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Reduction of nutrient emission from Polish territory into the Baltic Sea (1988–2014) confronted with real environmental needs and international requirements

Pastuszak M., Bryhn A. C., Håkanson L., Stålnacke P., Zalewski M., Wodzinowski T.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 2

140--166

EN

Eutrophication of the Baltic Sea is considered a major threat to its ecological status. We present and discuss Polish riverine flow normalized loads of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) discharged into the Baltic Sea in (i)1988–2014, (ii) periods of maximum TN (1992–1994), TP (1988–1991) emission, (iii) the reference period (1997–2003) established by the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM), (iv) 2012–2014, last years of our study. Despite considerable nutrient load reductions prior to the HELCOM reference period, Poland is expected to reduce TN and TP loads by 30% and 66%, respectively. In the light of our historical and up-to-date findings defining ecological status of the Baltic Sea, we suggest that the proposed TP load reduction is overestimated and its realization may lead to (i) undesirable consequences for the Baltic ecosystem, (ii) would require a decline in TP concentrations to 0.067 mg P dm-3 (the Vistula River) and 0.083 mg P dm-3 (the Oder River), values reported for pre-industrial times. The current nutrient concentrations in the Vistula and Oder safely comply with the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. We also comment on the top-down and bottom-up effect resulting in quantitative and qualitative reorganization of the Baltic ecosystem, a phenomenon already observed in the Baltic Sea.

2

The Development of Rapidly Solidified Magnesium – Copper Ribbons

Pastuszak M., Cieślak G., Dobkowska A., Mizera J., Kurzydłowski K. J.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2016

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Vol. 61, iss. 2B

1083--1088

EN

The aim of the present work was to plan and carry out an experiment consisting of amorphization of industrial magnesium alloy WE 43 (Mg - 4 Y - 3 RE - 0.5 Zr) modified by the copper addition. Investigated alloy modified with 20% of copper was rapidly quenched with the use of melt spinning technique. The effects of cooling rate on the structure and properties of the obtained material were extensively analyzed. The structure and phase analysis of samples were examined using X-ray diffraction method (XRD) while the thermal stability of the samples was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Microstructure observations were also conducted. The microhardness tests (HV0.02) and corrosion resistance tests were carried out to investigate the properties of the material. Corrosion resistance measurements were held using a typical three-electrode system. As the result of the research, the effect of cooling rate on microstructure and properties of investigated alloy was determined.

3

Rozwój bioniki w lotnictwie

Skalski P., Bochenek M., Pastuszak M.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 6

9545--9553

PL

Bionika jest badaniem systemów biologicznych w celu zastosowania ich zasad w projektowaniu systemów technicznych. Cały proces wywodzi się z wiedzy przyrodniczej, skąd poprzez transfer informacji obejmujący analizę wzorca i zrozumienie zasad, zdobywana jest wiedza techniczna pozwalająca na realizację zastosowania. Autorzy zaprezentowali rozwój bioniki w lotnictwie, a także opisali zagadnienie morfologii skrzydła motyla i badań nad nim przeprowadzonych oraz obecne i prognozowane zastosowanie techniczne.

EN

Bionics is the study of biological systems in order to apply their principles in the design of technical systems. The whole process is derived from the knowledge of nature, where through the transfer of information including pattern analysis and understanding of the principles, acquired technical knowledge allows for the application implementation. The authors presented the development of bionics in aviation, as well as they describe the morphology of the butterfly wing issue and conducted research on the current and future use of technology.

4

Komputerowe wspomaganie procesu projektowania stacji wyparnej

Kobus Z., Mazur J., Guz T., Pastuszak M., Juśko S.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2012

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R. 16, nr 3

81-87

PL

W pracy omówiono koncepcję komputerowego projektowania i obliczania aparatów służących do zatężania roztworów. Celem pracy było napisanie aplikacji do wstępnego obliczania powierzchni grzejnej trójstopniowej stacji wyparnej w programie C++ Builder. Algorytm aplikacji został opracowany na podstawie modelu matematycznego zaczerpniętego z literatury. Podano parametry wejściowe potrzebne do obliczania wymiarów stacji wyparnej oraz opisano główne karty programu. Aplikacja "WYPARKA" umożliwia szybkie obliczenie parametrów strumieni wewnętrznych i wszystkich strumieni wylotowych produktów głównych i ubocznych procesu zatężania. Program może być wykorzystany zarówno w celach dydaktycznych do analizy zależności pomiędzy wielkościami strumieni wejściowych, a rozmiarami aparatu wyparnego, jak i do wstępnego obliczania gabarytów trójdziałowej stacji wyparnej stosowanej w praktyce przemysłowej.

EN

"WYPARKA" application developed under C++ Builder software was presented in the paper. The algorithm of application was based on a mathematical model from the literature. The application has been proved to be an effective tool in the design and analysis relationship between parameters of the evaporation process and the total heat surface of the evaporation station.

5

Nutrient status in the Szczecin Lagoon - past, present and future prospects

Pastuszak M., Wielgat M., Sitek S.

Oceanological Studies

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2001

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Vol. 30, No. 1-2

59-86

EN

Nutrient concentrations and their annual/interannual variability in the Szczecin Lagoon are shaped by variable riverine water/nutrient discharges and bio-geochemical processes in the Lagoon which modify the dissolved/suspended matter introduced. On an interannual scale, nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the Lagoon in 1969-97 displayed quite considerable variability, with maxima of NO3 coinciding with minima of PO4 concentrations. Both NO3 concentrations in the Lagoon and total nitrogen loads showed a strong positive correlation with the water volumes discharged (r = 0.73 and 0.82, respectively). This dependence was much weaker and negative for PO4 (r = - 0.51), and weak and positive for total phosphorus loads (r = 0.35). It would appear, therefore, that in the catchment area of the Oder River, nitrogen sources are mainly diffuse, while phosphorus is derived from point sources. There was a considerable predominance of nitrates in the inorganic nitrogen pool, but the presence of ammonium in large concentrations in winter and summer was also evident. Among the inorganic nutrient species, nitrates exhibited the highest transformation rate into organically bound forms (over 60%) while passing through the Lagoon. The mechanisms responsible for the nutrient transformation patterns in the Lagoon - temperature, in particular - are discussed in the paper. Phytoplankton production in the Lagoon appeared to be phosphorus-limited in spring and nitrogen-limited in summer.

6

Photosynthetic light curves in the Pomeranian Bay

Renk H., Ochocki S., Chmielowski H., Gromisz S., Nakonieczny J., Pastuszak M., Zalewski M.

Oceanologia

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1999

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No. 41 (3)

355-371

EN

Photosynthetic light curves at selected stations in the Pomeranian Bay were determined during four cruises undertaken in March and July 1996, and in May and October 1997. The mean assimilation numbers measured in particular seasons were as follows: spring - 2.46 mgC mgChl-1 h-1, summer - 3.99 mgC mgChl-1 h-1, autumn - 3.24 mgC mgChl-1 h-1 and winter - 2.17 mgC mgChl-1 h-1. A significant correlation was found between the assimilation number and water temperature over the entire period of study. In some seasons a dependence between the assimilation number and nutrient concentrations was also noted. Assimilation numbers in the areas adjacent to the Odra river months were higher than in the offshore zone.