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1

Assessment of a Metallurgical Plant Impact on the Sea of Azov

Neverova‑Dziopak Elena, Dan Olena

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 16, no. 4

5--29

EN

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises have a negative impact on the air, soil, and water environment. The activities of metallurgy enterprises include a wide range of production processes (from the extraction of metals from ores to obtaining finished products) and is associated with the formation of a large amount of waste. Industrial wastewater discharge is the main source of aquatic area pollution. An assessment of the impact of wastewater discharged from the Azovstal Iron & Steel Works metallurgical plant on the state of the coastal waters of the Sea of Azov near Mariupol (Ukraine) is presented in the article. The assessment was carried out in accordance with the current Ukrainian legislation and the adopted methodology for water state assessment. The assessment was based on the available monitoring data of sea water in the area of wastewater discharges in the period 2016–2020. The assessment was carried out using the aggregated numerical indices, as well as taking into account the “limiting criterion principle”. Such a methodological approach allowed for a comprehensive assessment of the sea water quality class as well as its sanitary and ecological condition. The results of the assessment allowed us to ascertain the negative impact of industrial wastewater from the metallurgical plant on the coastal zone of the Azov Sea, which made it unsuitable for communal and recreational purposes.

2

Regularities of adsorption of α-oxypropionic acid by natural zeolite

Sabadash V., Gumnitsky J., Lyuta O., Hyvlyud A.

Advances in Materials Science

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2021

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Vol. 21, nr 1(67)

43--56

EN

Wastewaters from dairy processing factories contaminated with α-oxypropionic acid were monitored. Theoretical analysis of industrial wastewater treatment methods on zeolites of Sokyrnytsia deposit was carried out. The process of sorption of α-oxypropionic (α-oxypropionic) acid by natural zeolite of Sokyrnytsia deposit was considered. It was established that the most economically advantageous and safe is the method of adsorption using a natural sorbent - zeolite, which provides the lowest concentration of contaminants in treated wastewaters from dairies. An assessment of their number, localization features and measures of toxicological impact on the environment was done. The existing theoretical apparatus of description of adsorption processes was analyzed. The sorption properties of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite of Sokyrnytsia deposit) and activated carbon to α-oxypropionic acid were tested. Equilibrium values of adsorption capacity were calculated and corresponding isotherms at a temperature of 20° С were constructed. The porosity of the sorbent and its influence on the sorption properties were studied by the methods of physicochemical analysis. Infrared spectroscopic and electron microscopic studies confirmed the presence of the process of sorption by the surface of the internal pores of the zeolite of α-oxypropionic acid molecules. Experimental studies have confirmed the possibility of using natural zeolite for wastewater treatment of dairy factories. It was experimentally confirmed by physicochemical methods of analysis (electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, microprobe analysis, mercury porometry) and was established that the process takes place both by the mechanism of ion exchange and physical adsorption. The content of carbon radicals in the zeolite matrix after the sorption process was confirmed by X-ray spectral microanalysis. The ability of zeolite to adsorb organic carboxylic acid radicals was confirmed by the results of IR spectroscopic studies. On the IR spectra there are strips of deformation and valence oscillations of the groups of the crystal lattice of the zeolite Si-O, Si-O-SiOH: 452, 990–1210, 1638, 3368 cm-1. The oscillation spectra of free OH groups in the region of 2600 cm-1 were revealed.

3

Evaluation of the biological impact of the mixtures of diclofenac with its biodegradation metabolites 4’-hydroxydiclofenac and 5-hydroxydiclofenac on Escherichia coli. DCF synergistic effect with caffeic acid

Matejczyk Marzena, Ofman Piotr, Dąbrowska Katarzyna, Świsłocka Renata, Lewandowski Włodzimierz

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2020

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Vol. 46, no. 4

10--22

EN

In environmental matrices there are mixtures of parent drug and its metabolites. The majority of research is focused on the biological activity and toxic effect of diclofenac (DCF), there is little research on the biological activity of DCF metabolites and their mixtures. The study focused on the assessment of the biological impact of DCF, its metabolites 4’-hydroxydiclofenac (4’-OHDCF) and 5-hydroxydiclofenac (5-OHDCF) and their mixtures on E. coli strains. The biological effects of tested chemicals were evaluated using the following: E. coli K-12 cells viability assay, the inhibition of bacteria culture growth, ROS (reactive oxygene species) generation and glutathione (GSH) content estimation. Moreover, we examined the influence of the mixture of DCF with caffeic acid (CA) on E. coli cells viability. Our results showed the strongest impact of the mixtures of DCF with 4’-OHDCF and 5-OHDCF on E. coli SM biosensor strains in comparison to parent chemicals. Similar results were obtained in viability test, where we noticed the highest reduction in E. coli cell viability after bacteria incubation with the mixtures of DCF with 4’-OHDCF and 5-OHDCF. Similarly, these mixtures strongly inhibited the growth of E. coli culture. We also found synergistic effect of caffeic acid in combination with DCF on E. coli cells viability. After bacteria treatment with the mixture of DCF and its metabolites we also noted the strongest amount of ROS generation and GSH depletion in E. coli culture. It suggests that oxidative stress is the most important mechanism underlying the activity of DCF and its metabolites.

PL

Celem pracy było określenie oddziaływania diklofenaku, jego metabolitów biodegradacji 4’-OHDCF i 5-OHDCF oraz ich mieszanin na szczepy E. coli. Efekt biologiczny i stres oksydacyjny wywołany działaniem badanych w pracy związków chemicznych oceniono, poddając analizie następujące biomarkery: żywotność komórek E. coli K-12, hamowanie wzrostu kultury bakterii, wytwarzanie ROS i ocena zawartości glutationu (GSH). Ponadto zbadaliśmy wpływ mieszaniny DCF z CA na żywotność komórek E. coli. Monitorowaliśmy także reaktywność szczepu biosensora E. coli SM recA: luxCDABE w ściekach. Otrzymane wyniki wykazały najsilniejszy wpływ mieszanin DCF z 4’-OHDCF i 5-OHDCF na szczepy E. coli. Mieszanki diclofenaku z metabolitami działały inhibująco na rozwój kultury E. coli K-12 i żywotność komórek. Zaobserwowano także synergistyczne, inhibitorowe działanie kwasu kawowego w połączeniu z DCF na żywotność komórek E. coli. Najintensywniejszą generację ROS oraz redukcję GSH zaobserwowano po potraktowaniu bakterii mieszaniną DCF i jej metabolitów. Sugeruje to, że stres oksydacyjny jest najważniejszym mechanizmem leżącym u podstaw działania DCF i jego metabolitów. Ponadto, w przeprowadzonym eksperymencie wykazano użyteczność mikrobiologicznego biosensora E. coli SM recA w monitorowaniu ścieków zanieczyszczonych DCF. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że metabolity DCF 4’-OHDCF i 5-OHDCF mają zdolność interakcji z DCF. Zaobserwowaliśmy, że mieszaniny DCF z metabolitami mają większy wpływ na żywotność i rozwój kultury E. coli oraz indukcję promotorów w biosensorowych szczepach E. coli.

4

Ocena możliwości wykorzystania betonu komórkowego jako materiału reaktywnego do usuwania fosforu z roztworów wodnych

Bus A

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr III/2

949--958

PL

Celem pracy jest ocena możliwości wykorzystania betonu komórkowego jako materiału reaktywnego do usuwania fosforu z roztworów wodnych. Do badań użyto betonu komórkowego wyprodukowanego według technologii piaskowej. Na podstawie krótkich testów kontaktowych oszacowano optymalny czas kontaktu materiału reaktywnego z roztworem wynoszący 60 min podczas których 82% fosforu jest usuwane z roztworu. Badania laboratoryjne wykazały, że materiał ten charakteryzuje się dobrymi zdolnościami sorpcyjnymi (6,03 mg·g-1). Na podstawie izotermy Langmuira oszacowano wartość maksymalnej pojemności sorpcyjnej Smax, która wynosi 16,87 mg P-PO4·g-1. Z tych powodów, beton kosmówkowy może znaleźć zastawanie jako medium filtracyjne do usuwania fosforu z zanieczyszczonych wód powierzchniowych jak i ścieków.

EN

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the possibility of using autoclaved aerated concrete as a reactive material to remove phosphorus from water and wastewater. To this study autoclaved aerated concrete produced by sand technology was used. During 60 minutes contact time batch test the reactive material reduced 82% of P from the solution. Laboratory tests have shown that the material has a good sorption capacity (6.03 mg·g-1). The estimated maximum value of sorption capacity Smax based on the Langmuir isotherm is 16.87 mg P-PO4 g-1. Autoclaved aerated concrete may be used as a filter medium for removing phosphorus from contaminated surface water, rain water and also in small sewage treatment plants as a further step of removing phosphorus from waste water.

5

Usuwanie jonów siarczanowych(VI) ze ścieków z produkcji zapałek przy użyciu cementów glinowo-wapniowych

Salwiczek S., Barbusiński K., Kutek K.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2014

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T. 93, nr 9

1552-1556

PL

Badano efektywność usuwania siarczanów(VI) ze ścieków poprzez ich wytrącanie w postaci minerału etryngitu. Wykorzystano cementy glinowo-wapniowe Górkal 40 (G40) i Górkal 70 (G70), stanowiące źródło jonów glinu i wapnia, niezbędnych do tworzenia się etryngitu. Badano wpływ czasu reakcji i dawki cementów na skuteczność usuwania siarczanów ze ścieków syntetycznych zawierających ok. 1000 mg SO4 2-/dm3. Wstępne badania na ściekach syntetycznych wykazały, że cementy G40 i G70 mają podobną skuteczność usuwania siarczanów. Do dalszych badań wybrano cement G40, który przy mniejszych dawkach okazał się skuteczniejszy, a jednocześnie charakteryzował się niższą ceną. Oprócz dawki cementu (a tym samym dawki glinu) oraz czasu reakcji badano również wpływ pH na skuteczność wytrącania siarczanów (formowania etryngitu). Zastosowanie cementu G40 w dawce 3,68 g/dm3., pH 12, czasu reakcji 180 min pozwoliło na usunięcie siarczanów ze ścieków syntetycznych (zawierających 1000 mg SO4 2-/dm3.) do poziomu 40 mg SO4 2-/dm3. (96,0% usunięcia). Następnie zbadano skuteczność powyższej metody do oczyszczania ścieków zawierających siarczany(VI) w ilości 2475 mg/dm3 odprowadzanych podczas produkcji zapałek. Ścieki zostały podczyszczone wcześniej z innych zanieczyszczeń w przyzakładowej oczyszczalni metodą Fentona (FeSO4 + H2 O2). Dla dawki cementu 3,8 g/dm3., pH 12 oraz czasu reakcji 180 min uzyskano stężenie siarczanów(VI) na poziomie 30 mg/dm3., co odpowiadało 98,8% usunięcia.

EN

Synthetic and real wastewaters from match prodn. were treated with Al-Ca cements (up to 60 g/L) at pH 8.0–12.5 under stirring for 300 min (150 rpm) to remove SO4 2- ions (initial concn. 910–2475 mg/L). The gypsum precipitate was sepd. by sedimentation, filtration and centrifugation. The gypsum removal degree increased with increasing the cement dose and stirring time and showed a max. at pH 12.0 (near 100%).

6

Porównanie wybranych metod analitycznych oznaczania azotu amonowego w różnych typach ścieków

Wierzbicka D.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2014

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T. 93, nr 9

1538-1542

PL

Dokonano analizy porównawczej metod oznaczania azotu amonowego. Sześcioma metodami przebadano 34 próby ścieków komunalnych, rolno-spożywczych, koksowniczych oraz 7 prób wzorcowych. Stwierdzono, że na jakość wyniku istotny wpływ ma charakter próbki. Na podstawie porównania wyników badań laboratoryjnych podjęto próbę wskazania optymalnej metody analitycznej dla różnych typów ścieków.

EN

Thirty-four samples of wastewater from food-processing industry, cokeries, municipal wastewater treatment plants and 7 ref. samples were analyzed by 6 std. and commonly used methods for NH3 nitrogen content, to test the particular methods. The applicability of the methods depended on the origin and nature of the wastewater sample. No general recommendation was given.

7

Zastosowanie reakcji Fentona do wspomagania biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków z przemysłu mleczarskiego

Krzemińska D., Neczaj E., Parkitna K.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 3

2381--2397

EN

The dairy industry is one of the most polluting of industries, not only in terms of the volume of efﬂuent generated, but also in terms of its characteristics as well. The composition of waste water produced in the milk processing plants depends primarily on the type of production (such as ﬂuid milk, butter, cheese, buttermilk, whey, yogurt, condensed milk, ﬂavored milk, milk powder, ice cream, etc.). The factors influencing the composition and charge of waste water are the raw materials used, level of technology plant, cleaning and disinfection processes and the amount of water used. Still increased pollution, combined with increased industrial activity and increasingly restrictive laws concerning discharges, focuses on the problem of optimal industry wastewater treatment. High concentration of organic matter in dairy wastewater causes problems with their removal in biological methods. Combining advanced oxidation process (AOP) and biological process has received attention in recent years as a promising alternative for industrial wastewater treatment. Among biological treatment processes the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) have been widely applied for treating dairy wastewater. The advantages of this technology can include high flexibility and ease of adaptation of operating parameters. Sequencing batch reactor is the name given to wastewater treatment systems based on activated sludge, operated on a sequence changes of anaerobic and aerobic conditions in one reactor. Using AOP pretreatment is important to improve the biodegradability and produce an effluent that can be treated biologically These processes involve the generation of highly free radicals, mainly hydroxyl radical (HO) via chemical, photochemical and photocatalytic reactions. One of the most important AOP process is Fenton reaction. Effectiveness of Fenton reaction has been confirmed in the case of pharmaceutical wastewater, treatment of brines or treatment of paper pulp manufacturing effluents. The oxidation system based on the Fenton’s reagent (hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a ferrous salt under acidic conditions) has been used for the treatment of both organic and inorganic substances of the wastewater stream. The present study was aimed to treat the dairy wastewater by Fenton’s process and an aerobic sequencing batch reactor. The ﬁrst part of this study examined the effect of operating conditions on Fenton`s process pretreatment of dairy wastewater. The effectiveness of the AOP pretreatment was assessed by evaluating wastewater biodegradability enhancement (BOD5/COD), as well as monitoring major pollutant concentrations (COD) with reaction time. The optimum dose Fe2+ and H2O2 was found to be 1.2 and 2.0 g/L, respectively. In a single biological treatment the average removal efficiencies of COD, and NH4+ were 67%, and 61%, respectively. Integration of Fenton`s process and biological treatment resulted in 93% removal of COD and 79% NH4+ from the dairy wastewater. The results indicated that the combined process would be a promising alternative for the treatment of dairy wastewater.

8

Wpływ stałego pola magnetycznego na przemiany związków azotu w biologicznym złożu tarczowym

Rodziewicz J., Filipkowska U., Janczukowicz W., Kłodowska I., Prażmo M.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 2

1511--1524

EN

The processes of nitrification and denitrification are the most common and well-known methods of biological nitrogen removal from wastewater. Nitrifying bacteria are characterized by a low growth rate, a tendency to wash out from the reactors, which means that nitrification is the limiting factor in the course of the nitrogen compounds removal process. Therefore, it is necessary to keep a large amount of nitrifying biomass in reactors in order to ensure the proper level of nitrification efficiency. Previously performed researches have shown that the magnetic field can affect the growth of microorganisms and their ability to biodegrade contaminants. Application of a magnetic field enhances microbial activity, accelerates degradation of organic compounds and increases nitrification rate. Otherwise the magnetic field is beneficial for biomass biodiversity and abundance. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of magnetic field on the efficiency of organic compounds removal and nitrogen compounds transformations taking place in the biomass of rotating biological contactor. Investigations were carried out in a rotating biological contactor (RBC) working in a bench scale. Each section containedpackets of disks with a diameter of 0.22 m submerged in a semi-circular tank with a capacity of 2 L. Submergence of the disks was 40%. Disks rotated with speed of 60 rpm. The study was carried out using four RBCs – the first one was called the control unit, next three were under the influence of the magnetic field of 60 mT, 120 mT and 180 mT induction. Studies have shown that the efficiency of nitrification increased with growth ofmagnetic field induction. The magnetic field of 180 mT intensity increased nitrification efficiency significantly different, when compared with other systems, and was equal to 92%. Denitrification efficiency was the highest in the system, where the biomass was exposed to the magnetic field of 60 mT induction. Process efficiency decreased with increasing magnetic induction. Exposure of wastewaters and biofilm biomass in the magnetic field did not affect the statistical efficiency of the organic compounds removal. The highest percentage of COD biodegradation, on average 89.51%, was observed in a rotating biological contactor exposed to magnetic field of the highest tested induction.

9

Wpływ procesu filtracji na relację między ilością substancji organicznych i związków biogennych w ściekach mleczarskich

Ostrowska K., Janczukowicz W., Rodziewicz J., Mielcarek A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 2

1411--1425

EN

Nowadays, high effective carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal based on activated sludge is the most popular method of dairy wastewater treatment. In activated sludge systems efficient nutrient compounds removal is determined by the quantity and quality of easily available forms of organic carbon. For both biological phosphorus removal and biological nitrogen removal to occur, an easily biodegradable carbon source must be present in the treating wastewater. The organic compounds used in the processes of denitrification and enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) usually are presented in treating wastewater, what is called an internal source of carbon. However, many industrial wastewater, including dairy wastewater, very often do not have sufficient amounts of carbon, in relation to the concentration of nitrate and phosphates, to ensure efficient both denitrification and biological dephosphatation processes. When biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal is limited by the availability of easily biodegradable forms of organic carbon a supplemental carbon source must be add to the wastewater, hence so-called external source of carbon should be applied to provide energy necessary for the nutrient removing bacteria to grow and perform their work. One of the most popular sources of organic carbon is acetic acid, which is one of the best available forms of carbon by denitrifying bacteria and those accumulating polyphosphates (PAO). Apart from acetic acid and acetates use is made of a number of the volatile fatty acids (VFA), including propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, and such substrates as: glucose, methanol or ethanol. Since the use of chemical compounds in the form of technical products (e.g. acetic acid, citric acid) is generally expensive, cost-saving solutions are sought. According to literature data, wastewater with high COD/(N + P) ratio after acidogenic fermentation can be used as an external source of VFA in wastewater with low concentrations of easily available organic compounds treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the filtration process on the content of organic compounds (measured as COD) in relation to the concentration of nutrients (measured as the sum of TKN and TP) in process dairy wastewater, in terms of the possibility of effective VFA production. It was observed, that filtration process ensures improvement of the COD/(N + P) ratio only in wastewater from the selected sections of dairy production. The best result, if percentage increase of the COD/(N + P) ratio is considered, was obtained for the wastewater from butter production. Densification of wastewater from butter production resulted in 95% increase of the COD/(N + P) ratio without a significant increased nutrient concentration. Filtration process provided the highest COD/(N + P) ratio (219,18 mg O2/(mg N + mg P)) and reduced both nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the permeate from the apparatus room. The results obtained suggest, that acidogenic fermentation of wastewater from the apparatus room and butter production with high COD/(N + P) ratio can serve as an external source of VFA in biological wastewater treatment process of wastewater with low concentrations of easily available organic compounds, which ensures effective nitrogen and phosphorus removal.

10

Wpływ procesu elektrochemicznego na stężenie azotu ogólnego i ortofosforanów w odpływie z reaktora z unieruchomioną błoną biologiczną

Kłodowska I., Rodziewicz J., Janczukowicz W., Filipkowska U.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 2

1952--1964

EN

Municipal and industrial wastewaters discharged to water reservoirs should be characterized by a low load of nutrients. Nitrogen and phosphorus are responsible for eutrophication, is therefore necessary to find the effective solutions for their removal. The experiment has been carried in order to determine the impact of the electric current density on the course of simultaneous electrocoagulation and hydrogenotrophic denitrification in the rotating electro-biological contactor (REBC).The study was conducted in the laboratory scale, parallely in three anaerobic reactors, in conditions of the flow electric current. In the REBC unit, rotating disks made of stainless steel with immobilized biofilm were the cathode. Hydrogen donor produced on the surface of cathode, in water electrolysis process, was used by denitrifying bacteria for nitrates reduction. As the anode an aluminum electrode mounted in the reactors was used. As a result of the anode electrolytic dissolution releasing Al3+ ions combined with the hydroxyl ions emitted on the cathode, formed metal hydroxides, which functioned as a coagulant in the binding of phosphate ions. In crude wastewaters inflowing to the bioreactors the concentration of orthophosphates was 8.1 mgPO4×dm-3 and total nitrogen 81.36 mg Nog×dm-3 and the concentration of organic compounds was equal 40.52 mg O2×dm-3 . The study showed that regardless the operating parameter of the electrolysis process, effluent concentration of orthophosphate below 1 mg PO4×dm-3 was obtained. However, the lowest concentration were observed at a density 0.05 mA×cm-2 . The efficiency of 97.27% corresponded to the phosphate concentration equal 0.22 mg PO4×dm-3. The increase of electric current density resulted in a higher concentration of orthophosphate in the effluent from the reactors, because of more intensive dissolution of aluminum hydroxide with the increase of wastewater alkalinity and a limited amount of secreted Al3+ ions, as a result of aluminum oxide accumulation on the anode surface. In the same time, electrolytically-aided denitrification process affected the reducing concentration of total nitrogen in the wastewaters with the increase of electric current density, as a result of intensive use a hydrogen donor by denitrifying bacteria. The lowest concentration of total nitrogen in the treated wastewaters was achieved at the highest current density 0.1 mA cm-2 – 16.15 mgNog dm-3 , which corresponded to 80.15% effectiveness. The research has shown that bio-electrochemical reactor may be an alternative solution for reactors with suspended biomass designed for nutrients removal.

11

Oczyszczanie ścieków z przemysłu kosmetycznego za pomocą procesu koagulacji

Naumczyk J., Marcinowski P., Wiliński P., Bogacki J.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 1

873--891

EN

In this study the coagulation process of five cosmetics wastewater types has been investigated. All samples were collected from big cosmetic factory in Poland. Due to changeable production profile, also significant changeability of the wastewater composition and the concentration of pollutants were observed. COD values of raw wastewaters samples 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were as follows: 7293, 3241, 3241, 5132 and 1089 mg/l, respectively. Before coagulation easily settleable suspended solids were removed by 30 min primary sedimentation. After sedimentation COD values were decreased to 1134, 2512, 3241, 1858 and 1089 mg/l, respectively. Coagulation with Al2 (SO4)3 at pH 7.0 and FeCl3 at pH 6.0 and 9.0 allowed to achieve COD removal in the range of 33.0–63.5%. The effect of coagulation was better for the samples of lower contents of easily settleable suspended solids and higher content of fine suspended solids. The best effects of COD removal by coagulation achieved for investigated wastewaters were as follow: sample 1 – 39.2%, by Al2 (SO4) 3 and FeCl3 at pH 9.0; sample 2 – 54.8%, by FeCl3 at pH 6.0; sample 3 – 60.0%, by Al2 (SO4) 3; sample 4 – 33.3%, by Al2 (SO4) 3; sample 5 – 63.5%, by FeCl3 at pH 6.0. The differences in coagulants effectiveness were not significant. Flopam flocculant improved the effect of coagulation – shortened the clarification time from 60 min to 5 min, reduced the coagulant doses by about 50 mg/l and increased COD removal. In the coagulation assisted by Flopam flocculant, Al2 (SO4) 3 proved to be the best coagulant for sample 3 (62.5%), FeCl3 at pH 6.0 was the best for sample 2 (54.8%) and sample 5 (63.9% – the best result of all) and FeCl3 at pH 9.0 for sample 4 (50.0%). The best effect of coagulation was achieved for sample no 5, which had no easily settleable suspended solids. The total effect of COD removal, including primary sedimentation and coagulation ranged from 63.9 to 90.6%. GC-MS analysis allowed to identify 110 compounds. The predominant compounds identified by GC-MS were: cyclopentasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane and synthetic musk – galaxolide (HHCB). HHCB concentration was decreased in the coagulation by 87.3–92.2%. The degree of other compounds removal varied in the range 0–99.4%.

12

Ocena efektywności pracy hybrydowego reaktora beztlenowego z mikrofalowym systemem ogrzewania

Zieliński M, Dębowski M., Krzemieniewski M., Grala A., Dudek M.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 3

2750--2766

EN

Used in wastewater treatment anaerobic dairy use modern methods of anaerobic reactors. Improvements are still sought methods that will enable faster and more efficient dairy wastewater. One of these improvements can be applied to microwave radiation. The solution presented in the article RBMC microwave reactor is used to stimulate the anaerobic digestion process. The obtained results allow to evaluate the potential use of microwaves to the development of thermal conditions in a reactor operating at an industrial scale. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the methane fermentation of whey at a temperature of 35 deg. C using an anaerobic reactor with microwave heating system. In the course of the work carried out two related research objectives: the analysis of the efficiency of the fermentation reactor with an innovative hybrid design and study the impact of the method of heating the reactor to the process. Terms construction and reactor technology used RBMC allowed to conduct research in a convection heating and microwave. Conducted research aimed to validate or exclude the presence athermal effects of microwave effects on the process of wastewater treatment. In order to demonstrate the effect of microwaves on the process of anaerobic digestion of whey in mesophilic conditions, tests were carried out in two stages with different heating process of fermentation. In the first stage, the reactor was heated using a microwave generator, while the second uses a water jacket, and the heating takes place by convection. In each of the stages identified five series of different sizes of cargo delivered OLR organic compounds in the range of 5 to 25 kg COD/(m3∙d). The analyzes carried out showed that the applied microwave heating significantly affect the efficiency of whey disposal, but this effect was observed in the higher ranges of the reactor load (series 3, series 4, series 5). The use of microwave radiation had a significantly higher number of resulting biogas and removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand at a load of 15 g COD /(L∙d) and higher. The most effective in terms of technological operation of the reactor was load of 15 g COD /(L∙d) Under these conditions, resulting in high efficiency contaminant removal with a considerable amount of biogas rich in methane. At the same time the concentration of total suspended solids in the effluent did not exceed 1000 mg /L. The results show that the use of microwaves in wastewater treatment may be an effective improvement classic methods.

13

Zastosowanie sorbentów różnego typu w procesie usuwania barwników z roztworów wodnych i ścieków przemysłowych

Wawrzkiewicz M.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2012

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T. 91, nr 1

45-52

PL

Omówiono metody oczyszczania ścieków barwnych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem technik adsorpcyjnych wykorzystujących sorbenty różnego typu, np. węgle aktywne, zeolity, jonity pod kątem ich praktycznego zastosowania w procesie oczyszczania ścieków przemysłu tekstylnego.

EN

A review, with 84 refs., concerning the removal of dyes from aq. solns. and textile wastewaters by adsorption. Various sorbents (activated C, zeolites, ion exchange resins) were described.

14

Biodegradacja kwasów tłuszczowych (C8:0 C22:1) zawartych w ściekach komunalnych metodą osadu czynnego

Łobos-Moysa E., Dudziak M.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2011

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T. 14, nr 2

167-173

PL

Obecność wyższych kwasów tłuszczowych (WKT) w ściekach może być związana z doprowadzeniem zarówno ścieków przemysłowych, jak i komunalnych. W pierwszym przypadku głównym źródłem tych kwasów są ścieki z przemysłu spożywczego (tłuszczowego, mięsnego). W przypadku ścieków komunalnych źródłem są gospodarstwa domowe oraz zakłady gastronomiczne. W badaniach nad usuwaniem wyższych kwasów tłuszczowych (WKT) ze ścieków metodą biologiczną zastosowano modelowe ścieki składające się z pożywki organiczno-mineralnej oraz zanieczyszczenia dodatkowego spożywczego oleju rzepakowego. Emulsję olejową przygotowywano w płuczce ultradźwiękowej InterSonic IS 5.5. Oznaczane w tak przygotowanych ściekach kwasy pochodziły z bulionu wzbogaconego, który jest wyciągiem mięsnym, oraz oleju roślinnego. Wstępna enzymatyczna hydroliza, prowadzona pozakomórkowo, umożliwia rozłożenie cząsteczki tłuszczu do glicerolu i wyższych kwasów tłuszczowych (WKT). Końcowym produktem w beztlenowym procesie jest dwutlenek węgla i metan, a tlenowym dwutlenek węgla i woda. Proces biodegradacji prowadzono w 3 dm3 bioreaktorach sekwencyjnych w zakresie niskich obciążeń osadu czynnego ładunkiem zanieczyszczeń (od 0,13 do 17 gBZT5/g s.m.o. · d). Efektywność procesu określono na podstawie ubytku kwasów nasyconych C8:0 C22:0 oraz nienasyconych C16:1 C18:2. Największe zmiany w zawartości poszczególnych kwasów w pierwszych godzinach procesu stwierdzono dla kwasu mirystynowego, palmitynowego i stearynowego, a całkowite usunięcie dla oktanowego, dekanowego, behenowego oraz palmitoleinowego i linolowego. Zawartość kwasu oleinowego natomiast ulegała ciągłym wahaniom.

EN

The presence of High Fatty Acids (HFA) in wastewater can be connected with the supply of both, industrial and municipal wastewater. In the first case, the main source of those acids are wastewater coming from grocery industry (fatty and meat industry). In the case of municipal wastewater, the source of HFA are households and gastronomic facilities. Simulated wastewater composed from organic-mineral broth and rape oil were used in the study in order to remove of HFA from wastewater via biological treatment. Oil emulsion was prepared in an InterSonic IS 5.5 ultrasonic washer and lasted for 24 h (based TOC change). The source of HFA was the enriched bullion, which comprised of the meat extract and plant oil. Fats biodegradation may be limited by their physical and chemical properties e.g. insolubility in water. The process starts with the enzymatic hydrolysis which removes fatty acids from the glycerol molecules of triglycerides. The final products in the aerobic process are carbon and water, while in the anaerobic one carbon and methane. The biodegradation process was carried out in 31 sequential bioreactors under low activated sludge load condition (0,13 ÷ 0,17 gBOD5/gTS · d). The process was stopped after 2, 6, 24 and 72 h followed by activated sludge sedimentation and samples were taken for chemical analysis. The effectiveness of the treatment was established by the decrease of concentration of following saturated acids: octanoic (C8:0), decanoic (C10:0), myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), behenic (C22:0) and unsaturated acids: palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2). The highest changes in the concentration of investigated acids in the first several hours of the process were observed for myristic, palmitic and stearic acids whereas the total removal of octanoic, decanoic, behenic, palmitoleic and linoleic acid occurred. The concentration of oleic acid was constantly fluctuating.

15

Sposób wydzielania struwitu ze ścieku z przemysłu nawozowego

Matynia A., Wierzbowska B., Hutnik N., Piotrowski K., Liszka R., Ciesielski T., Mazieńczuk A.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2010

|

T. 89, nr 4

478-485

16

Bezwykopowa odnowa przewodów kanalizacyjnych powłoką żywiczną z dwoma niezależnymi przekrojami o wielofunkcyjnych zastosowaniach

Kuliczkowski A.

Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inżynieryjne

|

2010

|

Nr 3

104

PL

Odnowiony bezwykopowo w technologii TopCote-liner przewód umożliwia separację ścieków lub przeznaczenie dolnej rury do innych celów, np. jako rury ochronnej z kablami.

17

Możliwości zastosowania grzybów z rodzaju Rhizopus do oczyszczania wybranych ścieków przemysłu skrobiowego

Nowak J., Górna B., Lasik M.

Aparatura Badawcza i Dydaktyczna

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2010

|

T. 15, nr 3

31-37

PL

W pracy podjęto próbę wykorzystania czterech szczepów grzybów strzępkowych Rhizopus oligosporus do biodegradacji ścieków z przemysłu krochmalniczego po uprzednim przetestowaniu ich na podłożu modelowym imitującym ścieki ziemniaczane. Do oczyszczania ścieków zastosowano mikroorganizmy, które posiadają szerokie zastosowanie do produkcji żywności fermentowanej i są bezpieczne dla organizmu ludzkiego jak i dla środowiska.

EN

The study attempts to use four strains of Rhizopus oligosporus for biotreatment of wastewater from potato starch industry. First the strains were tested on model medium imitating potato wastewater and than on industrial wastes. The Rhizopus mold applied in the experiments is widely used in the production of fermented foods and is recognized as safe for humans and the environment.

18

Współczesne metody usuwania chromu ze ścieków

Jacukowicz-Sobala I.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2009

|

T. 88, nr 1

51-60

19

Właściwości sorpcyjne iłów neogeńskich i możliwości ich wykorzystania do usuwania jonów metali ciężkich ze ścieków

Kyzioł-Komosińska J., Rosik-Dulewska C., Kocela A.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2008

|

T. 87, nr 5

501-505

20

Usuwanie fenolu z wód ściekowych przez utlenianie

Bielicka-Daszkiewicz K.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2008

|

T. 87, nr 1

24-32