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  1. 19 Engineering of Biomaterials
  2. 17 Inżynieria Materiałowa
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  1. 67 Goryczka T.
  2. 33 Lelątko J.
  3. 17 Morawiec H.
  4. 13 Wierzchoń T.
  5. 9 Łosiewicz B.
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1
Content available PZT-Type Ceramics Doped with Manganese, Antimony, Lanthanum and Tungsten - Technology and Physical Properties
Bochenek D., Niemiec P., Ćwikiel E., Goryczka T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2020
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Vol. 65, iss. 2
827--837
EN
The work three ceramic compositions based on PbZr0.49 Ti0.51O3 doped with manganese (Mn), antimony (Sb), lanthanum (La) and tungsten (W) were obtained. The introduction of a set of admixtures was aimed at improving the sinterability of ceramic materials and optimizing its electrophysical parameters. Multi-component materials of the PZT-type with a general formula: Pb(PbZr0.49 Ti0.51)0.94 Mn0.021 Sb0.016 LayWz O3 (where y from 0.008 to 0.012 and z from 0.012 to 0.014) were prepared by the conventional mixed oxide method. After mixing and drying the powder mixtures were calcined in air at 850°C for 4 h, while densification of the powders was carried out by the free sintering method at 1150°C for 2 h. The final steps of technology were grinding, polishing, annealing and putting silver paste electrodes onto both surfaces of the samples for electrical testing. XRD, SEM, EDS, dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric properties and DC electrical conductivity of the obtained ceramic compositions were carried out. X-ray tests of the crystal structure conducted at room temperature have shown that all obtained the PZT-type materials were a single phase (perovskite type) without the presence of a foreign phase. Symmetry of the crystal lattice was identified as space group P4mm. Temperature dielectric studies have shown high values of dielectric permittivity and low dielectric loss. The presented physical properties of ceramic samples based on PZT confirm their predisposition for application in modern microelectronic and micromechatronic applications.
2
Content available Influence of Lanthanum Dopant on the Structure and Electric Properties of BaBi2Nb2O9 Ceramics
Adamczyk-Habrajska M., Goryczka T., Szalbot D., Dzik J., Rerak M., Bochenek D.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2020
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Vol. 65, iss. 1
207--214
EN
The paper reports the consequences of lanthanum modifications of barium bismuth niobiate (BaBi2 Nb2 O9) ceramics. The discussed materials were prepared by solid state synthesis and a one-step sintering process. The investigations are focused on dielectric aspects of the modification. The presented results reveal that the trivalent lanthanum ions incorporate twovalent barium ions, which is connected with the creation of A-site cationic vacancies as well as oxygen vacancies. Such a scenario results in significant decreasing in grain boundaries resistivity. The activation energy of grain boundaries conductivity is significantly reduced in the case of lanthanum admixture.
3
Content available Influence of Calcium Ions on the Structure and Properties of LaMnO3
Bara M., Dzik J., Feliksik K., Kozielski L., Wodecka-Duś B., Goryczka T., Zarycka A., Adamczyk-Habrajska M.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2020
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Vol. 65, iss. 3
1189--1195
EN
La0,7 Ca0,3 MnO3 polycrystalline were synthesized from La2 O3 , CaO and MnO2 powder mixture using a solid state reaction technique. The compound powders were obtained through the free sintering method at different temperatures and sintering times in order to study the influence of technological conditions on Ca doped La manganites. The most important physical features as structure, microstructure and morphology were described after X-ray diffraction investigation. Photographs of the specimen fractures were taken with SEM (scanning electron microscope) and they revealed high porosity of the tested material and great tendency for its grains to create agglomerates. Influence of doping and technological conditions on lattice parameters were studied by means of Rietvield analysis. The XRD measurements reveal that La0,7 Ca0,3 MnO3 has orthorhombic symmetry with Pnma space group.
4
Content available Fabrication of fluoride nanocrystals and their spectroscopic properties
Pawlik N., Szpikowska-Sroka B., Goryczka T., Pisarski W. A.
Optica Applicata
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2019
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Vol. 49, nr 3
415--426
EN
In this work, the fabrication of glass-ceramic materials containing MF3:Eu3++ (M = La, Gd) nanocrystals dispersed in silica sol-gel hosts has been presented. The transformation from liquid sols towards bulk samples was also examined based on IR measurements. The crystallization temperatures and formation of MF3 phases were verified based on TG/DSC analysis and XRD measurements. The optical properties of prepared Eu3+5D05D0 → 7FJ (J = 1–4) emission bands, which were recorded within the reddish-orange spectral area under near-UV illumination (λexc = 393 nm). Recorded luminescence spectra and double-exponential character of decay curves for prepared glass-ceramic samples indicated the successful migration of Eu3+ dopant ions from amorphous silica framework to low-phonon energy MF3 nanocrystal phases.
5
Content available Influence of Milling Time on Formation of NiTi Alloy Produced by High-Energy Ball Milling
Salwa P., Goryczka T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2019
|
Vol. 64, iss. 4
1301--1307
EN
Mixture of nickel and titanium powders were milled in planetary mill under argon atmosphere for 100 hours at room temperature. Every 10 hours the structure, morphology and chemical composition was studied by X-ray diffraction method (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) as well as electron transmission microscope (TEM). Analysis revealed that elongation of milling time caused alloying of the elements. After 100 hours of milling the powders was in nanocrystalline and an amorphous state. Also extending of milling time affected the crystal size and microstrains of the alloying elements as well as the newly formed alloy. Crystallization of amorphous alloys proceeds above 600°C. In consequence, the alloy (at room temperature) consisted of mixture of the B2 parent phase and a small amount of the B19’ martensite. Dependently on the milling time and followed crystallization the NiTi alloy can be received in a form of the powder with average crystallite size from 1,5 up to 4 nm.
6
Content available Influence of Milling Time on Formation of NiTi Alloy Produced by High-Energy Ball Milling
Salwa P., Goryczka T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2019
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Vol. 64, iss. 3
1017--1022
EN
Mixture of nickel and titanium powders were milled in planetary mill under argon atmosphere for 100 hours at room temperature. Every 10 hours the structure, morphology and chemical composition was studied by X-ray diffraction method (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) as well as electron transmission microscope (TEM). Analysis revealed that elongation of milling time caused alloying of the elements. After 100 hours of milling the powders was in nanocrystalline and an amorphous state. Also extending of milling time affected the crystal size and microstrains of the alloying elements as well as the newly formed alloy. Crystallization of amorphous alloys proceeds above 600°C. In consequence, the alloy (at room temperature) consisted of mixture of the B2 parent phase and a small amount of the B19' martensite. Dependently on the milling time and followed crystallization the NiTi alloy can be received in a form of the powder with average crystallite size from 1,5 up to 4 nm.
7
Content available Composite NiTi/multi-phase layers for medical application
Goryczka T., Salwa P., Wierzchoń T., Szponder T.
Engineering of Biomaterials
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2018
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Vol. 21, no. 148
44
8
Content available Technology and Electrophysical Properties of the (K0.44Na0.52Li0.04)NbO3 Ceramics Doped by Cr3+, Zn2+, Sb3+ or Fe3+
Bochenek D., Osińska K., Niemiec P., Adamczyk M., Goryczka T., Szych R.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2018
|
Vol. 63, iss. 3
1401--1409
EN
In the work five ceramic compounds based on the (K0.44Na0.52Li0.04)NbO3 (KNLN) material modified with oxides: Cr2O3, ZnO, Sb2O3 or Fe2O3 (in an amount of 0.5 mol.%) were obtained. The KNLN-type composition powder was prepared by solid phase synthesis from a mixture of simple oxides and carbonates, while compacted of the ceramic samples was conducted by free sintering methods. In the work the effect of the used admixture on the electrophysical properties of the KNLN ceramics was presented. The XRD, EDS tests, the SEM measurements of the morphology ceramic samples, dielectric properties and DC electric conductivity were conducted. The research showed that the used admixtures introduced into the base of KNLN-type composition improve the microstructure of the ceramic samples and improve their sinterability. In the case of the dielectric measurements, it was observed a decrease in the maximum dielectric permittivity at the TC for dopred KNLN-type samples. The addition of an admixture of chromium, zinc, antimony or iron in an amount of 0.5 mol.% to the base composition (K0.44Na0.52Li0.04)NbO3 practically does not change the phase transition temperature. The diminution in the density value of doped KNLN ceramics was attributed to the alkali elements volatilization.
9
Content available Influence of Sr2+ Dopant on Microstructure and Electric Properties of (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3 (BCZT) Ceramics
Radoszewska D., Goryczka T., Adamczyk M., Wodecka-Duś B., Bochenek D., Kozielski L.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2018
|
Vol. 63, iss. 3
1295--1302
EN
The discovery of (BaxCa1-x)(ZryTi 1-x)O3 lead-free ceramics drawn a lot of attention to those novel materials because of their excellent piezoelectric properties. However, quite a little attention has been paid to other features of the material. This article reports a wide range of research, including composition, structure and microstructure, dielectric response and impedance spectroscopy in order to systematize and expand knowledge about this peculiar ceramics and strontium doping effect on its properties. In order to test that influence a series of samples with various strontium concentration, precisely the admixtures of 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06 mol% were prepared, as well as basic ceramics to compare obtained results.
10
Content available Structure and morphology of whitlockite coating electrophoretically deposited on NiTi shape memory alloy
Dudek K., Goryczka T.
Engineering of Biomaterials
|
2017
|
Vol. 20, no. 140
2--6
EN
In order to improve the biocompatibility of NiTi shape memory alloy, the surface was modified by formation of multifunctional layer consisted of titanium oxides and whitlockite ceramic. Amorphous TiO2 interlayer was produced on NiTi substrate by autoclaving at 134°C for 30 minutes while the following whitlockite coatings were deposited using electrophoresis (EPD). Electrophoresis was performed under different voltage (from 20 to 80 V) at time periods (from 30 to 120 s). Applied deposition parameters 20 V and 60 s resulted in forming homogenous whitlockite coating, consisted of β-Ca3(PO4)2 and β-Ca2P2O7, on passivated NiTi alloy. In the next step, the material was heat-treated in vacuum condition at 1000°C for 2 h. As a result of sintering crystallization of titanium oxides was observed. The obtained layer was cracks-free. Applied deposition process increased the roughness of surface. Deposited whitlockite agglomerates had an average thickness ca. 5.6 μm. The structure of CaP coating material after applied heat-treatment remained unchanged in comparison to initial powder material. However, the partial decomposition of NiTi parent phase to equilibrium ones was observed. The whitlockite coating was also observed to have no impact on the martensitic transformation responsible for shape memory effect. Additionally, applied sintering condition changed the sequence of martensitic transformation from one to two-step.
11
Content available Structure and morphology of whitlockite coating electrophoretically deposited on NiTi shape memory alloy
Dudek K., Goryczka T.
Engineering of Biomaterials
|
2017
|
Vol. 20, no. 143 spec. iss.
19
12
Content available Chitosan/silver layer deposited on NiTi shape memory alloy
Goryczka T., Łosiewicz B., Salwa P.
Engineering of Biomaterials
|
2017
|
Vol. 20, no. 143 spec. iss.
48
13
Content available NiTi shape memory clamps for bone fracture treatment in rabbit: preliminary report
Goryczka T., Lekston Z., Lelątko J., Szponder T., Paluch J.
Engineering of Biomaterials
|
2016
|
Vol. 19, no. 138 spec. iss.
72
14
Content available Bioelectrochemical properties of Ti13Nb13Zr alloy before and after surface modification
Stróż A., Luxbacher T., Łosiewicz B., Dercz G., Goryczka T.
Engineering of Biomaterials
|
2016
|
Vol. 19, no. 138 spec. iss.
50
15
Content available The Technology and Structural Properties of Special Glass Modified (Ba0.6Pb0.4)TiO3 Ceramics
Wodecka-Dus B., Adamczyk M., Goryczka T., Dzik J., Radoszewska D., Kozielski L., Bochenek D.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2016
|
Vol. 61, iss. 4
1761--1766
EN
The present paper widely describes the details of technology of (Ba0.6Pb0.4)TiO3 ceramics modified with PbO-B2O3-Al2O3-WO3 special glass, as well as the influence of admixture on the microstructure and crystal structure of basic material. The microstructure investigations reveal the significant increase of grain size and a decrease of pores participation in volume of modified samples, whereas the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements show a decrease of the volume of unit cell. The obtained results are discussed due to processes occurring during the sintering process at high temperature.
16
Content available remote Electrophoretic deposition of biphasic calcium phosphates on NiTi shape memory alloy
Dudek K., Goryczka T.
Composites Theory and Practice
|
2015
|
R. 15, nr 4
192--195
EN
The application of NiTi shape memory alloys as long-term implants is dependent on ensuring better biocompatibility of the alloy, which is achieved by modification of the surface by protective coatings or layers. In the present work, the surface of the NiTi alloy was covered by biocompatible composite coatings. First, a thin rutile layer was formed by autoclaving. Passivation was carried out at 134°C for 30min which resulted in forming an amorphous TiO2 thin film. Next, a biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) layer was deposited using electrophoresis (EPD). The BCP layer was composed of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). The deposition voltage ranged from 40 to 80 V at a constant time of 60 s. The deposited samples were vacuum-sintered at 800°C for 2 h. Observations of the surface revealed that the obtained coatings are crack-free. Measurements done with X-ray diffraction confirmed that the top layer consisted of β-TCP and HAP.
PL
Zastosowanie stopów NiTi w medycynie na długoterminowe implanty uwarunkowane jest zapewnieniem lepszej biokompatybilności, co uzyskuje się poprzez modyfikację powierzchni wyjściowej stopów odpowiednimi biozgodnymi warstwami lub powłokami ochronnymi. W prezentowanej pracy powierzchnia stopu NiTi została zmodyfikowana poprzez wytworzenie warstwy kompozytowej składającej się z rutylu (TiO2) oraz dwufazowej ceramiki opartej o fosforany wapnia (BCP), złożonej z hydroksyapatytu (HAP) oraz ceramiki whitlockitowej (β-TCP). Warstwa rutylu została wytworzona poprzez pasywację w autoklawie parowym w warunkach stosowanych do sterylizacji narzędzi chirurgicznych (134°C, 30 min). Następnie na spasywowanej powierzchni została wytworzona metodą elektroforezy powłoka składająca się z dwufazowej ceramiki CaPs. Warstwy nałożono, stosując napięcie z zakresu 40÷80 V przy stałym czasie depozycji wynoszącym 60 s. Naniesione warstwy spiekano w piecu próżniowym w temperaturze 800°C przez 2 h. Obserwacje powierzchni przy użyciu skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego nie wykazały pęknięć na powierzchni warstw. Badania rentgenowskie potwierdziły kompozytowy skład warstwy wierzchniej.
17
Content available Structure of TiN/Hydroxyapatite Multilayers Deposited on Surface of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy
Dudek K., Goryczka T., Wierzchoń T., Lelątko J.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2015
|
Vol. 60, iss. 3A
1777--1781
EN
In order to improve a corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of NiTi shape memory alloys, the surface of the NiTi alloy was covered by protective layers. The paper presents results of the layers composed of titanium nitride and hydroxyapatite (HAp). The TiN layers were deposited using the glow discharge technique and then the bioactive hydroxyapatite layer was formed from simulated body fluids solution. The results of the structure studies and microscopic observations confirmed that on the surface of the NiTi alloy a thin titanium nitride layer 35-50 nm thick (depending on the glow discharge technique parameters) was obtained. The structure of the deposited layers was studied by means of the X-ray diffraction technique. Also, mechanical parameters of obtained layers were characterized using nanoindentation. On the top of the titanium nitride, a layer consisted of hydroxyapatite and NaCl was formed. Applied parameters of deposition process did not lead to decomposition of the NiTi parent phase (B2) to the equilibrium ones.
PL
W celu poprawy właściwości korozyjnych, biokompatybilności oraz biofunkcjonalności stopów NiTi wykazujących efekt pamięci kształtu, stosuje się różne metody modyfikacji ich powierzchni. W prezentowanej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań warstw powierzchniowych złożonych z azotków tytanu oraz hydroksyapatytu. Warstwy TiN zostały wytworzone przy użyciu metody jarzeniowej, a następnie na ich powierzchni został osadzony hydroksyapatyt z roztworu SBF. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań strukturalnych oraz obserwacji mikroskopowych potwierdziły, że na powierzchni stopu NiTi wytworzyła się cienka warstwa azotku tytanu o grubości 35-50 nm (w zależności od zastosowanych parametrów procesu jarzeniowego). Z kolei na powierzchni warstwy azotowanej powstała warstwa składająca się z hydroksyapatytu oraz NaCl. Zastosowane parametry wytwarzania warstw nie doprowadziły do rozkładu fazy macierzystej stopu NiTi (B2) na fazy równowagowe. Fakt ten jest niezwykle istotny z uwagi na wystąpienie odwracalnej przemiany martenzytycznej oraz zjawiska pamięci kształtu.
18
Content available Deposition of Chitosan Layers on NiTi Shape Memory Alloy
Kowalski P., Łosiewicz B., Goryczka T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2015
|
Vol. 60, iss. 1
171--176
EN
The NiTi shape memory alloys have been known from their application in medicine for implants as well as parts of medical devices. However, nickel belongs to the family of elements, which are toxic. Apart from the fact that nickel ions are bonded with titanium into intermetallic phase, their presence may cause allergy. In order to protect human body against release of nickel ions a surface of NiTi alloy can be modified with use of titanium nitrides, oxides or diamond-like layers. On the one hand the layers can play protective role but on the other hand they may influence shape memory behavior. Too stiff or too brittle layer can lead to limiting or completely blocking of the shape recovery. It was the reason to find more elastic covers for NiTi surface protection. This feature is characteristic for polymers, especially, biocompatible ones, which originate in nature. In the reported paper, the chitosan was applied as a deposited layer on surface of the NiTi shape memory alloy. Due to the fact that nature of shape memory effect is sensitive to thermo and/or mechanical treatments, the chitosan layer was deposited with use of electrophoresis carried out at room temperature. Various deposition parameters were checked and optimized. In result of that thin chitosan layer (0.45µm) was received on the NiTi alloy surface. The obtained layers were characterized by means of chemical and phase composition, as well as surface quality. It was found that smooth, elastic surface without cracks and/or inclusions can be produced applying 10V and relatively short deposition time - 30 seconds.
PL
Stopy NiTi wykazujące pamięć kształtu znane są ze swych zastosowań w medycynie na implanty oraz części urządzeń medycznych. Jednakże, nikiel należy do rodziny pierwiastków o toksycznym działaniu. Oprócz faktu, że jony niklu są związane z tytanem w fazę międzymetaliczną, ich obecność może powodować alergię. W celu ochrony organizmu przed uwalnianymi jonami niklu powierzchnia stopu NiTi może być modyfikowana z wykorzystaniem azotków tytanu, tlenków lub warstw dia-mentopodobnych. Z jednej strony warstwy mogą odgrywać rolę ochronną, ale z drugiej strony mogą wpłynąć na zachowanie pamięci kształtu. Zbyt sztywna lub zbyt krucha warstwa może prowadzić do ograniczenia lub całkowitego zablokowania odzysku kształtu. Był to powód, aby znaleźć bardziej elastyczne pokrycia zabezpieczające powierzchnię NiTi. Ta cecha jest charakterystyczna dla polimerów, zwłaszcza biokompatybilnych polimerów pochodzenia naturalnego. W omawianym artykule zastosowano chitozan jako osadzaną warstwę na powierzchni stopu NiTi, wykazującego pamięć kształtu. Ze względu na fakt, że natura efektu pamięci kształtu jest wrażliwa termicznie oraz na obróbkę mechaniczną, warstwa chitozanu została osadzona z wykorzystaniem elektroforezy przeprowadzonej w temperaturze pokojowej. Sprawdzano i optymalizowano różne parametry osadzania. W rezultacie otrzymano cienką warstwę chitozanu (0,45µm) na powierzchni stopu NiTi. Uzyskane warstwy scharakteryzowano pod względem składu chemicznego i fazowego jak również jakości powierzchni. Stwierdzono, że gładka, elastyczna powierzchnia, bez pęknięć i/lub wtrąceń może być uzyskana stosując napięcie 10V i stosunkowo krótki czas osadzania - 30 sekund.
19
Content available Przemiany fazowe i tekstura w wyciskanym na gorąco stopie NiTi z pamięcią kształtu przeznaczonym do zastosowań medycznych
Lekston Z., Zubko M., Goryczka T., Lelątko J., Stróż D., Prusik K.
Engineering of Biomaterials
|
2014
|
Vol. 17, no. 128-129
32--35
PL
W pracy przedstawiono badania przemian fazowych oraz badania tekstury w próbkach pręta uzyskanego po wyciskaniu współbieżnym na gorąco z wlewka NiTi odlanego w procesie wytapiania i odlewania w indukcyjnym piecu próżniowym. Proces wyciskania na gorąco przeprowadzono przy użyciu oprzyrządowania własnej konstrukcji na prasie laboratoryjnej o maksymalnej sile nacisku 1000 kN. Próbki do badań wycięto poprzecznie i wzdłuż osi ze strefy głowy i stopy pręta. Badania przebiegu przemian fazowych przeprowadzono metodami DSC i rentgenografii temperaturowej. Stwierdzono, że w próbkach po wyciskaniu i po zastosowanej obróbce cieplnej przemiany zachodziły dwustopniowo, odwracalnie wg sekwencji B2↔R↔B19’. Również metodą rentgenograficzną stwierdzono obecność tekstury osiowej <110>. Uzyskany pręt przeznaczono do dalszego wyciskania na gorąco w celu redukcji średnicy i uzyskania półwyrobu do wykonania prototypowych wyrobów medycznych w postaci klamer do zespoleń złamań kości.
EN
The paper presents results of study of phase transitions and the texture of the samples cut from a rod obtained after hot direct extrusion of an NiTi ingot. The alloy was cast in the process of melting and casting in a vacuum induction furnace. Hot extrusion process was carried out using self-constructed instruments on a laboratory press with a maximum pressing force of 1000 kN. Test samples were cut transversely and along the axis of the head and foot of the rod. The study of phase transformations was performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature X-ray diffraction (TXRD). It was found that in the hot-extruded samples and after heat processing, two stages of the reversible transformation took place according to the B2→R→B19’ sequence. Weak axial texture <110> was also confirmed by the performed X-ray measurements. The resulting rod was intended for further hot extrusion in order to reduce the diameter and to obtain a semi-finished product for further manufacture of the prototype medical devices in the form of staples for the fixation of bone fractures.
20
Structure of TCP layer deposited on surface of NiTi shape memory alloy
Goryczka T., Dudek K., Szaraniec B., Lelątko J.
Inżynieria Materiałowa
|
2013
|
Vol. 34, nr 4
265--268
EN
The number of NiTi shape memory alloy application in medicine grows from year to year. However, relatively high contents of nickel cause concern for their migration to a human body. Especially, it appears, when they are going to be applied for long-term implants. In order to increase biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, surface of NiTi alloy is modified with deposition of protective layer. The layer can play also additional function for example: osteointegration. However, to stiff and/or thick protective layer as well as high temperature of their deposition can limit or completely block shape memory effect. In presented work, the ß-TCP was electrophoretically deposited on surface of the NiTi alloy. The protective layer was deposited with use of voltage from range of 20÷45 V and deposition time varied from 15 s to 30 s. Homogeneous layer formed from ß-TCP phase was produced with voltage of 30 V and time 30 s. Applied deposition procedure allowed avoid of the B2 parent phase decomposition to equilibrium phases.
PL
Liczba praktycznych zastosowań stopów NiTi wykazujących efekt pamięci kształtu w medycynie wzrasta z roku na rok. Jednakże zastosowanie tych stopów na długoterminowe implanty jest ograniczone obawami przed uwalnianiem się jonów niklu do organizmu człowieka. W celu zwiększenia biokompatybilności oraz odpomości korozyjnej powierzchnię stopów NiTi modyfikuje się przez nanoszenie warstw ochronnych, które mogą również pełnić dodatkowe funkcje, np. polepszać osteointegrację. Jednakże zbyt sztywne i/lub zbyt grube powłoki ochronne oraz zbyt wysoka temperatura ich nanoszenia mogą ograniczyć lub nawet całkowicie zablokować efekt pamięci kształtu. W pracy zastosowano trójfosforan wapnia nanoszony elektroforetycznie na powierzchnię stopu NiTi. Warstwę ochronną nanoszono w temperaturze pokojowej, stosując napięcie z zakresu 20÷45 V oraz czas nanoszenia od 15 do 30 s. Homogeniczną warstwę złożoną z cząstek ß-TCP na powierzchni NiTi uzyskano przy napięciu 30 V oraz czasie 30 s. Warunki elektroforetycznego nanoszenia warstwy nie spowodowały rozpadu fazy macierzystej stopu NiTi na fazy równowagowe.
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