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Flexural characteristics of artificial ice in winter sports rinks: experimental study and nondestructive prediction based on surface hardness method

Zhang Wenyuan, Li Junxing, Wang Lin, Yuan Baojiang, Yang Qiyong

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

2022

Vol. 22, no. 2

art. no. e67, 1--19

Interest in the construction of prefabricated ice rink for international competition has increased in recent years, where the ice sheet is directly supported by soft thermal insulation materials. However, bending failure in the ice sheets for these rinks is highly possible because of different compression and tension behaviors. Moreover, the mechanical behaviors of the artificial ice produced layer-by-layer in rinks remain unclear. Therefore, microstructure observations, hardness tests, and three-point bending tests were conducted in this study to better understand artificial ice. First, the crystal structures were obtained through observations in both the vertical and horizontal directions. Then, the hardness of the ice surface at different temperatures, water qualities, ice-making methods, and surrounding environmental conditions was measured using the Shore hardness apparatus. Finally, systematic three-point bending tests on 80 effective ice specimens under a wide range of loading and ice-making parameters were performed. The results show that artificial ice is a typical kind of columnar ice with smaller grain sizes at lower surfaces. The ice surface hardness, roughly normally distributed, was mainly affected by temperature and ice-making mode. Moreover, it was found that all the test ice beam exhibited brittle fracture, and the flexural strength ranged from 0.84 to 2.47 MPa, with the maximum average at a strain rate of 1× 10-4 s-1 . Based on these test results, empirical functions for the effects of the investigated parameters on the flexural strength and effective modulus were developed. Also, the relationships between flexural and tensile strength for artificial ice were established using Weibull law and the coupled criterion. In addition, the linear regression model was established and verified using different prediction methods to predict the ice flexural behavior in practical rinks based on the measured hardness in a simple, reliable, and nondestructive way. The current experiment and analysis are beneficial for the design, operation and maintenance of prefabricated ice rinks.