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Investigations of the city bus powertrain efficiency

Wendeker Mirosław, Grabowski Łukasz

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 1

134--139

EN

Research work on the energy efficiency of vehicles is driven, among other things, by limits related to fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. This also applies to city buses, where fuel consumption averages between 25 and 30 dm3 per 100 km, which can be converted into approximately 87 kg CO2 per dm3. This article, therefore, presents the results of a study of the total efficiency of the power train of a city bus, taking into account the internal combustion engine, transmission, torque converter, and tire friction on the rollers. The test object was a 12-metre city bus equipped with diesel engines and an automatic gearbox. The tests were carried out on a chassis dynamometer by implementing the World Harmonized Vehicle Cycle (WHVC). The WHVC driving test is a synthesis of the vehicle's on-road speeds and consists of three stages: Urban, Rural, and Motorway. During the tests, the fuel consumption, vehicle speed, and power generated at the wheels of the bus were recorded. From this, efficiency was calculated as the ratio of the power measured at the wheels of the bus to the power contained in the fuel supplied to the engine. Efficiency was shown to range from 5 to 22%.

2

Deformation measurement system for UAV components to improve their safe operation

Czyż Zbigniew, Jakubczak Patryk, Podolak Piotr, Skiba Krzysztof, Karpiński Paweł, Droździel-Jurkiewicz Magda, Wendeker Mirosław

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2023

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Vol. 25, no. 4

art. no. 172358

EN

The paper presents the authors’ method and test rig for performing the deformation analysis of unmanned aircraft fuselages. To conduct the analysis, the DIC system was used, as well as a test rig designed and constructed by the authors, equipped with a dedicated control and load control system. The article presents a description of the research capabilities of the test rig developed for testing the deformation of unmanned aircraft fuselages. Due to the specific operating conditions of the designed fuselage,the test rig developed allows the simulation of loads corresponding to different flight conditions. In addition, it is possible to change the forces acting on the fuselage simultaneously for all servos or each of them separately. Finally, results showing the displacement of component control points for the considered fuselage versions are presented. The tests carried out using the developed test rig allowed the verification of the maximum deformations. The two versions of the composite fuselage of an aerial vehicle have been compared in the paper. The created measurement system and performed analyzes have enabled us to identify and quantitatively analyze the weaknesses of the construction. The results have enabled us to geometrically modify the constructionso the mass of the fuselage reduced by 19% and a coefficient of construction balance increased by 22%.

3

Toxic Emission During Road Tests of Urban Bus

Magryta Paweł, Grabowski Łukasz, Barański Grzegorz, Wendeker Mirosław

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 6

16--26

EN

The article presents the results of toxic emissions in road tests of an urban bus. The object of the study was the Mercedes Connecto city bus. The results of toxic emissions were recorded in real time while bus drives with the use of the Semtech Ecostar exhaust gas analysis system. The study involved a planned bus SORT 2 test cycle. During the tests, the fuel consumption and exhaust gases such as CO2, CO, NOx, HC, NMHC, and O2 were recorded. The driving conditions in the study were constant (test cycles took place at the airport), exhaust gas temperature (hot engine) was also constant, etc. The results were based on average values from 5 test cycles for each test. The influence of electric load in the bus grid on the level of toxic emissions was measured. It has been proven that fuel consumption and CO2 emissions increased, which means a change in the value of components of toxic emissions. This fact evident from the increased CO emissions and decreased O2 emissions. Logically, the air-fuel mixture may have been enriched due to the increased demand for effective power generated by the engine crankshaft.

4

An assessment of the transient effect on helicopter main rotor stability and power demand

Raczyński Radosław, Siadkowska Ksenia, Ścisłowski Karol, Wendeker Mirosław

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 4

23--28

EN

The researched object is a helicopter main rotor with blades of variable geometric twist characteristics. Variable torsion refers to systems of actuators made of shape memory alloys. The presented numerical analyses allow for evaluating both the dynamics of the rotor in transient states, i.e. in the zone between the static phase and the full activation phase and the impact of the change on the pulsation of the amplitude of the necessary power generated by the rotor corresponding the flight state, and thus covering the demand by the disposable power generated by the engine. This study follows a methodology of numerical analyses based on Multi Body Dynamics and the Finite Element Method and uses fluid mechanics elements and algorithms to analyze lift generation, compiled in a single computational environment referring to the same period of time.

5

Strength analysis of a prototype composite helicopter rotor blade spar

Kliza Rafał, Ścisłowski Karol, Siadkowska Ksenia, Padyjasek Jacek, Wendeker Mirosław

Applied Computer Science

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2022

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Vol. 18, no 1

5--19

EN

This paper investigates the strenght of a conceptual main rotor blade dedicated to an unmanned helicopter. The blade is made of smart materials in order to optimize the efficiency of the aircraft by increasing its aerodynamic performance. This purpose was achieved by performing a series of strength calculations for the blade of a prototype main rotor used in an unmanned helicopter. The calculations were done with the Finite Element Method (FEM) and software like CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering) which uses advanced techniques of computer modeling of load in composite structures. Our analysis included CAD (Computer-Aided Design) modeling the rotor blade, importing the solid model into the CAE software, defining the simulation boundary conditions and performing strength calculations of the blade spar for selected materials used in aviation, i.e. fiberglass and carbon fiber laminate. This paper presents the results and analysis of the numerical calculations.

6

Experimental Investigation on Indicated Pressure and Heat Release for Direct Hydrogen Injection in a Dual Fuel Diesel Engine

Siadkowska Ksenia, Barański Grzegorz, Sochaczewski Rafał, Wendeker Mirosław

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, no 3

54--66

EN

This paper presents the research results for a diesel and hydrogen fueled engine. The research object is a four-cylinder, four-stroke ADCR engine with a displacement of 2,636 cm3. In the experiments, glow plugs were replaced with compressed hydrogen injectors and a special adapter. Hydrogen was supplied directly into a combustion chamber using a test injector. A hydrogen dose in the tests was changed at selected test points and ranged from 0 to 160 dm3/min. The research were conducted at 1,500 rpm. A hydrogen injection start angle and maximum hydrogen dose were specified from the preliminary experiments. The following parameters were analyzed: indicated mean effective pressure, maximum pressure, crank angle of maximum cylinder pressure occurrence and heat release. The obtained results were statistically analyzed. The conducted analysis focused on determining whether there are significant differences between early and late injection and how these changes affect the measured parameters.

7

Analysis of propulsion units dedicated to test stands for aviation systems

Siadkowska Ksenia, Czajka Błażej, Ścisłowski Karol, Wendeker Mirosław

Combustion Engines

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2021

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R. 60, nr 2

39--43

EN

This paper presents an analysis of selected propulsion units dedicated to test stands for unmanned aircraft systems. It focuses on engines suitable for aircraft with a maximum take-off mass up to 150 kg. The study includes an analysis of propulsion units that can be used to power systems on stationary test stands dedicated to advanced research and measurement of prototype aerospace technologies intended for use in rotorcraft. The analysis of propulsion units shows that electric units are a better choice for powering UAV rotorcraft test stands. Their main advantages include the possibility to simplify the construction of the device by eliminating gears and to mount the motor in a vertical position, simpler power supply, cooling and control systems and the lack of an exhaust system. Additional advantages are undoubtedly lower vibration generation, cheaper and easier operation as well as better comfort.

8

Measuring Regenerative Braking Electricity Generated by the City Bus with Internal Combustion Engine

Wendeker Mirosław, Gęca Michał Jan, Grabowski Łukasz, Barański Grzegorz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2021

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Vol. 15, no 3

215--223

EN

Engine braking, just when the vehicle consumes no fuel, is an important component of the energy balance. In such states, the bus loses its cumulated kinetic and potential energies but alternators recover a portion of these energies into electricity. Simultaneously, electricity consumption in the diesel-engine city bus is a key component of the overall energy balance. A total energy output of receivers can be more than 4 kW. This paper presents the research results on performance of a serial bus driving varied urban routes. The recorded and investigated parameters include a total amount fuel and electricity consumed and an amount of electricity generated. Engine braking states were calculated with a created algorithm. On average, 17% of electricity was generated by bus engine braking. The research results and investigation refer to the entire year.

9

Analysis of the applicability of a common rail pump for an aircraft engine

Sochaczewski Rafał, Szlachetka Marcin, Wendeker Mirosław, Karpiński Paweł

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 4

192--197

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the possibility of using a common rail pump to supply an aircraft compression-ignition engine. It is an engine with a two-stroke cycle, three cylinders, opposing pistons and 100 kW power. Its each combustion chamber is supply by one or two injectors controlled by electromagnetic valves. In order to assess the possibility of using a common rail pump, four high-pressure pumps were tested on a bench. They are piston pumps differing in the number and geometry of their pumping sections. The analysis included the pumping output, the torque on the pump drive shaft and the power needed to drive the pump. The weight and overall dimensions of the pump were also considered, including the arrangement of the pumping sections and the way the drive is transmitted. The research allowed to optimize the engine power supply system depending on fuel demand and the way the pump is mounted on the engine.

10

An investigation of the fuel injector dedicated to the aircraft opposed-piston two-stroke diesel engine

Siadkowska Ksenia, Wendeker Mirosław, Grabowski Łukasz

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 2

151--155

EN

The paper presents the research results of the injector construction with the modified injection nozzle. The injector is designed for a prototype opposed-piston aircraft diesel engine. The measurements were based on the Mie scattering technique. The conditions of the experiment corresponded to maximum loads similar to those occurring at the start. The measuring point was selected in line with the analysis of engine operating conditions: combustion chamber pressure at the moment of fuel delivery (6 MPa) and fuel pressure in the injection rail (140 MPa). The analysis focused on the average spray range and distribution, taking into account the differences between holes in the nozzle. As a result of the conducted research, the fuel spray range was defined with the determined parameters of injection. The fuel spray ranges inside the constant volume chamber at specific injection pressures and in the chamber were examined, and the obtained results were used to verify and optimize the combustion process in the designed opposed-piston two-stroke engine.