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EN
The paper presents results of influence microwave drying on strength and technological properties of molding sand with gypsum binder researches, which, immediately after making and after the natural initial setting in air for 1, 2 or 5 hours, was heated with 250 W microwave power for 3, 6, 9 and 12 min time periods. The test was carried out on a mass containing (% -wt.): 88% Grudzeń-Las quartz sand, 12% "Dolina Nidy" plaster gypsum and 6% water. The loss of moisture content during natural drying and then microwave drying was determined, significant from the point of view of using the mass with gypsum binder in the production of products, using an environmentally friendly technology without casting incompatibilities. Additionally, the compressive strength of the mass was measured. The influence of both drying methods on the binder crystallization process and the associated mass strength was demonstrated, especially in terms of the possibility of selecting parameters and / or intensifying a specific drying method for use in the technology of manufacturing molds and foundry cores.
EN
The research paper presents the results of testing the strength and technological properties of molding sand with gypsum binder, the bonding process proceeded: naturally or conventionally. The tests included mass containing (parts by weight): 78 pbw. Grudzeń-Las quartz sand, 22 pbw. plaster gypsum "Dolina Nidy” and 9 pbw. water. Measurements of compressive strength, shear, tensile and bending as well as permeability and looseness were carried out on standard cylindrical samples kept in the air for 1-96 hours or dried at 110oC for 1-8 hours. The results of the analysis were analyzed in connection with the mass structure and construction binding bridges warp grains observed with a scanning microscope (SEM). The influence of drying intensity on the bonding process and related mass properties has been demonstrated, especially from the point of view of the possibility of selection and / or intensification of a specific curing method for use in the production of gypsum binger molds and cores.
EN
The paper presents the preliminary results of research on determining the possibilities of using available on the market commercial gypsum kinds as a binder for foundry moulding and core sandmixes. Construction gypsum and plaster gypsum, finishing coat and jewelry casting gypsum were tested. Elemental composition of gypsum kinds were carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with EDS/EDX probe, their crystal structure and phase composition was determined by analyzing the results of X-ray diffraction measurements (XRD) and thermogravimetric studies (TG-DTA). Evaluation of the mechanical properties of selected materials was carried out at the tensile strength test of the dog-bone samples after initial hardening of gypsum mortar at 25°C for 5 h and drying at 110°C for 24 hours. The impact of the properties of the used commercial gypsum kinds on the possibility of their use as a valuable binders in the manufacture of the foundry sandmixes for moulds and cores was evaluated. Construction gypsum and finishing coat have the highest tensile strength. Plaster gypsum and finishing coat have the longest setting time. In all tested types of gypsum, the initial water loss during heating occurs at a temperature of about 200°C. The lowest valuable properties as a binder for sand moulding mixtures has jewelry casting gypsum mass.
EN
In this work, the influence of microwave drying parameters such as irradiation time and microwave power level on the properties of synthetic moulding sands is presented. Determination of compressive strength Rcs, shear strength Rts and permeability Ps of synthetic moulding sands with the addition of two different bentonites, after drying process with variable microwave parameters were made. The research works were carried out using the microwave oven with regulated power range of the electromagnetic field. From the results obtained, the significant influence of both drying time and microwave power level on the selected properties of moulding sands was observed. In comparison to the conventional drying method, microwave drying allows to obtain higher compressive strength of the synthetic moulding sand. The influence of application microwave irradiation on permeability was not observed. Higher strength characteristics and shorter drying time are major advantages of application of the electromagnetic irradiation for drying of the synthetic moulding sand with regard to conventional drying method.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę dotyczącą przygotowania powierzchni kompozytu grafitowego przed nałożeniem galwanicznej powłoki miedzianej i jej wpływ na proces lutowania miękkiego w połączeniach z materiałami metalicznymi. Na próbki z kompozytu grafitowego, którego powierzchnię przygotowano różnymi metodami, oraz w końcowej obróbce przy użyciu zimnej plazmy, wytworzonej w atmosferze argonu, naniesiono galwanicznie warstwę miedzi, a następnie wykonano badania przyczepności powłoki do podłoża. Wyniki te porównano z wcześniej przeprowadzonymi pomiarami wytrzymałościowymi złączy kompozytu z naniesioną powłoką miedzianą, lutowanych na miękko z elementami ze stopu aluminium PA38 (6060).
EN
In the article issues concerning preparing the surface of graphite composite before putting the galvanic copper layer and its influence on the soldering process were described in connections with metallic materials. To samples of graphite composite, of which the area was prepared with different methods, and in final processing using cold plasma, produced in the atmosphere of argon, galvanic a layer of copper was put, and then a research on the grip of the layer was performed to base material. The results were compared with earlier conducted endurance measurements of connectors of composite with the copper layer, soldered on softly with elements of the alloy of PA38 aluminium (6060).
EN
This paper presents initial findings from research into the possibility of using gypsum binders in quartz moulding sand that could be used in the production of casting moulds and cores. For the purposes of the research two commercial types of gypsum were used as binders: building gypsum and gypsum putty. Dry components of moulding sand i.e. medium quartz sand and gypsum were mixed in proportion of 89/11 parts by weight. In order to achieve bonding properties for the binders, 5 parts by weight of water was added to the mixture of dry components. After 24 hours of adding water and mixing all the components, the moulding sand, naturally hardened, was subjected to high temperature. The moulding sand thus produced, i.e. with cheap and environmentally-friendly gypsum binders, was eventually analysed after heating (at temperatures of 300oC, 650oC and 950oC) and cooling in order to determine changes in the following parameters: LOI – loss on ignition, chemical composition and pH. Moreover, investigated were bonding bridges, before and after the moulding sand was roasted. The research results revealed differences in the structure of bonding bridges and the occurrence of automatic adhesive destruction for both types of gypsum binders. For two types of moulding sands under the investigation of the LOI exceeded 2.59wt.% (with building gypsum) or 2.84wt.% (with putty gypsum) and pH increased to ca. 12 as a result of increasing roasting temperature from 300oC to 650oC. Next, roasting at 950oC decrease value of LOI in both types of moulding sands. Moulding sand with builoding gypsum roasted at 950oC revealed a return to the value of pH parameter measured prior to annealing.
PL
Przedstawiono problematykę dotyczącą przygotowania powierzchni kompozytu grafitowego przed nałożeniem galwanicznej powłoki miedzianej i jej wpływ na lutowanie miękkie ze stopem aluminium PA38 (6060). Na próbki z kompozytu grafitowego, którego powierzchnię przygotowano różnymi metodami, naniesiono galwanicznie warstwę miedzi, a następnie wykonano próbne złącza lutowane na miękko z elementami ze stopu aluminium PA38. Przedstawiono wyniki badań wytrzymałościowych oraz badania metalograficzne przy użyciu mikroskopii świetlnej.
EN
Issues concerning the preparation of a graphite composite surface before deposition of a galvanised copper coating and its influence on soft soldering with PA38 (6060) aluminium are presented in the article. Graphite composite samples, the surfaces of which were prepared using different methods, were galvanically coated with a copper layer and then soldered to PA38 aluminium alloy elements. Results of strength tests and metallographic tests carried out using a light microscope are presented.
EN
This paper discusses the impact of high temperatures (up to 900°C) on molding and core sand with inorganic binders selected from among the group of unmodified grades of hydrated sodium silicate (water-glass). Molding sands with medium quartz sand were made under laboratory conditions and compacted at the different energy inputs necessary for obtaining various apparent densities (ϱ0). Due to the different composition and apparent density of molding mixtures hardened via microwaves at a frequency of 2.45 GHz, it was possible to assess their deformation (L) at a high temperature above the binder’s eutectic temperature. For this purpose, an apparatus for hot distortion tests was used whose construction and equipment allows us to measure the thermoplastic deformations in molding sand in many aspects; i.e., in its time of annealing. The article proposes new possibilities of interpreting the hot distortion phenomena in comparative studies of molding materials and mixtures. The application of this new measurement method revealed the differences between molding mixtures made with five inorganic binders with a molar module ranging from 2.0 to 3.4 and apparent density ranging from 1.34 to 1.57 g/cm3. It was established that distortions under the influence of high temperatures last the longest in molding sand with a binder with the highest molar module (3.4). Research also revealed that the density of molding sand is significant for increasing/decreasing the rate of thermoplastic deformations following the heating of samples only if the molding sand includes binders with a molar module of between 3.0 to 3.4. For molding sand with binders with molar modules from 2.0 to 2.5, it was established that this is excessively susceptible to thermoplastic deformation.
EN
The paper presents a research on the relation between thermal preparation of chromite sand base of moulding sands containing sodium silicate, hardened with selected physical and chemical methods, and structure of the created bonding bridges. Test specimens were prepared of chromite sand - fresh or baked at 950°C for 10 or 24 hours - mixed with 0.5 wt.% of the selected non-modified inorganic binder and, after forming, were hardened with CO2 or liquid esters, dried traditionally or heated with microwaves at 2.45 GHz. It was shown on the grounds of SEM observations that the time of baking the base sand and the hardening method significantly affect structure of the bonding bridges and are correlated with mechanical properties of the moulding sands. It was found that hardening chromite-based moulding mixtures with physical methods is much more favourable than hardening with chemical methods, guaranteeing also more than ten times higher mechanical properties.
EN
The paper presents a research on the effect of extreme - for the technology of the considered silumin EN AB 47100 - parameters of high-pressure die casting on occurrence of casting nonconformities. Considered was influence of the way of assembling the mould cooled-down to 140-160°C, non-standard for the selected casting, and pouring temperature in the range of 705 to 720°C (higher than the recommended) of non-refined alloy. The castings were prepared with use of a high-pressure casting machine made by Kirov with mould closing force of 2500 kN. Occurrence of nonconformities was evaluated on properly prepared specimens taken from the castings manufactured with various parameters of the injection piston and various multiplication pressures. The results were subjected to quantitative and qualitative analyses of casting nonconformities and distribution of major alloying elements. It was found that proper selection of working parameters of the casting machine, in spite of disadvantageous pouring conditions, makes it possible to reduce occurrence of some casting defects, like shrinkage cavities and porosity, to improve tightness of castings even when the alloy refining process is omitted.
EN
The presented research was aimed at searching for an exact and effective method of determining moisture content in traditional moulding sands. By measuring resonance frequency and quality factor of a waveguide resonance cavity, relative permittivity was determined for different synthetic moulding sands. Analysis of the presented results confirms a linear relation between relative permittivity values and moisture content values in the selected traditional moulding sands. The obtained linear relationship can be used as a reference characteristic for evaluation of humidity of moulding sand.
EN
Moulding sands containing sodium silicate (water-glass) belong to the group of porous mixture with low resistance to increased humidity. Thanks to hydrophilic properties of hardened or even overheated binder, possible is application of effective methods of hydrous reclamation consisting in its secondary hydration. For the same reason (hydrophilia of the binder), moulds and foundry cores made of high-silica moulding sands with sodium silicate are susceptible to the action of components of atmospheric air, including the contained steam. This paper presents results of a research on the effect of (relative) humidity on mechanical and technological properties of microwave-hardened moulding mixtures. Specimens of the moulding sand containing 1.5 wt% of sodium water-glass with module 2.5 were subjected, in a laboratory climatic chamber, to long-term action of steam contained in the chamber atmosphere. Concentration of water in atmospheric air was stabilized for 28 days (672 h) according to the relative humidity parameter that was ca. 40%, 60% and 80% at constant temperature 20 °C. In three cycles of the examinations, the specimens were taken out from the chamber every 7 days (168 h) and their mechanical and technological parameters were determined. It was found on the grounds of laboratory measurements that moulds and cores hardened with microwaves are susceptible to action of atmospheric air and presence of water (as steam) intensifies action of the air components on glassy film of sodium silicate. Microwave-hardened moulding sands containing sodium silicate may be stored on a long-term basis in strictly determined atmospheric conditions only, at reduced humidity. In spite of a negative effect of steam contained in the air, the examined moulding mixtures maintain a part of their mechanical and technological properties, so the moulds and foundry cores stored in specified, controlled conditions could be still used in manufacture.
EN
The paper presents the results of preliminary research on the use of silica sands with hydrated sodium silicate 1.5% wt. of binder for the performance of eco-friendly casting cores in hot-box technology. To evaluate the feasibility of high quality casting cores performed by the use of this method, the tests were made with the use of a semiautomatic core shooter using the following operating parameters: initial shooting pressure of 6 bar, shot time 4 s and 2 s, core-box temperature 200, 250 and 300 °C and core heating time 30, 60, 90 and 150 s. Matrixes of the moulding sands were two types of high-silica sand: fine and medium. Moulding sand binder was a commercial, unmodified hydrated sodium silicate having a molar module SiO2/Na2O of 2.5. In one shot of a core-shooter were made three longitudinal samples (cores) with a total volume of about 2.8 dm3. The samples thus obtained were subjected to an assessment of the effect of shooting parameters, i.e. shooting time, temperature and heating time, using the criteria: core-box fill rate, bending strength (RgU), apparent density and surface quality after hardening. The results of the trials on the use of sodium silicate moluding sands made it possible to further refine the conditions of next research into the improvement of inorganic warm-box/hot-box technology aimed at: reduction of heating temperature and shot time. It was found that the performance of the cores depends on the efficiency of the venting system, shooting time, filling level of a shooting chamber and grains of the silica matrix used.
EN
Within the research, selected multilayer technological systems created as combinations of water-glass containing moulding sand with foundry tooling, were characterised on the grounds of their electrical properties. By measuring resonance frequency and quality factor of a waveguide resonance cavity, real component of permittivity εr′ and loss tangent tgδ were determined for multilayer foundry systems with various qualitative and quantitative compositions. It was demonstrated that combination of a sandmix and foundry tooling with known dielectric properties results in a system with different physico-chemical properties, whose relation to the parameters of individual components of the system is undefined at this research stage. On the grounds of measurement results, theoretical value of microwave heating power, dissipated in unit volume of the selected multilayer foundry system, was determined. Knowledge of theoretical heating power and evaluation of physical, chemical and structural changes occurring in moulding sands exposed to microwaves in such a technological system makes a ground for empirical modelling of the process of microwave heating of foundry moulds and cores.
EN
In the paper, a research on effects of baking temperature on chromite sand base of moulding sands bonded with sodium silicate is presented. Pure chromite sand and its chromite-based moulding sand prepared with use of sodium silicate were subjected to heating within 100 to 1200°C. After cooling-down, changes of base grains under thermal action were determined. Chromite moulding sand was prepared with use of 0.5 wt% of domestic made, unmodified sodium silicate (water-glass) grade 145. After baking at elevated temperatures, creation of rough layer was observed on grain surfaces, of both pure chromite sand and that used as base of a moulding sand. Changes of sand grains were evaluated by scanning microscopy and EDS analyses. It was found that changes on grain surfaces are of laminar nature. The observed layer is composed of iron oxide (II) that is one of main structural components of chromite sand. In order to identify changes in internal structure of chromite sand grains, polished sections were prepared of moulding sand hardened with microwaves and baked at elevated temperatures. Microscopic observations revealed changes in grains structure in form of characteristically crystallised acicular particles with limited magnesium content, intersecting at various angles. EDS analysis showed that these particles are composed mostly of chromium oxide (III) and iron oxide (II). The temperature above that the a.m. changes are observed in both chromite-based moulding sand and in pure chromite sand. The observed phenomena were linked with hardness values and mass of this sand.
EN
The paper presents results of initial research on the possibility of applying microwave radiation in an innovative process of making casting moulds from silica sand, where gypsum CaSO4∙2H2O was acting as a binding material. In the research were compared strengths and technological properties of moulding mixture subjected to: natural bonding process at ambient temperature or natural curing with additional microwave drying or heating with the use of microwaves immediately after samples were formed. Used in the research moulding sands, in which dry constituents i.e. sand matrix and gypsum were mixed in the ratio: 89/11. On the basis of the results of strength tests which were obtained by various curing methods, beneficial effect of using microwaves at 2.45 GHz for drying up was observed after 1, 2 and 5 hours since moisture sandmix was formed. Applying the microwaves for hardening just after forming the samples guarantees satisfactory results in the obtained mechanical parameters. In addition, it has been noted that, from a technological and economic point of view, drying the silica sand with gypsum binder in microwave field can be an alternative to traditional molding sand technologies.
17
Content available remote Technologia lutowania twardego prętów uzwojenia stojana turbogeneratora
PL
Lutowanie prętów stojana ze skuwką, z dużą liczbą miedzianych przewodów elementarnych, jest procesem specjalnym, wynikającym ze złożonej konstrukcji lutowanego złącza. W opracowanej technologii lutowania twardego zastosowano regulowany docisk górny pakietu, zmieniany przed rozpoczęciem procesu i bezpośrednio przed jego zakończeniem. Wywierany jest on przez siłowniki hydrauliczne, co umożliwia ciągłą kontrolę docisku oraz nadzorowanie parametrów procesu w trakcie jego trwania. Ponadto zastosowano precyzyjne dozowanie wymaganej ilości lutu, deponowanego w konkretnych miejscach podczas montażu skuwki, przed procesem lutowania.
EN
Brazing of the stator bar lugs with a high number of individual copper strands is a special process due to complex design of the brazed joint. The new brazing technology applied utilizes adjustable pressure from the top, varied of the lug prior to heating and directly before end of the brazing procedure. The pressure is exerted by a hydraulic device enabling measurement of the process parameters and control the process. Additionally it was precisely dosed amount of bearing braze metal deposited in certain places during the lug assembly, before the brazing process.
18
Content available remote Lutowanie miękkie kompozytu grafitowego ze stopem aluminiowym PA38
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę dotyczącą lutowania miękkiego kompozytu grafitowego ze stopem aluminium PA38. Połączenia tego typu znajdują zastosowanie w urządzeniach przesyłających energię elektryczną, w związku z czym muszą charakteryzować się dobrą przewodnością elektryczną. Wykonano próbne złącza lutowane z zastosowaniem warstwy pośredniej Cu, naniesionej galwanicznie na powierzchnię kompozytu grafitowego. Przedstawiono wyniki badań wytrzymałościowych oraz badań metalograficznych przy użyciu mikroskopii świetlnej.
EN
The problems concerning soldering of graphite composite with aluminum alloy PA38, were presented in the article. This type of joints are used in devices transmitting electricity therefore, it must have a good electrical conductivity. Made test soldered joints using an intermediate layer of Cu-plated applied to the surface of the graphite composite. The results of research strength and metallographic examination using light microscopy, were presented.
PL
W pracy podjęto próbę określenia wpływu dodatku zwilżającego powierzchnię osnowy kwarcowej, wprowadzonego dla zwiększenia efektywności utwardzania, wybraną metodą fizyczną, ekologicznych mas ze szkłem wodnym sodowym. Ocenę wpływu zwilżania wodą osnowy kwarcowej, przed wprowadzeniem w procesie mieszania niemodyfikowanych, nieorganicznych spoiw, przeprowadzono na podstawie porównania parametrów wytrzymałościowych i technologicznych mas świeżo sporządzonych i utwardzonych suszeniem w temperaturze 100°C. W badaniach zastosowano piasek kwarcowy średni oraz trzy gatunki uwodnionego krzemianu sodu: 137, 140 i 145. Stwierdzono, że modyfikacja sposobu przygotowania osnowy kwarcowej poprzez wprowadzenie dodatku wody, przed dodaniem niewielkiej, 1,5 cz. mas. spoiwa, korzystnie wpływa na osiągane po utwardzeniu parametry wytrzymałościowe i technologiczne mas. Wyniki pomiarów skonfrontowano z obserwacjami połączeń ziaren osnowy kwarcowej, przeprowadzonymi za pomocą mikroskopu skaningowego. Uzupełniono je również zdjęciami i analizą składu chemicznego powierzchni ziaren kwarcu. Na podstawie kompleksowej oceny, utwardzonych suszeniem klasycznym mas formierskich, stwierdzono pozytywny wpływ obecności dodatku zwilżającego w masach, którego najkorzystniejsza ilość powinna być dobierana w zależności od gatunku użytego spoiwa.
EN
An attempt has been made to determine the effect of the addition of an agent wetting the surface of silica sand grains, introduced in order to increase the hardening efficiency of selected physical methods applied to the ecological foundry sands bonded with sodium water glass. The effect of water used as a wetting agent of the silica sand grains, added during the mixing process prior to the introduction of unmodified inorganic binders, was evaluated by comparing the mechanical and technological parameters of green sands and sands hardened by drying at 100°C. Tests and studies were carried out on silica sand of medium grain size and on three grades of hydrated sodium silicate, i.e. 137, 140 and 145. It has been found that modification of the method of the base sand processing by adding water prior to the addition of a small amount (1.5 parts by weight) of binder has a beneficial effect on the technological and mechanical parameters of moulding sands obtained after the hardening process. The results of measurements were confronted with the SEM studies of bonds formed between the grains of silica sand. The studies were completed with photographs and chemical analysis of the surface of silica sand grains. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of moulding sands hardened by the conventional drying process, the beneficial effect of a wetting agent, added to the sand mixture in an amount optimum for a given type of binder, has been confirmed.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań wpływu wybranych parametrów odlewania na strukturę odlewów, wykonanych pod wysokim ciśnieniem na maszynie odlewniczej firmy BÜHLER typ H630-B, ze stopu AlSi9Cu3 z grupy EN AB-46000 przy zmiennych parametrach pracy tłoka. Badania przeprowadzono na odpowiednio przygotowanych próbkach pobranych z odlewów wspornika oparcia foteli. Do oceny struktury odlewów zastosowano skaningowy mikroskop elektronowy, którego oprogramowanie EDS pozwala na określenie składu stopu wraz z uwzględnieniem rozmieszczenia pierwiastków oraz przeprowadzono pomiary twardości odlewów i mikrotwardości składników struktury. Po przeprowadzeniu serii badań dokonano oceny struktury na zgładach metalograficznych próbek odlewów wykonanych przy zmiennych parametrach zalewania, w trakcie II i III fazy odlewania ciśnieniowego. Stwierdzono, że przy małych prędkościach tłoka krystalizują większe wydzielenia charakteryzujące się bardzo dużą twardością. Zwiększanie prędkości tłoka powoduje rozdrobnienie struktury wyrobu, jednakże zmniejszenie ciśnienia intensyfikacji III fazy wpływa na spadek twardości odlewu.
EN
The article presents the results of investigations of the effect of selected casting parameters on the structure of casts made under high pressure by means of the casting machine produced by BÜHLER, type H630-B, out of the AlSi9Cu3 alloy from the EN AB-46000 group, with varying parameters of the piston operation. The investigations were performed on appropriately prepared specimen sampled from casts of an armchair back bracket. For the evaluation of the cast structure a scanning electron microscope was used, whose EDS software allows for determining the composition of the alloy with the consideration of the distribution of the elements. Also, measurements of the cast hardness and the structure component microhardness were performed. After a series of tests, evaluation of the structure of the microsections of the samples of casts made with varying casting parameters, during phase II and III of the pressure casting process, was performed. It was established that, at low piston rates, larger precipitations crystallize, which were characterized by very high hardness. Increasing the piston rate causes refinement of the product structure; however, decreasing the pressure of intensification of phase III leads to a drop of the cast hardness.
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