Analizowano wpływ powierzchniowych i wewnętrznych wad wzdłużnych (szczelin) w rurach z polietylenu PE-HD, stosowanych do budowy rurociągów, na możliwość szybkiej propagacji pęknięć (Rapid Crack Propagation — RCP) oraz na wzrost lokalnego odkształcenia na czole szczeliny. Dla założonych wymiarów szczelin obliczano współczynnik intensywności naprężenia, który porównano z jego wartością krytyczną dla materiału rury — zmieniającą się w wyniku pełzania. Na tej podstawie określano krytyczne wymiary szczelin ze względu na pękanie. Wyznaczano też wielkość spiętrzenia naprężenia rozciągającego na czole wady oraz wzrost lokalnego odkształcenia jako wyniku pełzania.
EN
The influence of surface and inner longitudinal defects (rifts) in the pipes made from polyethylene, used in the construction of gas and water pipelines, on the possibility of rapid crack propagation (RCP) as well as on the increase of local strain at the front of the rift was analyzed. The value of stress intensity factor was calculated for the assumed rift dimensions and compared to its critical value for the material of pipe — changing as a result of the creep. On this basis the critical dimensions of rifts in regard to cracking were determined. Also, the value of tensile stress concentration at the front of the rift was determined as well as the increase in local strain as a result of material creep.
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The paper looks at one aspect of the development of relationship between science and religion in the United States and Great Britain in the nineteenth century. Until the middle of that century the relationship between science and religion had been perceived by both scientists and theologians as very good. This is testified to by numerous writings devoted to the complementarity and concurrence of the message conveyed, on the one hand, through God’s Word, i.e. the Holy Bible, and, on the other, through His Works, i.e. Nature. In the second half of the nineteenth century that coherent world view was split into ’’the world of religion” and ’’the world of science”, governed by different and contradictory laws. The paper deals with the role of historical writing in the emergence and the grounding of the metaphor o f’’war” between science and religion in the public mind. The special focus of the paper is on the studies in the history of science by John W. Draper and Andrew D. White, which have been selected due to their popularity in Great Britain and the United States at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The works of those two authors present science and religion as antagonistic from the very beginning of their existence. In the minds of the majority of the readers of those works, the origin of the relationship between science and religion was identified with its essence. While presenting the conflict between science and religion, the two authors claimed that the conflict had been present since the beginning of the coexistence of science and religion. In this way the metaphor o f’’warfare” used by Draper and White contributed to the belief that science and religion are phenomena that stand in a relation of essential antagonism.
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The article deals with the debate on the origins of Christianity that involved the Polish humanities in the years after World War Two. The author analyzes the metaphorical foundation of the texts through which the debate was conducted. The metaphorical foundation of a text consists of the preliminary assumptions concerning the phenomenon under investigation. In the case of studies on the origins of Christianity such a foundation embraced the concept of religion and the concept of Christianity that a given scholar adopted as true. In the Polish humanities of the after-war period there were essentially two ways of conceiving of the origins of Christianity, based on two different metaphors: the metaphor of diffuse origin and the metaphor of centralized origin. The metaphor of diffuse origin requires that religion be conceived of as a phenomenon of a social character, created by a community, and independent of anybody’s individual will or action. This metaphor formed the basis for texts that belonged to Marxist discourse (which was an extreme example of using the metaphor), as well as for those representing naturalist-rationalist, sociological and psychological discourse. The metaphor of centralized origin treats Christianity as a revealed religion, whose emergence is connected with the life and activity of a particular individual, Jesus of Nazareth, described in the Gospels. The texts based on the two metaphors are practically incompatible, even if they do not differ in the level of scholarship, rhetorical tools and tools for the interpretation of sources. That is the case because the different preliminary assumptions which they adopt influence the order of verification of the source texts and they determine what questions are asked of those source texts, thus having a major impact on the nature of the final conclusions.
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Opisano oryginalny model ruchu przesiewacza wibracyjnego oraz stanowisko badawcze. Przeanalizowano trójwymiarowe przemieszczenia przesiewacza na podstawie figur płaskich wykreślanych na ekranie promieniami laserów.
EN
The model of motion of vibration screen and test stand is presented. Three dimensional movement of the screen by means of laser radiation.
Analysis of state and tendencies: spatial, organizational as well as technological in housing industry. Influence of these changes on building industry structure.
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Zwrócono uwagę na znaczenie etycznego postępowania uczestników procesu inwestycyjnego. Podkreślono, że wynika to z wymagań ogólnie pojmowanej moralności, a poza tym przynosi wymierne efekty ekonomiczne firmom.
EN
The importance of ethical deal of partners who are taking part in investment process is pointed out. This attitude is resulting from general idea of morality and moreover the ethic behaviour for long time brings sizable economic profit for business.