road.

6

Koncepcja autonomicznej sieci transportu indywidualnego na terenie miasteczka akademickiego w Kortowie

Piętak A., Drogosz P., Miernik M.

Logistyka

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2015

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nr 4

5307--5314, CD 2

PL

W artykule opisano koncepcję nowej inwestycji związanej z dążeniem do rozwiązania lokalnych problemów komunikacyjnych na wydzielonym obszarze, w którym okresowo przemieszcza się kilkanaście tysięcy osób. Wyodrębnionym obszarem jest miasteczko akademickie należące do Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie (dalej stosuje się skrót UWM). Na tym obszarze rozmieszczone są publicznie dostępne budynki użytkowe oraz budynki mieszkalne zasiedlone przez studentów i pracowników UWM. Ze względu na specyfikę działalności UWM wielokrotnie w ciągu dnia występuje wzrost lokalnego ruchu komunikacyjnego związanego z przemieszczaniem się dużej liczby osób pomiędzy różnymi budynkami i dzielnicami miasta Olsztyn. Wzrost efektywności wykorzystania przestrzeni oraz budynków Kortowa powoduje przeciążenie infrastruktury komunikacyjnej, którą trudno zmienić. Z tych powodów pojawiła się potrzeba poszukiwania możliwości rozwiązania bądź tylko złagodzenia narastających trudności. W tym artykule przedstawiono koncepcję budowy autonomicznej sieci transportu indywidualnego, która w nowatorski sposób może rozwiązać lokalne problemy transportowe. Opisane studium zostało opracowane w perspektywie realizacji długofalowego dążenia do realizacji rozwiązania optymalnego. Z tego powodu nie traktowano wstępnych ograniczeń finansowych jako istotnych.

EN

This paper describes the conception of a new investments associated with solving local communication problems in a relatively small separated area of the campus of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (UWM) with several thousand people (mainly students) moving around. The campus constitutes a district of Olsztyn called Kortowo. Olsztyn is the main city of Warmia-Masuria Province of Poland in Europe. In the area of the campus in Kortowo there are many publicly available buildings and residential houses inhabited by students and staff of UWM. Due to the nature of the university, there are local increases of traffic problems several times a day associated with the movement of large numbers of people between different buildings and districts of the city of Olsztyn. An increase in space and buildings efficiency in Kortowo generates overload communication infrastructure, which is difficult to change. For these reasons, it was necessary to seek possibilities to alleviate or at least reduce the increasing difficulties. This paper presents a conception of a public transport network of autonomous small vehicles, which can solve local traffic problems. The presented study was developed and described with a long-term view to implement the optimal solution. For this reason financial constraints are not treated as relevant.

7

Zero-dimensional 2-phase combustion model in a dual-fuel compression ignition engine fed with gaseous fuel and a divided diesel fuel charge

Mikulski M., Wierzbicki S., Piętak A.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2015

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Vol. 17, no. 1

42--48

EN

The problem of using alternative fueling sources for combustion engines has been growing in importance recently. This is connected not only with the dwindling oil resources, but also with the growing concern for the natural environment and the fight against global warming. This paper proposes the concept for a zero-dimensional model of a multi-fuel engine, enabling the determination of thermodynamic system parameters based on the basic geometric and material object data (complete model). The basic problems in the creation of this model and the modeling of the accompanying subprocesses have been outlined and the methodology of the numerical solution of the obtained mathematical description has been proposed. The basic characteristics of the developed model are: the application of an original model of liquid fraction injection based on normal distribution, a new Assanis correlation for computing the diesel fuel self-ignition delay period in the presence of gas, first-order chemical reaction kinetic equations for describing the course of combustion for combustible components of the gas/air mixture, the implementation of a self-consistency procedure in modeling heat exchange and the effect of exhaust recirculation, the inclusion of both a single liquid fuel injection and the possibility of performing computations for a divided charge.

PL

W ostatnim czasie problem wykorzystania alternatywnych źródeł zasilania silników spalinowych zyskuje szczególnie na znaczeniu. Związane jest to nie tylko z kurczącymi się zasobami ropy naftowej, ale również z coraz większą troską o środowisko naturalne oraz walką z globalnym ociepleniem. W niniejszej pracy zaproponowano koncepcję zero-wymiarowego modelu silnika wielopaliwowego, umożliwiającego, wyznaczenie parametrów termodynamicznych układu w oparciu o podstawowe dane geometryczne i materiałowe obiektu (model kompletny). Nakreślono podstawowe problemy w zagadnieniu tworzenia takiego modelu i modelowania podprocesów towarzyszących oraz zaproponowano metodykę numerycznego rozwiązywania uzyskanego opisu matematycznego. Podstawowe wyróżniki opracowanego modelu to: zastosowanie autorskiego modelu procesu wtrysku frakcji ciekłej opartego na rozkładzie normalnym, nowej korelacji Assanisa do obliczenia okresu zwłoki samozapłonu oleju napędowego w obecności gazu, jednostopniowych równań kinetyki reakcji chemicznej do opisu przebiegu spalania składników palnych mieszaniny gaz-powietrze, implementacja procedury samouzgodnienia w modelowaniu procesu wymiany ciepła i wpływu recyrkulacji spalin, uwzględnienie zarówno pojedynczego wtrysku paliwa ciekłego jak i możliwość prowadzenia obliczeń dla dawki dzielonej.

8

Ocena jakości olejów napędowych wykorzystywanych do zasilania silników o ZS z wybranych olsztyńskich stacji paliw

Ambrosewicz-Walacik M., Piętak A.

Combustion Engines

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2015

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R. 54, nr 3

963--967

PL

Celem pracy była ocena parametrów fizyko-chemicznych 10 próbek olejów napędowych zakupionych na olsztyńskich stacjach paliw. Próbki scharakteryzowano pod względem zawartości wody, lepkości kinematycznej w temp. 40°C, gęstości w temp. 15°C, liczby kwasowej, zawartości siarki, temperatury zapłonu i zablokowania zimnego filtra, stabilności oksydacyjnej w temp. 110°C oraz zawartości zanieczyszczeń stałych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz wykazano, że zakupione paliwa nie spełniły wymogu stabilności oksydacyjnej, której dopuszczalna wartość jest określona na poziomie powyżej 20 h. Pozostałe badane wyróżniki jakościowe były zgodne z wymaganiami norm.

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate physico-chemical parameters of 10 samples of diesel fuel purchased from Olsztyn stations. The samples were characterized for water content, kinematic viscosity at 40°C, density at 15°C, acid number, sulfur content, flash point and cold filter plugging point, oxidative stability at 110°C and solids content. Based on the analyzes it was shown that the fuel purchased did not meet the requirement oxidation stability, which limit value is set at a level above 20 hours. Other tested discriminants of quality were consistent with the requirements of the standards.

9

Badania intensywności gromadzenia się osadów na rozpylaczach dla różnych biopaliw

Boruta G., Olejnik A., Piętak A., Struś M.

Combustion Engines

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2015

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R. 54, nr 3

907--914

PL

Opisano uwarunkowania stosowania biopaliw oraz biokomponentów do paliw ropopochodnych. Opisano stanowisko badawcze i eksperyment mający na celu zbadanie różnicy intensywności gromadzenia się osadów w obrębie otworów rozpylacza wtryskiwacza podającego do cylindra silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym standardowy olej napędowy oraz sześć różnych kompozycji biopaliw. W trakcie tego eksperymentu rejestrowano czasowe przebiegi ciśnień powietrza rozprężającego się z butli do atmosfery przez otwory rozpylaczy użytych wtryskiwaczy. Oceniono podobieństwo zarejestrowanych przebiegów ciśnień. W oparciu o regresję krzywoliniową funkcją eksponens oceniono również intensywność gromadzenia się osadów na rozpylaczach zależnie od zastosowanego paliwa. Stwierdzono, że gromadzenie to dla jednego z badanych biopaliw jest szczególnie intensywne i większe niż dla oleju napędowego i może wynikać z dużej zawartości węgla w stosunku do wodoru i tlenu w jego cząsteczkach.

EN

The conditions the use of bio-fuels and bio-components for oil fuels were described. The test stand and the experiment designed to investigate the difference in the intensity of the carbon deposits accumulation within fuel injector nozzle holes feed into the cylinder of diesel engine standard diesel and six different compositions of biofuels were describes. During this experiment, variations of pressure of air expanding from the stand cylinder to the atmosphere through holes of nozzles used injectors were recorded. The similarity of acquired pressure variations was rated. Based on the curvilinear regression exponent function, the intensity of accumulation of carbon deposits on the nozzles, depending on the used fuel, was also evaluated. It was found that the accumulation for one of the tested bio-fuels is particularly intense and larger than the one of diesel fuel and may be result of high carbon content relative to hydrogen and oxygen content in its molecules.

10

Numerical Studies on Controlling Gaseous Fuel Combustion by Managing the Combustion Process of Diesel Pilot Dose in a Dual-Fuel Engine

Mikulski M., Wierzbicki S., Piętak A.

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 36, nr 2

225--238

EN

Protection of the environment and counteracting global warming require finding alternative sources of energy. One of the methods of generating energy from environmentally friendly sources is increasing the share of gaseous fuels in the total energy balance. The use of these fuels in compression-ignition (CI) engines is difficult due to their relatively high autoignition temperature. One solution for using these fuels in CI engines is operating in a dualfuel mode, where the air and gas mixture is ignited with a liquid fuel dose. In this method, a series of relatively complex chemical processes occur in the engine's combustion chamber, related to the combustion of individual fuel fractions that interact with one another. Analysis of combustion of specific fuels in this type of fuel injection to the engine is difficult due to the fact that combustion of both fuel fractions takes place simultaneously. Simulation experiments can be used to analyse the impact of diesel fuel combustion on gaseous fuel combustion. In this paper, we discuss the results of simulation tests of combustion, based on the proprietary multiphase model of a dual-fuel engine. The results obtained from the simulation allow for analysis of the combustion process of individual fuels separately, which expands the knowledge obtained from experimental tests on the engine.

11

Influence of contribution of biofuels derived from renewable materials in the fuel on the combustion process and toxic compounds emission of compression ignition engine

Mikulski M., Duda K., Piętak A., Wierzbicki S.

Journal of KONES

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2014

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Vol. 21, No. 4

343--351

EN

The use of liquid fuels as an energy source for internal combustion engines is unavoidable nowadays, further consumption increases with the development of industry and economic growth of the country. The abundance of the world in fossil fuels is a highly controversial issue; however, irrespective of forecasts concerning deposits of mineral fuels, undisputable fact is that these are resources, which will deplete. Economic, environmental and legislative issues also impose a limitation of use of fossil fuels. Under the problems associated with fossil fuels, an interesting alternative may be fuel derived from renewable sources. Biodiesel understood as a renewable energy source, used to feed compression ignition engines seem to be the ideal solution to meet energy needs, facing so called economic circulation era. Many research results confirm that combustion of pure biofuels in the currently highly advanced injection systems causes many problems. Different biofuel properties from diesel, such as viscosity or density directly influences on combustion process and emission of toxic components in the exhaust gases. Therefore, biodiesel blends with diesel fuel in all proportions; the combustion of such mixtures carries a number of benefits, from consumption reduction of non-renewable resources to reduction of harmful components in the exhaust gases. In this paper, the effect of doping methyl esters on the process of combustion and exhaust gases emissions in a compression ignition engine feed with mixtures of esters and diesel was examined. Tests were performed on four-cylinder, CI Andoria ACDR engine equipped with Common Rail fuel injection system. In order to investigate the combustion process, cylinder pressure and toxic components in exhaust gases steady state measurements were performed.

12

Effect of pilot charge size and biogas composition on the operating efficiency of a dual-fuel compression-ignition engine

Wierzbicki S., Śmieja M., Mikulski M., Piętak A.

Journal of KONES

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2014

|

Vol. 21, No. 3

279--284

EN

Reduction of greenhouse gases emissions into the atmosphere, as well as increasing the share of renewables in the overall energy balance, forces the search for new, alternative energy sources. One of the fuels, which presents high potential for combustion engines are biomethane or biogas, with methane as the main flammable component. Biogas can be obtained from different products and using a variety of technologies which results in its wide availability and relatively easy manufacture. The largest sources of biogas can be animal farms or sewage treatment plants and waste dumps in which significant quantities of biogas are obtained as a result of naturally occurring processes. Biogas can also be obtained from processing of energy crops or waste processing in agricultural, food and meat processing plants. In this article, the possibility of using biogas as a fuel for CI engines has been examined. In such engine, combustion of biogas (methane) requires the use of dual fuel supply system, in which in addition to methane, liquid fuel is injected into the combustion chamber, in order to initiate the self-ignition of gaseous fuel. The paper presents exemplary results of the impact of the proportion of different fuels and biogas composition on the efficiency of the engine work cycle.

13

The properties of mixtures of FAEE diesel and ethanol used to power compression ignition engines

Piętak A., Duda K., Chraplewska N., Ambrosewicz M., Struś M.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 4

341--347

EN

Due to the continuous increase in prices of conventional fuels, the production of biofuels on an industrial, as well as small scale, nowadays is becoming more economically efficient. However, the usage of biofuels in its pure form is a problem when one have to supply them with modern injection systems. Due to the difference in parameters of biofuels in comparison with conventional fuels, the attempt to develop a mixture of optimal parameters for use in diesel engines, equipped with modern injection system, was made. Fuels derived from substrates which are produced independently of food production and which can energize CI engines are occupying now stronger market positions. Easier access to know-how and an uncomplicated production process result in technological development, not only in mass-scale plants but also in smaller devices which meet the needs of individual users or in which residues of other processes are neutralized or reused13 samples were tested, mixed of diesel, FAEE and ethyl alcohol. The mixtures were prepared and tested in The Department of Mechatronics in University of Warmia and Mazury for the most important parameters in the evaluation of possibility of usage to power modern compression ignition engines.

14

Test stand for a combined heat and power unit fed with alternative gas fuels

Boruta G., Imiołek M., Piętak A.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 4

39--45

EN

This paper presents the reasons for the development of gas-combined power and heat units and justification for testing the effect of the used gas fuel on the performance of such units. A PBCHP10VB CHP unit driven by a liquidcooled piston combustion engine adapted for feeding with gas fuels is described. The concept is presented for testing the effect of different gas fuel mixtures, including biogas, on this unit’s operation, mainly on the obtained electric power from the current generator and the temperature of the liquid cooling the driving engine heating up output water and on the composition of exhaust gas from this engine. A simple device for obtaining gas fuels containing different combustible gas mixtures is presented. The instruments used to check the composition of the obtained gas fuel and check exhaust gas from the engine are briefly described. The paper describes a test stand for testing the effect of different gas fuels on the operation of a PBCHP10VB gas CHP unit manufactured by Power Blessed Co., Ltd registered in Shanghai, constructed at the Department of Mechatronics and Technical and Information Technology Education of the Faculty of Technical Sciences at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn.

15

Preliminary tests on an integrated laboratory control system for the feeding system of a dual - fuel diesel engine and its load

Wierzbicki S., Śmieja M., Piętak A.

Journal of KONES

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2013

|

Vol. 20, No. 2

393--399

EN

Comprehensive testing of diesel engines currently requires not only a control system for the feeding system of the engine, but also a system ensuring precise control of its load and providing constant measurement conditions. Additionally, it is necessary during the tests to record a considerable number of operating parameters of both the engine and the loading system. The currently available stands for diesel engine tests, the so-called “engine test beds”, are standardly-equipped with special systems controlled using computer applications to ensure the maintenance of the assumed engine operation parameters. For compression-ignition engines, this most often takes place by control of the accelerator pedal position. In this solution, the engine is controlled by the engine controller, which controls the fuel charge based on the measurement of the rotational speed and the accelerator pedal position depending on the assumed control algorithm. The shortcoming of this solution is no possibility of controlling selected fuel feeding parameters, such as fuel pressure or the injection advance angle. This paper presents preliminary tests on an integrated control system for both engine load and the parameters of fuel fed to a compression-ignition engine. The developed control system enables engine test bed control, which, depending on the measurement variant, ensures the maintenance of a constant rotational speed or a constant engine load as well as control of the Common Rail system actuators.

16

Preliminary tests on a combined heat and power unit fed with gas fuels

Imiołek M., Boruta G., Piętak A., Matijošius J.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 4

123--127

EN

This paper presents a model unit demonstrating the possibility of using a PBCHP10VB CHP unit driven by a piston combustion engine fed with gas fuels for heat and power cogeneration. A mobile unit available in the Department enables heat and power cogeneration at any place with available gas fuel, e.g. compressed in a pressure tank or from a production and transmission system. A radiator is connected to the unit’s heat connection for demonstrative purposes – this is the simplest model of a network using the heat generated by the unit, with the possibility of easy connection to another network for heating rooms and/or tap water instead of this radiator. Any three-phase load (e.g. a single phase converter) can be connected to the unit’s power connection. A constructed mobile power generator fed with alternative gas fuels (e.g. biogas) is described which can be used in the field in a biogas system for power generation with simultaneous heat recovery. The results of the first preliminary tests on the effect of the type of gas fuel used on the obtained electrical and thermal power and on the composition of exhaust gas from the driving combustion engine are presented. A plan for further tests is also outlined.

17

Biomass energy potential : green energy for the university of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Górecki R., Piętak A., Meus M., Kozłowski M.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 4

99--106

EN

The combined production of electrical and heat energy is one of the preferred, by national policy, activities associated with energy production from renewable sources. The simultaneous generation of heat and electrical or mechanical energy during the same technological process is called cogeneration or combined heat and power, CHP. The presented methodological approach includes an analysis of the data recorded in the research stations and agricultural production stations owned and managed by the University of Warmia and Mazury (UWM) in Olsztyn, performed in order to determine the energy potential of biomass and other renewable energy sources (RES). Depending on the substrates available for UWM in Olsztyn, it is proposed to take a varied approach towards the use of RES by means of biotechnological and thermal biomass conversion. The first method is based on the production of biogas from biomass with the subsequent use of the generated biogas in the process of cogeneration. In the second method, heat energy generated by gasification in a syngas generator will be used for transformation with a Stirling’s engine into mechanical energy and finally into electrical (30%) and heat (60%) energy. The concept of a “Green University” is the result of the performed analyses.

18

Green energy for the Province of Warmia and Mazury from biogas

Piętak A., Meus M.

Environmental Biotechnology

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2013

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Vol. 9, No. 2

52--58

EN

Currently in Poland the most widely used material for the production of electricity is fossil fuels. However, due to an increase in their prices and the tightening of European Union regulations on emissions of greenhouse gases, there are tendencies to transform the energy sector through the implementation of technologies based on alternative source of energy. The main focus is, therefore, on renewable energy source. In recent years, Poland has increased interest in the investments in renewable energy sources to fulfill the guidelines of the EU energy policy, which obliges Poland to obtain a 15% share of renewable energy sources in final energy consumption by 2020. One of the preferred state policy activities related to the production of energy from renewable sources is biogas production and cogeneration of electricity and heat. The simultaneous production of heat and electric or mechanical energy during the same technological process is called Combined Heat and Power (CHP). The Province of Warmia and Mazury is a ”green region”, which is why biogas is a solution that can ensure future energy security for the whole province. The methodological approach included in the article is to determine the potential energy that can be obtained from biogas cogeneration process. To this end, an analysis of Central Statistical Office data was performed as well as an analysis of available reports and studies for the Province of Warmia and Mazury, in the context of determining the energy potential of biogas cogeneration. As a result, the general method has been developed that allows the determination of the average theoretical potential for energy production from biogas cogeneration process. In addition, the article presents an illustrative diagram of a biogas plant with CHP system.

19

The demand analysis of the biogas plant with chp system on substrate, the aim to obtain required electrical and thermal power

Piętak A., Meus M., Nitkiewicz S.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 3

334-344

EN

Due to the ending resources of fossil fuels, as well as instability of the political situation on the world, especially in countries that are their main supplier, governments of poor countries in resources are forced to seek alternative sources of energy. Currently the most commonly used raw material to produce an electrical and thermal power in Poland are coal and lignite, However, in a result of an increase of their prices and an exacerbated by the EU of regulations about an emission of the greenhouse gas, emerged trends, that aim to transform the energy sector through the implementation of technologies based on alternative energy sources. The main focus is to put on renewable energy sources. The methodology, which is contained in this paper, presents a way to designation the demand of the biogas plant with CHP system on substrate of agricultural origin, the aim to obtain required electrical and thermal power. Moreover, the paper presents a simplified diagram of anaerobic fermentation, which is the basis of biogas production, as well as an illustrative diagram of a biogas plant with CHP system. In this paper also was mentioned the possibility of application biogas for transportation purposes.

20

Possibilities of applications of stirling engine in cogeneration systems

Boruta G., Drogosz P., Nitkiewicz S., Piętak A.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 2

67-75

EN

This study takes into account engines working in Stirling cycles in cogeneration systems. Stirling engines have been selected because of their characteristics of exploitation. The possibility of their use in cogeneration systems is more favourable in comparison with other combustion engines because they can avoid usage of industrial and transport fuels. The Stirling engines enable the use of biomass, agricultural and other waste energy sources in micro tri- and cogeneration plants dedicated for the use in agriculture and forestry. Considering such applications, three types of usage structures of Stirling engines are proposed. All three structures are dedicated to install in small residential or farm buildings. These three types of structure are named: “type master”, “type slave” and “type customer”. In accordance with the proposed structures, different types of engine constructions are discussed, too. At the same time, the authors described the dependences between Stirling engines and electric power energy systems. The arguments of grid power systems and dispersed energy resource in text were reviewed. After that overview, some legal problems are discussed. Finally, the conception of independent dispersed micro agropower system and some technical equipment were described. Technical realization of the proposed conception requires: proper type, installation and usage of Stirling engines and proper expectations of achieved results.