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1

Benefit Effect of Low Addition Yttrium on the Phase αMg and eutectic αMg+γ(Mg17Al12) in AZ91 Alloy

Mikusek D., Rapiejko C., Andrzejczak A., Pacyniak T.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2021

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Vol. 66, iss. 1

57--63

EN

This paper presents results of a study of the effect of inoculation of yttrium on the microstructure of AZ91 alloy. The concentration of the inoculant was increased in samples in the range from 0.1% up to 0.6%. The influence of Y on the thermal effects resulting from the phase transformations occurring during the crystallisation at different inoculant concentrations were examined with the use of Derivative and Thermal Analysis (DTA). The microstructures of the samples were examined with the use of an optical microscope; and an image analysis with a statistical analysis were also carried out. Those analyses aimed at examining oh the effect of inoculation of the Y on the differences between the grain diameters of phase αMg and eutectic αMg+γ(Mg17Al12) in the prepared examined material as well as the average size of each type of grain by way of measuring their perimeters.

2

Effect of Intensive Cooling of Alloy AC-AlSi7Mg with Alloy Additions on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

Pisarek B., Rapiejko C., Pacyniak T.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2019

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Vol. 64, iss. 2

677--681

EN

The work presents results of the investigations of effect of intensive cooling of alloy AC-AlSi7Mg with alloy additions on microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained casts. The experimental casts were made in ceramic molds preliminarily heated to 180°C, into which AC-AlSi7Mg with alloy additions was poured. Within implementation of the research, a comparison was made of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the casts obtained in ceramic molds cooled at ambient temperature and the ones intensively cooled in a cooling liquid. Kinetics and dynamics thermal effects recorded by the TDA method were compared. Metallographic tests were performed with the use of optical microscope and strength properties of the obtained casts were examined: UTS, Elongation and HB hardness.

3

Effect of Mischmetal on the Microstructure of the Magnesium Alloy AZ91

Mikusek D., Rapiejko C., Walisiak D., Pacyniak T.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2019

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iss. 4

45--50

EN

In this paper is discussed the effect of the inoculant mischmetal addition on the microstructure of the magnesium alloy AZ91. The concentration of the inoculant was increased in the samples within the range from 0.1% up to 0.6%. The thermal process was performed with the use of Derivative and Thermal Analysis (DTA). A particular attention was paid to finding the optimal amount of the inoculant, which causes fragmentation of the microstructure. The concentration of each element was verified with use of a spark spectrometer. In addition, the microstructures of every samples were examined with the use of an optical microscope and also was performed an image analysis with a statistical analysis using the NIS - Elements program. The point of those analyses was to examine the differences in the grain diameters of phase αMg and eutectic αMg+γ(Mg17Al12) in the prepared samples as well as the average size of each type of grain by way of measuring their perimeters. This paper is the second part of the introduction into a bigger research on grain refinement of magnesium alloys, especially AZ91. Another purpose of this research is to achieve better microstructure fragmentation of magnesium alloys without the relevant changes of the chemical composition, which should improve the mechanical properties.

4

Effect of Inoculant Emgesal® Flux 5 on the Microstructure of Magnesium Alloy AZ91

Rapiejko C., Mikusek D., Andrzejczak A., Pacyniak T.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2019

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iss. 2

15--20

EN

This work presents the results of the research of the effect of the inoculant Emgesal Flux 5 on the microstructure of the magnesium alloy AZ91. The concentration of the inoculant was increased in samples in the range from 0.1% to 0.6%. The thermal processes were examined with the use of Derivative and Thermal Analysis (DTA). During the examination, the DTA samplers were preheated up to 180 °C. A particular attention was paid to finding the optimum amount of inoculant, which would cause fragmentation of the microstructure. The concentration of each element was verified by means of a spark spectrometer. In addition, the microstructures of the samples were examined with the use of an optical microscope, and an image analysis with a statistical analysis using the NIS-Elements program were carried out. Those analyses aimed at examining the differences between the grain diameters of phase αMg and eutectic αMg+γ(Mg17Al12) in the prepared samples as well as the average size of each type of grain by way of measuring their perimeters. This paper is an introduction to a further research of grain refinement in magnesium alloys, especially AZ91. Another purpose of this research is to achieve better micro-structure fragmentation of magnesium alloys without the related changes of the chemical composition, which should improve the mechanical properties.

5

Effect of Intensive Cooling of Alloy AZ91 with a Chromium Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Casting

Rapiejko C., Pisarek B., Pacyniak T.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2017

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Vol. 62, iss. 4

2199--2203

EN

The work presents the results of the investigations of the effect of intensive cooling of alloy AZ91 with an addition of chromium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained casts. The experimental castings were made in ceramic moulds preliminarily heated to 180°C, into which alloy AZ91 with the addition was poured. Within the implementation of the research, a comparison was made of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the castings obtained in ceramic moulds cooled at room temperature and the ones intensively cooled in a cooling liquid. The kinetics and dynamics as well as the thermal effects recorded by the TDA method were compared. Metallographic tests were performed with the use of an optical microscope and the strength properties of the obtained castings were examined: UTS (Rm), elongation (A%), and HB hardness.

6

Effect of intensive cooling of alloy AM60 with chromium and vanadium additions on cast microstructure and mechanical properties

Rapiejko C., Pisarek B., Pacyniak T.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2017

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Vol. 62, iss. 1

309--314

EN

The work presents the results of the investigations of the effect of intensive cooling of alloy AM60 with additions of chromium and vanadium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained casts. The experimental casts were made in ceramic moulds preliminarily heated to 180°C, into which alloy AM60 with the additions was poured. Within the implementation of the research, a comparison was made of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the casts obtained in ceramic moulds cooled at ambient temperature and the ones intensively cooled in a cooling liquid. The kinetics and dynamics the thermal effects recorded by the TDA method were compared. Metallographic tests were performed with the use of an optical microscope and the strength properties of the obtained casts were examined: UTS(Rm), elongation (A%), and HB hardness.

7

Effect of Alloy Additions on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of the AlSi7Mg0.3 Alloy

Pisarek B. P., Rapiejko C., Szymczak T., Pacyniak T.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 17, iss. 1

137--142

EN

The study presents the results of the investigations of the effect of Cu, Ni, Cr, V, Mo and W alloy additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy. The examinations were performed within a project the aim of which is to elaborate an experimental and industrial technology of producing elements of machines and devices complex in their construction, made of aluminium alloys by the method of precision investment casting. It was demonstrated that a proper combination of alloy additions causes the crystallization of complex intermetallic phases in the silumin, shortens the SDAS and improves the strength properties: Rm, Rp0.2,HB hardness. Elevating these properties reduces At, which, in consequence, lowers the quality index Q of the alloy of the obtained casts. Experimental casts were made in ceramic moulds preliminarily heated to 160 °C, into which the AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy with the additions was cast, followed by its cooling at ambient temperature. With the purpose of increasing the value of the quality index Q, it is recommended that the process of alloy cooling in the ceramic mould be intensified and/or a thermal treatment of the casts be performed (ageing) (T6).

8

Effect of Inhibitor Coating of a Ceramic Mould on the Surface Quality of an AM60 Alloy Cast with Cr and V

Pisarek B. P., Rapiejko C., Święcik R., Pacyniak T.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 15, iss. 3

51--56

EN

The work presents the results of the investigations of the effect of inhibitors coated on the internal walls of a ceramic mould on the quality of the obtained casts made of the AM60 alloy containing additions of chromium and vanadium. In order to reduce the reactivity of magnesium alloy cast by the technology of investment casting with the material of the mould and the ambient atmosphere, solid inhibitors were applied in the form of a mixture of KBF4 and H3BO3 after the stage of mould baking and before the mould’s being filled with the liquid alloy. For the purpose of examining the effect of the inhibitors on the surface quality of the obtained casts, profilometric tests were performed and the basic parameters describing the surface roughness, Ra, Rz and Rm, were determined.

9

Effect of Cr and V Alloy Additions on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Am60 Magnesium Alloy

Rapiejko C., Pisarek B., Pacyniak T.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2014

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Vol. 59, iss. 2

761--765

EN

The paper presents the results of the investigation of the effect of Cr and/or V alloy additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the magnesium AM60 alloy. The examinations are performed within the frames of a project aiming at the elaboration of an experimental and industrial technology of producing constructively complex elements of machines and devices made of magnesium alloys with the method of investment casting. It has been proven that small numbers of Cr and V alloy additions improve the strength properties: Rm, A%, and the hardness HB of the obtained casts. The experimental casts were made in ceramic molds.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu dodatków stopowych Cr i/lub V na mikrostrukturę oraz właściwości mechaniczne stopu magnezu AM60. Badania prowadzone są w ramach projektu, którego celem jest opracowanie technologii doświadczalnej i przemysłowej wytwarzania złożonych konstrukcyjnie elementów maszyn i urządzeń ze stopów magnezu metodą wytapianych modeli. Wykazano, że niewielkie ilości dodatków stopowych Cr i V poprawiają właściwości wytrzymałościowe: Rm, A%. oraz twardość HB otrzymanych odlewów. Odlewy doświadczalne wykonano w formach ceramicznych.

10

Analysis of AM60 and AZ91 Alloy Crystallisation in Ceramic Moulds by Thermal Derivative Analysis (TDA)

Rapiejko C., Pisarek B., Czekaj E., Pacyniak T.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2014

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Vol. 59, iss. 4

1449--1455

EN

The work presents the test results of the crystallisation and cooling of magnesium alloys: AM60 and AZ91, with the use of the TDA method. The tested alloys were cast into ceramic shells heated up to 180°C, produced according to the technology of the shell production in the investment casting method. The TDA method was applied to record and characterize the thermal effect resulting from the phase transformations occurring during the crystallisation of magnesium alloys. The kinetics and dynamics of the thermal processes of the crystallisation of AM60 and AZ91 in the ceramic shells were determined. Metallographic tests were performed with the use of an optical microscope as well as scanning microscopy, together with the EDS chemical analysis of the phases present in the tested casts. A comparison of these test results with the thermal effect recorded by way of the TDA method was made.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań krystalizacji i stygnięcia stopów magnezu: AM60 i AZ91 przy użyciu metody ATD. Badane stopy zalewano do form ceramicznych podgrzanych do temperatury 180°C, wykonanych zgodnie z technologią wytwarzania form w metodzie traconych modeli. Przy pomocy metody ATD zarejestrowano i wyznaczono charakterystyczne efekty cieplne wynikające z przemian fazowych zachodzących podczas krystalizacji badanych stopów magnezu. Określono kinetykę i dynamikę procesów cieplnych krystalizacji stopów AM60 i AZ91 w formach ceramicznych. Przeprowadzono badania metalograficzne przy pomocy mikroskopu optycznego oraz mikroskopii skaningowej wraz z analizą chemiczną EDS występujących faz w badanych odlewach. Porównano wyniki tych badań z efektami cieplnymi zarejestrowanymi metodą ATD.

11

Analysis of the Crystallization of AZ91 Alloy by Thermal and Derivative Analysis Method Intensively Cooled in Ceramic Shell

Rapiejko C., Pisarek B., Czekaj E., Pacyniak T.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 14, iss. 1

97--102

EN

The work presents the test result of the influence of cooling rate on the microstructure of AZ91 alloy, Vickers micro-hardness and Brinell hardness. Studies cooling and crystallization of AZ91 alloy was cast into the ceramic shells pre-heated to 180°C and then air-cooled at ambient temperature or intensively super cooled in the liquid coolant. The TDA method was applied to record and characterize the thermal effect resulting from the phase transformations occurring during the crystallization of AZ91 alloy. The kinetics and dynamics of the thermal processes of crystallization of AZ91 alloy in the ceramic shells were determined. Metallographic tests were performed with the use of an optical microscope. A comparison of these test results with the thermal effect recorded by way of the TDA method was made. Influence of cooling rate of AZ91 on HV0, 01 micro-hardness and Brinell hardness alloy was examined.

12

Temperature and microstructure characteristics of silumin casting AlSi9 made with investment casting method

Pietrowski S., Rapiejko C.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 11, iss. 3 spec.

177--186

EN

This work presents the research result of the temperature distribution and the microstructure in certain parts of the field-glass body frame casting made from silumin AlSi9 using the investment casting method in the ceramic mould. It was proved that the highest temperature of the silumin appears in the sprue in which the silumin is in the liquid-solid state, though the process of silumin crystallization in the casting is finished. It was stated that in certain elements of the casting the side opposite to the runner crystallizes and cools fastest. The differences in the rate of crystalline growth and cooling of certain casting elements cause different microstructure in them which can also influence the mechanic properties. It is necessary to state that the temperature of the initial heating of the ceramic mold equal to 60ºC guarantees obtaining of the castings without defects and of little porosity. Incomplete modification of the silumin with strontium causes silica precipitation to appear close to the spherical ones.

13

Nodular cast iron and casting monitoring

Pietrowski S., Rapiejko C.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 8, iss. 3

181-184

EN

In this paper quality monitoring of nodular cast iron and casting made of it is presented. A control system of initial liquid cast iron to spheroidization, after spheroidization and inoculation with using of TDA method was shown. An application of an ultrasonic method to assessment of the graphite form and the metal matrix microstructure of castings was investigated.

14

Cylindric electromagnetron electrode for continuously variable PVD/CVD mixed processing

Olcaytug F., Szymanowski H., Kaczmarek M., Sobczyk A., Rapiejko C., Schalko J., Piplits K., Gazicki-Lipman M., Yasuda H.

Polish Journal of Applied Chemistry

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2005

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Vol. 49, nr 1-2

11-21

EN

A construction of a cylindrical electromagnetron electrode, designed for its use in combined PVD/CVD processing, is presented. It consists of seven sections, forming a sequence of seven separate electromagnets, oriented in a NS-SN-NS-SN-NS-SN-NS configuration. The electrode has been tested in both RF and AF deposition systems. RF sputtering of aluminium from this electrode, and RF PECVD of Ge/C films using a pair of cylindrical electrodes, have been demonstrated in two different experimental set-ups. In the AF deposition system, an application of a pair of electromagnetron electrodes has been shown to allow one to perform simultaneous combination of PECVD of carbon film and sputtering of aluminium, resulting in a possibility to deposit films of gradient concentrations of carbon and aluminium.

15

Thin films of Ge/Si/C composition fabricated using RF PECVD technique and mixed organometallic precursors

Rapiejko C., Strojek M., Szymanowski H., Klimek L., Gazicki-Lipman M.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2004

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R. XXV, nr 3

312-315

EN

An RF PECVD technique, with the use of a parallel plate RF plasma deposition reactor, was applied to deposit thin films of mixed germanium/silicon/carbon composition. As a source material a combination of organometallic precursor compounds, and namely a mixture of tetramethylgermanium (TMG) and tetramethylsilane (TMS) vapours carried by argon carrier gas, was applied. Scanning electron microscopy and adhesion measurements, using a scratch method, revealed a good quality of the resulting materials. Elemental composition of the films was studied using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Thickness and optical properties of the films were determined with the help of VASE ellipsometry. Both density data and optical gap results point to an organometallic plasma polymer character of the materials within the entire range of operational parameters used.

PL

Technika RF PECVD, wykorzystująca reaktor plazmowy o równoległych płaskich elektrodach, została zastosowana do wytwarzania cienkich warstw o mieszanej germanowo-krzemowo-węglowej kompozycji. Kombinacyjną mieszaninę związków organometalicznych, a dokładnie tetrametylogermanu (TMG) i tetrametylokrzemu (TMS) przenoszona przez gaz nośny (argon), wykorzystano jako materiał wyjściowy. Elektronowa mikroskopia scaningowa i pomiary adhezji przy użyciu metody rysy, ujawniły dobrą jakość otrzymywanych materiałów. Skład elementarny warstw zbadano używając metodę nalizy rentgenowskiej energii dyspersyjnej (EDX). Pomiary grubości i własności optycznych warstw zostały wykonane przy pomocy elipsometrii VASE. Zarówno dane dotyczące gęstości, jak i wyniki pomiarów przerwy optycznej wskazują na organometaliczny charakter polimerów plazmowych w całym zakresie użytych parametrów operacyjnych.

16

An application of the rate-of-rise measurement in the PECVD technology

Rapiejko C., Strojek M., Gazicki-Lipman M.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2004

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R. XXV, nr 3

308-311

EN

The rate-of-rise method consisting in the measurement of an increase of pressure for a system temporarily shut-off from a vacuum pump is based on the differentiated Clapeyron equation, where the differential dp/dt is proportional to the sum of the molar flow rates of all media supplying the gas phase. As long as the pressure increase is linear the derivative may be substituted with the value of delta(p)/delta(t). In addition, a utilization of a capacitive pressure transducer makes this method independent of the types of gases. In the present work different applications of this method in the processes of plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) are presented. They comprise testing the quality of the vacuum system, precise measurements of the flow rate of a minority vapour mixed with a carrier gas in a saturator, and finally flow rate measurements performed for mixtures of a carrier gas with different vapour combinations.

PL

Metoda rate-of-rise polegająca na pomiarze wzrostu ciśnienia w układzie tymczasowo odciętym od pomp próżniowych opiera się na zróżniczkowanym równaniu Clapeyrona, w którym pochodna dp/dt jest proporcjonalna do sumy przepływu molowego wszystkich mediów zasilających fazę gazową. Tak długo jak wzrost ciśnienia jest liniowy pochodne te zastąpić można wartością delta(p)/delta(t). Dodatkowo, wykorzystanie pojemnościowego miernika ciśnienia sprawia, że pomiar jest niezależny od rodzaju gazów. W niniejszej pracy zaprezentowano kilka zastosowań tej metody w procesach PECVD. Obejmują one kontrolę jakości systemów próżniowych, precyzyjne pomiary szybkości przepływu dla niskich zawartości par substancji czynnej w gazie nośnym oraz pomiary szybkości przepływów dla kombinacji par większej Iiczby substancji czynnych w gazie nośnym.

17

The reactive ion etching of sapphire for molecular biology

Mitura A., Rapiejko C., Hassard J.

Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering

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2000

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Vol. 4, nr 1

87--90

EN

As the twentieth century was the time of technological revolution, the era of physics and electronics, many scientists judge that the twenty first century will be the century of molecular biology. The discovery of a DNA structure by Watson and Crick, published in 1953 in Nature [1], has started this new revolution. The second part of twentieth century has brought the different methods of DNA sequencing and separating, the possibility of the modifications in DNA through cloning. The Human Genome Project (HGP) [2] which will be totally finished by 2003 or sooner, will allow us to know all human genome which contains roughly 3 billion base pairs and between 30 000 and 120 000 genes. On June 26lh of 2000 President Clinton, leaders of the HGP and representatives of the biotechnology company Celera announced the completion of a "working draft" reference DNA sequence of the human genome. The achievement provides scientists worldwide with a road map to an estimated 90% Df genes on every chromosome. This quick research on human genome was possible only thanks to very rapid development of the new tools for DNA analysis. Modern DNA sequencers are automated, much quicker that conventional methods and easier to use. The next goal is to miniaturise the conventional techniques. In 1992, Manz published the first papers about separating biomolecules on the chip [3]. In 1999 the first chip was made commercially available thanks to Hewlett Packard. A lot of research is done and still is needed to be done in this subject. Very quick, modern, small and heap DNA sequencers are the aim of research in this area. Plasma technology is widely used to modify the surface properties of materials [7]. For instance chemically reactive plasmas are used in etching, films deposition, ion implantation and the unique modification of the properties of materials. In this research the process of reactive ion etching is used for manufacturing the microstructures on sapphire substrate. Sapphire is a very difficult material to etch. But the very good physical properties of sapphire put it in a special position for molecular biology. Such sapphire microdevices can be a heart of modern DNA sequencer.

18

Wykorzystanie reaktywnego trawienia jonowego płytek szafirowych dla potrzeb biologii molekularnej.

Rapiejko C., Mitura A., Majak P., Hassard J., Mitura S.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2000

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R. XXI, nr 6

411-413

PL

W pracy przedstawiono możliwości reaktywnego trawienia jonowego podłóż szafirowych w celu uzyskania struktur powierzchniowych przy użyciu maski z fotorezystu. Wyniki uzyskane w procesie reaktywnego trawienia jonowego wskazują, że dla głębokości ok. 10 mikrometrów można uzyskać bardzo wysoką anizotropię procesu.

EN

A potential of reactive ion etching of saphire substrates in order to generate pattern using a photoresist mask is presented. The results show that it is possible to etch channels as deep on 10 micrometers with a high degree of anisotropy.

19

Nanokrystaliczny diament dla medycyny

Mitura S., Bąkowicz K., Bogusławski G., Cłapa M., Dobrowolska A., Grabarczyk J., Niedzielski P., Rapiejko C., Sokołowska A.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2000

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R. XXI, nr 3

120-124

PL

Unikatowe właściwości cienkich warstw diamentowych czynią je perspektywicznym materiałem dla zastosowań w urządzeniach mikroelektronicznych, jako powłok dla narzędzi skrawających oraz w optyce. Jednak, ze względu na wysoką biokompatybilność węgla spowodowaną jego obecnością w organiźmie, może on stać się znakomitym biomateriałem. Jednym z zastosowań warstw węglowych są powłoki implantów medycznych. Badania warstw węglowych jako powłok implantów w chirurgii składały się z badań odporności biologicznej wszczepów, badań histopatologicznych zwierząt w laboratorium, testów na odporność korozyjną, pomiarów właściwości mechanicznych oraz napięć przebicia w płynie Tyroda.

EN

The unique properties of thin diamond layers make them perspective candidates for producing advanced micro-electronic devices, coatings for cutting tools and optics. However, due to the highest biocompatibility of carbon resulting from the presence of this element in human body, it appears to be a potential biomaterial. One of the applications of the carbon layers are coatings for medical implants. The studies of carbon films as coatings for implants in surgery were aimed on the investigations of biological resistance of implants, histopathological investigations on laboratory animals, tests of corrosion resistance measurements of mechanical properties and a breakdown test in Tyrod solution.