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EN
Preliminary comparative static identification experimental tests on four selected commercial auxetic woven fabrics were conducted in terms of the tensile test in the auxetic fibre direction. A new method of such tests was developed, based on capstan grips as well as on video-extensometer and extensometer techniques. The identification tests were carried out at temperatures of 20 and 180°C due to the intended use of auxetic fabric as a protective curtain against a shock wave induced by a gas explosion. The ultimate tension force per unit width of fabric, effective Poisson’s ratios in the fabric plane and in the transverse plane, as well as the absorbed energy were determined approximately. The auxetic fabric with the relatively best properties was selected.
PL
Przeprowadzono wstępne porównawcze statyczne doświadczalne testy identyfikacyjne czterech wybranych auksetycznych tkanin użytkowych w zakresie próby rozciągania w kierunku włókna auksetycznego. Została opracowana nowa metoda takich badań, wykorzystująca uchwyty kabestanowe, jak również wideotensometr i techniki tensometryczne. Testy identyfikacyjne prowadzono w temperaturach 20 i 180°C, ze względu na planowane zastosowanie materiału auksetycznego w postaci kurtyny ochronnej przeciw fali uderzeniowej wywołanej wybuchem gazu. Na podstawie testów określono graniczną nośność tkaniny, efektywne wartości współczynnika Poissona w płaszczyźnie tkaniny i w płaszczyźnie poprzecznej oraz energię absorbowaną. Wybrano tkaninę auksetyczną charakteryzującą się względnie najlepszymi właściwościami.
EN
The main aim of this study is to carry out dynamic simulations of a crash between two identical shunting locomotives running at different velocities. Numerical analyses using a Finite Element Method (FEM) include front-end impact of the running locomotive with a stationary one situated on the track. Such collision scenario is required for railway vehicles operated on national and regional networks. A considered locomotive based on a Polish shunting locomotive – SM42, however the tested locomotive was slightly modernized. Finite element model of the locomotive was developed by the authors. FE analyses were conducted according to the PN-EN 15227 standard, which provides crashworthiness requirements for railway vehicle bodies. LS-DYNA computer code was used for the simulations. The paper presents selected results of analyses focused on the locomotive frame behaviour. Simulations were performed for the vehicle between 20 and 90 km/h. An influence of the impact velocity on some output quantities was determined. Contours of effective stress for selected moments of time as well as time histories of selected values are depicted. For modernized locomotives, it is required to evaluate their behaviour during the impact test. Dynamic numerical simulation is acceptable since the experimental tests on the complete objects under consideration are impractical and impossible sometimes.
EN
The main aim of this study is to carry out dynamic simulations of structural response of reinforced concrete bridge loaded with a moving heavy vehicle. Computational dynamics analysis was conducted using LS-DYNA computer code. The selected bridge was a reinforced-concrete structure located on the U.S. 90 in Northwest Florida. The bridge has six prestressed AASHTO type III beams and concrete deck. An 8-axle vehicle including a tractor unit and a low bed trailer were selected as a representative for the study. FE model of the tractor based on previous studies; however, a FE model of the trailer was developed for the present work. Analyses included passages of a vehicle with 47 tonnes cargo. A cargo resting on a trailer was taken into account by changing the material density of selected components in the semi-trailer FE model. Time histories of the bridge deflections in the middle of the span were recorded during the simulation tests. Simulations were performed for the vehicle velocity between 20 and 50 mph, stepped by 5 mph. An influence of the velocity on the bridge deflection was determined. The main objective of the simulation tests on the selected bridge was to assess the actual dynamic load allowance (DLA), also known as impact factor, based on the maximum deflection of the bridge span as a function of the vehicle velocity.
PL
Celem pracy badawczej jest oszacowanie skutków eksplozji mieszanki palnej powstałej w zasobniku lokomotywy na skutek gwałtownego rozładowania lub przeładowania akumulatorów. Prewencyjne środki zapobiegania eksplozji produktów elektrolizy wewnątrz baterii określa norma PN-EN 50272-3-2007P, która stawia wymogi dotyczące cyrkulacji powietrza. Analiza dotyczy przypadków, kiedy systemy te nie są wystarczające.
EN
The aim of current study is to assess the effects of explosion of combustible mixture formed in the locomotive storage energy module due to the rapid discharge or recharge of batteries. Preventive measures to avoid the explosion of electrolysis products inside the battery are specified in PN-EN 50272-3-2007P standard that identifies the requirements for air circulation systems. Conducted analysis is dedicated for cases in which such systems are not sufficient. FE element analyses were carried out using LS-DYNA computer code. Contour bands of effective stress and total displacements are presented as results of analysis.
EN
The main aim of the paper is to present a developed methodology of simulation of the energy efficiency of a selected energy storage unit. The authors focused their actions on batteries that could be the base for an energy storage system possible to apply in a modernized hybrid-shunting locomotive. Three different nickel-cadmium batteries were selected as representatives for the study. Simulation was focused on repeated cycles of charging and discharging the batteries. The simulation model generally consists of three main components: a specified load cycle, a dynamic model of the DC electrical machine and a model of the Ni-Cd battery. The input data for the battery model is based mostly on the parameters provided by the manufacturer data sheets. However, an internal resistance had to be measured for each battery. Conducted simulations provided information about the electromotive force, state of charge, an average efficiency of the battery, as well as the temperature changes during the cycle. The proposed approach to the battery simulation can be also applied for the loading cycles similar to those that occur during the actual operation of the locomotive. The current study is a part of the project focused on modernization of the diesel-electric shunting locomotive to the hybrid one.
6
Content available remote Systemy rekuperacji energii w pojazdach szynowych
PL
Zaprezentowano systemy rekuperacji (tj. odzyskiwania) energii możliwe do zastosowania w pojazdach szynowych – zarówno tych obsługujących połączenia liniowe, jak i przeznaczonych wyłącznie do pracy manewrowej. Systemy te łączą w sobie elementy służące do odzyskiwania energii oraz jej przechowywania w celu późniejszego wykorzystania. Przedstawiono rozwiązania tradycyjne, z użyciem akumulatorów, a także rozwiązania bazujące na kołach zamachowych, układach hydraulicznych i superkondensatorach.
EN
The main aim of this paper is to present energy recovery systems applicable to operation of railway vehicles – whether in long distance service or in maneuver tasks. Such systems combine energy recovery means and energy storage capacity for its later use. The paper provides information on conventional solutions with use of the batteries and on the modern ones using spinning flywheels, hydraulic systems and supercapacitors. The authors focused on the energy recovery systems that may possibly be employed in different types of railway vehicles.
EN
The main aim of this study is to carry out dynamic finite element analysis of a crash between two identical shunting locomotives. Numerical simulations include front-end impact of the running locomotive with a stationary one situated on the track. The first design collision scenario includes such obstacle for railway vehicles operated on national and regional networks. A considered locomotive based on a popular Polish shunting locomotive – SM42. However, the tested locomotive was slightly modernized in comparison with the original one. Finite element model of the locomotive was developed by the authors. FE analyses were carried out according to the PN-EN 15227 standard, which provides crashworthiness requirements for railway vehicle bodies. LESS-DYNA computer code was used for the simulations. The energy balance was initially checked in order to confirm the accuracy of analysis. The paper presents selected results of analyses focused on the locomotive frame behaviour. Contours of effective stress for selected moments of time are presented. Time histories of selected parameters are also depicted. The current study is a part of the project focused on modernization of the SM42 locomotive. Therefore, it is required to evaluate the locomotive behaviour during the impact test. Dynamic numerical simulation is acceptable since the experimental tests on the complete objects under consideration are impractical and impossible at the moment.
EN
The main aim of this study is to carry out dynamic finite element analysis of a crash between shunting locomotive and selected road vehicle. Numerical simulations include side impact of the running locomotive in the vehicle situated across the track. A considered locomotive based on a popular Polish shunting locomotive – SM42. However, the tested locomotive was slightly modernized in comparison with the original one. Finite element model of the locomotive was developed by the authors whereas the vehicle FE model was download from the free database of such models. FE analysis was carried out according to the PN-EN 15227 standard which provides crashworthiness requirements for railway vehicle bodies. 15 tons large truck was selected as a representative for the study. One of the design collision scenario includes such deformable obstacle for railway vehicles operated on national and regional networks. LS-DYNA computer code was used for the simulations. The paper presents selected results of analysis generally focused on the locomotive frame behaviour. Contours of stress for selected moments of time are presented. Moreover, time histories of selected parameters are depicted. The energy balance was also checked in order to confirm the accuracy of analysis. The current study is a part of the project focused on modernization of the SM42 locomotive. Therefore, it is required to evaluate the locomotive behaviour during the impact test. Dynamic numerical simulation are acceptable since the experimental tests on the complete objects under consideration are impractical and impossible at the moment.
EN
The main aim of this study is to carry out dynamic finite element analysis of a collision between shunting locomotive and a passenger car. Numerical simulations include side impact of the running locomotive in the vehicle situated across the track on a level crossing. A considered locomotive based on a popular diesel-electric shunting locomotive SM42 but it was slightly modernized in comparison with the original. Finite element model of the locomotive was developed by the authors whereas the vehicle FE model was download from the National Crashworthiness Analysis Center database and it was dedicated to the crash/impact analyses. FE analysis was carried out according to the PN-EN 15227 standard which provides crashworthiness requirements for railway vehicle bodies. However, additional objective of the analysis was to evaluate the behaviour of a small passenger car during the side impact with about 70-ton locomotive. A subcompact passenger car – Geo Metro – was selected as a representative for the study. One of the design collision scenario impact into low obstacle for railway vehicles operated on national and regional networks. LS-DYNA computer code was used for the simulations. The paper presents selected results of analysis generally focused on the locomotive frame behaviour. Contour of stress for the moment of time is presented. Moreover, time histories of selected parameters are depicted. The energy balance was also checked in order to confirm the accuracy of analysis.
EN
The purpose of this article is to provide-on the basis of the literature review—the current state of knowledge concerning the experimental and numerical studies of selected types of batteries. The authors focused their actions on batteries that could to be the base for an energy storage system possible to apply in hybrid shunting locomotive. Following standards, e.g. IEEE 1625, IEEE 1725, UL 1973 and UL 2271 were taken into consideration within the context of the experimental research. Numerical analysis based mostly on the original solutions proposed by research teams. In recent times, the significant growth of interest in hybrid vehicles can be observed. Therefore, appropriate design of the energy storage system for each case is necessary. Moreover, the battery working process in hybrid vehicles is very specific, hence determination of their working conditions depending on the vehicle application is required. Very often, the experimental studies related with the batteries are based on the parameters recorded during the test conducted during the regular operation of the vehicle. Furthermore, research teams also carry out numerical analysis based on e.g. the finite element method (FEM). Such analyses can be focused on the thermal analyses of single cell or cells, analyses of the electrochemical effects as well as a coupled electro-thermal analyses.
EN
The main aim of this study is to develop a finite element model of the hybrid-shunting locomotive. Considered locomotive is based on a popular shunting locomotive in Poland – SM42. All components above the locomotive frame could be modified in comparison to the original object, whereas a chassis was essentially unchanged. Such solution allows the operators freely configure components e.g. diesel engine, generator, cooling module, cab etc., according to their own requirements. Works on the FE model were focused on very accurate reflection of the locomotive frame since the planned dynamic analyses include crash tests. FE model of the frame has a fine mesh and it is considered as a deformable component. Other segments of the vehicle are simplified and treated as rigid bodies mostly. FE model was developed on the basis of the locomotive CAD model. It was decided to transform the CAD model of the frame into the FE one applying the midsurface procedure. Such approach is correct since the locomotive frame is made of a large number of steel elements in the form of sheet metal plates and sections welded together. Altair Hyper Mesh software was used in the FE model developing process. Appropriate connections between respective components of the model e.g. wheelset – bogie, bogie – locomotive frame, were applied. Finally, the locomotive FE model consists of about 116 thousands of finite shell and solid elements and about 125 thousands of nodes. Dynamic analyses of the locomotive FE model will be carried out using LS-DYNA computer code.
EN
The paper presents a methodology of finite element (FE) modelling and simulation of the bridge – track – moving high-speed train system using CAE systems. Two composite (reinforce-concrete – steel) bridges were considered. The span length was equal to 15 and 21 meters, respectively. Bridges selected for the study belong to the proposed series of bridges with the span length of 15 to 27 meters stepped by 3 meters. Full symmetry of the bridges was assumed. RC platform was homogenized since the rebars were distributed quasi-uniformly in the specified platform sections. The FE model of a bridge superstructure consisted of 4-node shell elements (main beams) and 8-node 48 DOF solid elements (reinforced concrete platform). RAIL_TRACK and RAIL_TRAIN LS-DYNA’s modules were applied for simulating the moving train – track interaction. Ballasted track with the rectilinear rail-line axis was taken into consideration. German ICE-3 train running at velocity of 200–300 km/h was selected as a representative for the study. All mass components of the train FE model were treated as rigid bodies. Symmetric vibrations of the train units were assumed with respect to the main longitudinal vertical plane of symmetry of the system. Nodal displacement and longitudinal normal stress in shell elements were registered during the FE analysis. The results were depicted in the form of time histories for selected velocities. In addition, extreme values of vertical deflections and normal stress were compiled and presented a function of train velocity. It allowed to assess the dynamic response of the bridge depending on its span length. Contours of resultant displacement for the RC platform was also presented.
EN
The results of numerical analysis of a load distribution in a railway track under wheelset are presented in the paper. Dynamic analysis was carried out using LS-DYNA computer code. Ballasted track with the rectilinear rail-line axis was taken into consideration. Finite element model of the track section was developed. The model included two rails, fastening systems, sleepers, ballast and the embankment. Fasteners and the ballast layer were modelled using 1-D massless discrete elements – springs and dampers. Sleepers were modelled as elastic beams. The embankment was reflected approximately by a rectangular prism with unmovable side and bottom boundary surfaces. Moving load was applied using simplified FE models of railway vehicles. Vertical forces were put in the wheel – rail contact points. Two types of the vehicles, and loads consequently, were considered – the first one including two single wheelsets whereas the second one was equipped with two classic 2-axle bogies. RAIL_TRACK and RAIL_TRAIN LS-DYNA’s modules were applied for simulating the vehicle – track interaction. Displacements of selected nodes as well as other characteristic values were registered during the numerical simulation. Contours of stress and displacements for selected moment of time were also presented as a result of the FE analysis. The study gave information about the behaviour of the railway track and foundation under load caused by single axle and 2-axle bogie. Obtained results were compared to those available in the literature and the technical instructions of railway design.
14
EN
Nowadays, transportation becomes a significant source, apart from factories and power plants, of air pollution. Therefore, due to legal restrictions on the emission of noxious gases, other power sources for vehicles are necessary. Some of these power sources allow replacement of the internal combustion engine completely, whereas the other ones only support the engine operation. Hence, a hybrid powertrain – alternative to the drivetrain equipped with an internal combustion engine only – is increasingly being used. The hybrid powertrain was mostly applied in cars and buses but recently it has been also used in railway vehicles such as locomotives and multiple units. The paper presents a shortened and brief overview of construction solutions of selected hybrid locomotives. A list of the applied hybrid drive systems as well as the basic data and properties are provided. The most important variants of vehicles are compared. The presented material allows identification of the development trends in the considered area. The hybrid locomotive usually uses an onboard rechargeable energy storage system, placed between the power source and the traction transmission system connected to the wheelsets. Modification of a classic diesel-electric locomotives is a relatively simple procedure since they have all the components of a series hybrid transmission except the storage battery. Therefore, the existing and operated diesel-electric locomotives can be modified to increase their efficiency and reduce operating costs and emissions.
PL
Przedmiotem badań jest regularny laminat krzyżowy o konfiguracji [(0/90)F]16. Osnowę laminatu stanowi żywica winyloestrowa VE 11-M. Laminat wzmocniony jest tkaniną aramidową o splocie prostym o parametrach: Style 328, włókna Kevlar® 49 T 968, gramatura 230 g/m2, osnowa/wątek 158/158 tex, 7/7 pasm/cm. Walidacji modelu numerycznego dokonano na postawie zależności siła-przemieszczenie otrzymanych eksperymentalnie oraz odpowiadających im zależności otrzymanych z symulacji próby trójpunktowego zginania laminatu.
EN
The article presents some experimental studies on a regular cross-ply laminate of the [(0/90)F]4S configuration. Each layer is VE 11-M vinylester resin reinforced with plain weave carbon fabric of parameters: Style 430, Carbon 6K, substance 300 g/m2, warp/weft 400/400 tex, 3.7/3.7 yarn/cm. Numerical model was validated using force-displacement curve obtained from experimental three-point bending test.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono metodykę modelowania i symulacji drgań pionowych układu most – tor – pociąg szybkobieżny z wykorzystaniem oprogramowania LS-DYNA. Obiektem badań jest zespolony wiadukt kolejowy z torem podsypkowym, obciążony pociągiem szybkobieżnym ICE-3. Badania symulacyjne dla zmodernizowanego wariantu wiaduktu zostały przeprowadzone w zakresie prędkości 50-300 km/h. W wyznaczonej prędkości rezonansowej 260 km/h dokonano analizy porównawczej mostu aktualnie eksploatowanego bez płyt przejściowych i wewnętrznych szyn usztywniających, z mostem, w którym te elementy występują.
EN
A methodology of FE modeling and simulation of the bridge – track – moving train system using LS-DYNA computer code is presented. The composite (steel – concrete) viaduct equipped with the ballasted track is taken into consideration. The ICE-3 high speed train is selected as a representative for this study. The simulation for the modernized track were carried out for the velocity range between 50 to 300 km/h. A comparative analysis for the resonant speed of 260 km/h were performed for the FE models of the present viaduct and of the modernized one.
EN
The results of numerical analysis of selected phenomena occurring in a rail fastening system were presented in the paper. The study is focused on assessment of the state of displacement and stresses in the rail pad subjected to a moving load. Two finite element models of the considered system were developed. The first one included elementary track segment corresponding to one sleeper. The second FE model consisted of several elementary segments. The number of the track segments was determined independently on the basis of dynamic analysis carried out using LS-DYNA computer code. Essential FE analyses were performed using MSC.Marc/Mentat software. FE model of the elementary segment included 600 mm length rail and a two-side shaped rail pad. The Mooney - Rivlin material model was applied for the polyurethane rail pad. The fastening systems were modelled using spring elements. The vertical and longitudinal spring elements were also applied for the ballast modelling. A case of moving load caused by single vertical force - one axle - was considered in the study. Methodology of moving load simulation in the MSC.Marc software was proposed. The obtained results allowed assessing the total deflection of the rail pad, the state of stress, the load distribution on respective sleepers. Moreover, they gave information about the behaviour of the rail pad under moving load in context of static test described in respective standards.
EN
Numerical analysis of selected type of the polyurethane rail pad is presented in the paper. A shaped pad with cylindrical-shaped elements in its working section was selected as a representative for the computational simulation. Analysis reflected the experimental test according to the valid standard. The test included loading of the vertical force perpendicular to the foot of the rail. Such test allows determining the static stiffness of the pad. The Mooney - Rivlin material model was selected in the current study. Necessary experimental tests including a uniaxial compression and tension were conducted to provide material constants for the hyperelastic material model applied for the FE model. Simplified FE models of the considered rail pad and the rail were developed. Rounded corners and edges of the cylindrical-shaped elements were omitted, since their modelling required a significant density of the FE mesh. Vertical force perpendicular to the foot of the rail was declared as nodal force distributed evenly along the edges of the selected finite element models Non-linear static analysis was performed using MSC.Marc software with large displacements and deformations taken into consideration. The obtained results allowed estimating deformations and the state of stress in a highly deformed rail pad. The static stiffness of the pad was defined as secant stiffness based on the vertical force - deflection curve.
EN
The paper develops a methodology of FE modelling and simulation of the bridge - track - moving train (BTT) system using LS-DYNA computer code. The KNI 140070 viaduct of span length 14.40 m with ballasted track was selected as a representative for the study. Two variants of the viaduct were taken into consideration - a version operated before the modernization in 2008 and the modernized version including additional flats welded to the bottom flanges of the main beams. The German high-speed train ICE-3 moving at 150–300 km/h was selected. The FE model of the BTT system was developed using Altair HyperMesh and LS-PrePost software. The platform of the viaduct was modelled using 8-node 48 DOF solid elements. The structure was symmetrised, homogenized and reflected by linear viscoelastic orthotropic materials. Discrete model of the track included the main and side rails, fastening systems, sleepers, crushed stone ballast and approach RC slabs. Components of the train FE model were considered as rigid bodies. Cylindrical and revolute constrained joints were applied for kinematic connections and relations between respective components. Discrete springs and dampers were applied for FE modelling of the primary and the secondary suspension systems. Numerical simulations were focused on determining the resonant velocities for both considered variants. Selected time histories for displacements and stresses, were shown as the results of the analyses.
EN
The paper presents a methodology of finite element modelling and numerical simulation of symmetric vibrations of the reinforced concrete viaduct using advanced CAE systems. Two types of analysis were carried out - static analysis of the viaduct under dead load and dynamic analysis under a moving high speed train. The KNI 140070 viaduct of span length of 14.40 m with abutment zones was selected as a representative for the study. The serviced ballasted track was taken into consideration. The FE model of the track includes the main rails, fastening systems, sleepers and the ballast. The EuroCity EC 114, Polish high speed train, moving at 100-160 km/h was selected for the study. Components of the train FE model were considered as rigid bodies and were modelled using shell and beam elements. Cylindrical and revolute constrained joints were applied for kinematic connections and relations between relative components. Discrete springs and dampers were applied for modelling of the primary and the secondary suspension systems. The numerical analysis was performed using finite element code LS-DYNA. The stress distribution in selected components of the viaduct structure was presented as the results of the static analysis, whereas the selected time histories for displacements and stresses were shown as the results of the dynamic analysis. The results obtained from both analyses allowed to assess the actual displacement and stress states for the considered viaduct.
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