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1

Methodology for the Composite Tire Numerical Simulation Based on the Frequency Response Analysis

Karpenko Mykola, Skačkauskas Paulius, Prentkovskis Olegas

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2023

|

Vol. 25, no. 2

art. no. 163289

EN

Reliability and maintenance analysis in transport focus on the main objective of accident and incident investigations that benefit to better understanding of the causes of accidents and prevention of them in the future. The conducted research presents theoretical and experimental research on composite pneumatic tire used in transport engineering. The approach of the numerical simulation sequence which is offered in this research facilitates engineers in efficient determination of the dynamic properties and behaviour of vehicle tire at design stage. The tire materials have been tested by employing piezoelectric micro-vibration tests and frequency analyses. The Finite Element Method used for numerical simulation in combination with experimental measurements based on optimization by material frequency response, was applied in modelling tire material behaviour avoiding problems of composite structure modelling. The obtained results indicate that the offered methodology can be used in numerical simulation of composite tire investigation and considering material viscos-elastic properties.

2

Operational tests of the technical condition of truck tires

Cieślak Piotr, Pieniak Daniel, Gil Leszek, Dmowski Artur, Niewczas Andrzej

Transport Samochodowy

|

2022

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z. 2

17--34

EN

Tire wear and damage tests have been carried out on a sample of 45 trucks in Warsaw. The aim of the research was to assess the damageability and to determine the qualitative characteristics of typical operational damage to the truck tires. A linear measurement of the tread height and organoleptic assessment of the form of damage were used. Three groups of vehicles were analysed: trucks with an integrated body, used in severe conditions on short routes - category I; tractor-semi-trailer combinations, used in conditions of heavy loads on intercity routes - category II; truck-trailer combinations, used with moderate load on intercity routes, long - category III. It has been shown that the most common types of damage are: excessive tread wear, mechanical cut of the tread and uneven tread wear (35%, 30%, 24% of all tested tires, respectively). It was shown that tires in vehicles of categories I and II are distinguished by high damageability (30.5% and 28.6%, respectively), with tread cut damage prevailing in the first group, and excessive tread wear in the second group. The damageability of vehicles in the third group was more than two times lower.

PL

Przeprowadzono badania zużycia i uszkodzeń eksploatacyjnych opon na próbie 45 samochodów ciężarowych na terenie Warszawy. Celem badań była ocena uszkadzalności i określenie jakościowej charakterystyki typowych uszkodzeń eksploatacyjnych opon samochodów ciężarowych. Zastosowano liniowy pomiar wysokości bieżnika oraz organoleptyczną ocenę postaci uszkodzeń. Analizowano trzy grupy pojazdów: samochody ciężarowe z nadwoziem zintegrowanym, użytkowane w warunkach ciężkich na krótkich trasach – kategoria I; zestawy ciągnik siodłowy – naczepa, użytkowane w warunkach dużych obciążeń na trasach międzymiastowych – kategoria II; zestawy samochód ciężarowy – przyczepa, użytkowane przy umiarkowanym obciążeniu na trasach międzymiastowych, długich – kategoria III. Wykazano, że najczęściej występującymi rodzajami uszkodzeń są: nadmierne zużycie ścierne bieżnika, przecięcie mechaniczne bieżnika i nierównomierne zużycie ścierne bieżnika (odpowiednio 35%, 30 %, 24% wszystkich badanych opon). Wykazano, że opony w pojazdach kategorii I i II wyróżniają się dużą uszkadzalnością (odpowiednio 30,5% i 28,6%) przy czym w pierwszej grupie dominują uszkodzenia cięte bieżnika, a w drugiej – nadmierne zużycie ścierne bieżnika. Uszkadzalność pojazdów w trzeciej grupie była ponad dwukrotnie mniejsza.

3

Wpływ włókien stalowych z recyklingu opon na cechy wytrzymałościowe betonu

Michalik Agnieszka, Chyliński Filip, Kupisz Piotr, Zacharski Łukasz, Pichór Waldemar

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2022

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R. 78, nr 9-10

397--400

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wytrzymałościowych betonów z dodatkiem oczyszczonych włókien stalowych z recyklingu opon (RTSF) w porównaniu z taką samą ilością włókien stalowych produkowanych przemysłowo (MSF). Wykonano badania wytrzymałości na zginanie, ściskanie, rozłupywanie i wytrzymałości resztkowe na rozciąganie przy zginaniu.

EN

The article presents the results of strength tests of concretes with the addition of purified recycled tyre steel fibers (RTSF) in comparison with the same amount of manufactured steel fibers (MSF). Flexural strength, compressive strength, tensile splitting strength and residual flexural tensile strengths were performed. The test results show that concretes with the addition of RTSF have higher strength properties than the reference concretes with the same amount of MSF fibers, which is a potential for their application.

4

Utilization of magnetic signature of automotive tire for exploitational wear assessment

Brol Sebastian, Warczek Jan

Diagnostyka

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, No. 4

art. no. 2022412

EN

The use of tires is limited, on the one hand, by their geometric wear, which is interpreted by vehicle users as the tread height, on the other hand, as a result of aging processes. There is an intrinsic magnetic field around the tire. This specific feature of the tire can be interpreted as the magnetic pattern of the tire. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of operation on the distribution of magnetic induction around the tire. The tests were carried out on new tires and after a specific operational mileage. The obtained results in the form of spatial images of the distribution of the magnetic field force lines of new tires and after a specific operational mileage allowed to visualize the differences in their technical condition, which were not possible to observe using other research methods.

5

Research of damage to the rear wheel rim in a tipper-truck

Kubiak Przemyslaw, Wozniak Marek, Zakrzewski Sergiusz, Siczek Krzysztof, Rylski Adam, Mrowicki Adam, Matej Jan, Deda Jakub, Knap Lech

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2022

|

Vol. 70, nr 3

art. no. e141000

EN

Serious damage to the inner rim of the rear twin wheel in one dump truck was noted during the operation of the fleet performing transport tasks. It was a drive wheel, and its damage occurred while driving with a load exceeding the permissible value. The examination of selected fragments of the damaged rim surface was conducted visually as well as using a digital microscope with a portable head. The measurements of the Vickers hardness and microscopic observations of the material structure of the sample cut along the thickness of the rim disk were carried out. The drive torque loading of the twin wheels of the tipper-truck rear axle, under their mating with different kinds of road roughness and under various vertical loads of the wheels was calculated. An analysis of stress distributions in the rim modelled using the Finite Element Method was also conducted for several possible scenarios of wheel loading. The damage to the rim was caused by simultaneous action of several factors, such as overloading the car, poor condition of the tires, loading the drive wheel by a part of the vehicle weight and the driving torque, and hitting a wheel on a cavity in a dirt road, causing a temporary relief of one of the tires on a twin wheel.

6

Wykorzystanie odpadów w cementowni a polityka klimatyczna

Środa Bożena

Materiały Budowlane

|

2021

|

nr 12

28--29

7

Experimental investigation of tire performance on slush

Ružinskas Andrius, Giessler Martin, Gauterin Frank, Wiese Klaus, Bogdevičius Marijonas

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

|

2021

|

Vol. 23, no. 1

103--109

EN

An investigation of tires behaviour on winter roads was always a high importance in the context of road safety. This paper presents the experimental investigation of tire performance on slush that is identified as two mixtures: a mixture of snow and water, and a mixture of crushed ice and water. The measurements of longitudinal and lateral performance including tire traction, braking and cornering were performed. Tire traction tests were performed for both mixtures with different amount of material. A decreasing in the tire friction was observed when amount of the mixture of snow and water was increased twice. For the mixture of crushed ice and water, an opposite trend was observed. The standard deviation values for the peak force coefficient showed a good reproducibility and reliability of performed tire tests.

8

Influence of Dual Filler Reinforcement on the Curing and Tribo-Mechanical Behaviour of Natural Rubber Nanocomposite for Tire Tread Application

Harikrishna Kumar M., Subramaniam Shankar, Rajasekar Rathanasamy, Pal Samir Kumar, Palaniappan Sathish Kumar

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2021

|

Vol. 66, iss. 3

893--899

EN

A huge amount of carbon black (40-60 phr) was commonly used as a reinforcing material in manufacturing of tires to improve the technical properties of pure rubber. Carbon black causes severe health hazard like skin cancer, respiratory problem due to its fly loss property. This study focusses on reducing the usage of carbon black by replacing it with minimal quantity of nanoclay to compensate the technical properties of rubber. Natural rubber nanocomposite are fabricated using solution and mechanical mixing method in presence and absence of compatibilizer. Cure characteristics, wear test and mechanical properties were examined. NR nanocomposite with dual filler in presence of compatibilizer showed enhancement in torque values, mechanical and wear resistant property. Wear resistance, tensile strength and modulus of dual filler nanocomposite was increased by 66.7%, 91% and 85% when compared to pure NR. Hence NR nanocomposite with dual filler in presence of compatibilizer was found as a proving and possible nanocomposite for tire application.

9

Cykl życia odpadów gumowych na przykładzie zużytych opon samochodowych

Skrzyniarz Magdalena

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2020

|

nr 9

44--53

PL

W artykule opisano cykl życia odpadów gumowych na przykładzie zużytych opon. Przedstawiono najpopularniejsze sposoby ich wykorzystania i zagospodarowania. Artykuł opisuje stan gospodarki odpadami oraz stosowane metody zagospodarowania zużytych opon w Polsce w latach 2015- 2017. Celem artykułu jest zaproponowanie nowych rozwiązań, które pozwolą zapanować nad ilością opon wprowadzonych na rynek przez rozwiązania legislacyjne. Analiza aktualnego sposobu zagospodarowania zużytych opon może pozwolić na ich jeszcze lepsze wykorzystanie oraz utylizację. Przedstawiono również uwarunkowania legislacyjne dotyczące utylizacji odpadów gumowych (stan aktualny na 1 marca 2020 r.).

EN

The lifecycle of rubber waste, based on the example of used tires is presented in this paper. The main focus is put on the methods of the waste management and further utilization. This is considered and described in details in relation to the situation in Poland over the period of 2015- 2017. The aim of the article is to propose new solutions that will allow to "control" the number of tires introduced to the market through legislative solutions. An analysis of the current way of managing used tires may allow for their better use and disposal. Complementary to the major considerations, the legislative conditions regarding the utilization of rubber waste are introduced (the status obligatory to 01.03.2020).

10

Influence of tire pressure on fuel consumption in trucks with installed tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS)

Szczucka-Lasota Bożena, Kamińska Joanna, Krzyżewska Iwona

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

|

2019

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z. 103

167--181

EN

In recent years, the development of IT systems for fleet monitoring was observed. Tire pressure monitoring systems are constantly improved. Decreased values in tire pressure can cause deformation of tires. Monitoring of tire pressure is an important function in oversized transport trucks. Tire pressure and rolling resistant influence fuel consumption. The purpose of this paper was to determine the impact of tire pressure on fuel consumption in a fleet of trucks with tire pressure monitoring system installed and to determine the impact of other factors that may affect fuel consumption, such as the vehicle weight, brake usage and cruise control usage. The results of the research were developed using a multiple regression model describing the above dependence.

11

Tire punctures with an aluminium penetrator

Brol Sebastian, Szegda A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2019

|

z. 2/120

19--24

EN

The article titled "Tyre puncture with an aluminium penetrator" presents the methodology of the measurements related to tire puncture. The creation of a differential profile and differential profiles matrix is discussed. The matrix is analysed based on 3D spatial charts and maps. It has been shown that there is an anomaly in the puncture site. It was discussed in the circumferential direction and the depth of insertion of the penetrator. Conclusions and remarks regarding the practical application of observations are presented.

PL

W artykule pt. "Przebicie opony penetratorem ze stopu glinu" przedstawiono metodykę pomiaru. Omówiono tworzenie profilu różnicowego i macierzy profili różnicowych. Dokonano analizy macierzy na podstawie przestrzennych wykresów 3D i wykresów mapowych. Wykazano, że w miejscu przebicia występuje anomalia. Opisano ją w kierunku obwodowym i głębokości wsunięcia penetratora. Przedstawiono wnioski i uwagi dotyczące praktycznego zastosowania poczynionych spostrzeżeń.

12

Investigation of tire force transmission on interaction with slush

Bogdevičius Marijonas, Ružinskas Andrius, Vadlūga Vaidas, Bogdevičius Paulius, Kačianauskas Rimantas, Maknickas Algirdas, Gauterin Frank

Transport Problems

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2019

|

T. 14, z. 1

13--21

EN

The main parameters describing the interaction between a tire and the road are forces transmitted by a tire. This paper presents experimental and theoretical research of mechanism of force transmission between a tire and slush-covered pavement. The experimental research was conducted in the internal drum test facility at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany. The theoretical research presents a mathematical model of the system “"sub-block–slush layer–drum” focusing on slush behavior. The model evaluates mass change velocity of slush layer, mass, and physical–mechanical properties of sub-block. Slush was analyzed as a multi-layer bulk. The obtained velocities of slush layers and friction forces from the model allowed us to determine the generated heat per time unit at each layer. It was found that the top layer of slush has the highest velocity and heat flow values compared to other layers.

13

Zastosowanie metody LCA do analizy wpływu opon samochodowych na środowisko naturalne

Piotrowska Katarzyna

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

|

2019

|

R. 20, nr 12

63--66

PL

W związku z pogarszającym się stanem środowiska istnieje coraz większa potrzeba określania wpływu cyklu życia obiektów technicznych na otoczenie – począwszy od wydobycia surowców do produkcji, aż po ich zagospodarowanie poużytkowe. Istotne jest, aby odpowiednio oceniać oddziaływania środowiskowe na każdym z tych etapów. Analiza ta możliwa jest dzięki wykorzystaniu różnych metod. Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie metody LCA służącej identyfikacji negatywnych oddziaływań opon samochodowych na środowisko naturalne. W pracy poruszono problem zmniejszających się zasobów środowiskowych, a co za tym idzie ograniczonych możliwości zaspokajania potrzeb procesów produkcyjnych. Omówiono także potrzebę zwiększania świadomości konieczności właściwej utylizacji opon po zakończeniu ich użytkowania. Ponadto przedstawiono rezultaty ekologiczno-energetycznej analizy cyklu życia opony samochodowej, co pozwoliło na identyfikację obszarów o największym szkodliwym wpływie na otoczenie oraz wskazanie do podjęcia działań mających na celu minimalizację negatywnych oddziaływań.

EN

In connection with the deteriorating condition of the environment, there is an increasing need to determine the impact of the life cycle of car tires on the environment - from processes related to the extraction of raw materials, their production, use, and post-use development. It is important to properly assess environmental impacts at each of these stages. This analysis is possible due to the use of various methods. The aim of the article is to present the LCA method for identifying the negative effects of car tires on the environment. It is caused by the fact that all stages of the material life cycle of tires generate pollution. The work deals with the problem of decreasing environmental resources, and thus limited possibilities of satisfying the needs of production processes. It is also discussed the need to increase awareness of the need for proper disposal of tires after the end of their use. In addition, the results of the ecological and energy life cycle analysis of the car tire were presented, which allowed the identification of areas with the greatest adverse impact on the environment and an indication to take actions to minimize negative impacts.

14

Impact of specific factors on the state of the tire pressure value

Caban Jacek, Turski Andrzej, Nieoczym Aleksander, Tarkowski Sławomir, Jereb Borut

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2019

|

Vol. 85, nr 3

137--148

EN

The article presents the research on the impact of specific factors on the state of the pressure value in passenger car wheels in service. Data on how the vehicle was used was obtained based on a survey. The survey contained data on checking the condition of the vehicle tires and also measured the tire pressure. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the impact of specific factors on the state of the pressure value in passenger car wheels. The correlation analysis of the correctness of pressure in car tires and selected factors was carried out using the Kendall tau test. In addition, odds ratio (OR) analysis and the Hosmer and Lemeshow test were used to analyze the results. The work draws attention to the impact of improper tire pressure on tire durability and road safety as well as the functioning of other active safety systems. In addition, attention was drawn to drivers' awareness of the need to control the pressure in the wheels of the vehicle. Based on the analysis it was found that the age of the vehicle used and the driver's knowledge have the greatest impact on the correct tire pressure. Studies have shown that in over 60% of the vehicles analyzed, the tire pressure was normal.

15

Tire and rim magnetism after storage

Szegda A., Brol S.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2018

|

z. 2/116

163--170

EN

In the paper ‘Tire and rim magnetism after storage’ conclusions of other authors connected with tyre magnetic field changes and ways of conducting research (used equipment and objects) were presented. Next, a universal measuring device was presented (it enables examination of tyres of any diameter). Also the most important modules of the device were discussed in relation to the research being conducted as well as statictical parameters were proposed which may be used to describe wheel magnetic field changes. Then a way of conducting an experiment was presented, as well as its results were discussed. After the carried out quantity analysis of magnetic field changes it was concluded that storage has a significant influence on a wheel's magnetic field.

PL

W powyższej pracy zostały przedstawione rozważania innych autorów w kwestiach związanych ze zmianami pola magnetycznego koła ogumionego oraz sposobu i metod prowadzenia badań (użytego sprzętu do badań i obiektów badawczych). Następnie przedstawiono uniwersalny przyrząd pomiarowy (przyrząd możliwa prowadzenie badań na oponach oraz kołach ogumionych o dowolnej średnicy). Jak również omówiono najważniejsze moduły przyrządu pomiarowego ze względu na prowadzone badania oraz zaproponowano parametry statystyczne, które mogą służyć do opisu zmian pola magnetycznego koła ogumionego. Dalej zaprezentowano sposób przeprowadzenia eksperymentu oraz omówiono otrzymane wyniki. Po przeprowadzonej analizie ilościowej zmian pola magnetycznego koła ogumionego stwierdzono, że składowanie ma znaczący wpływ na pole magnetyczne koła ogumionego/oponę.

16

Penetrator construction for repetetive measurements of magnetic field changes caused by car tire penetration

Szegda A., Brol S.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2018

|

z. 4/118

53--58

EN

The above work ‘Penetrator construction for repetitive measurements of magnetic field changes caused by car tire penetration’ presents concepts of other authors connected with magnetic field creation by car tires. In the further part of the article the assumptions a penetrator should meet were presented. The most important of them was being non-magnetic as well as portable. Next a way of creation of penetrator’s elements were presented which are not available in shops as well as elements which are available in catalogues. Bought and produced elements of the penetrator are not ferromagnetic.

PL

W powyższej pracy 'Konstrukcja penetratora do powtarzalnych pomiarów zmian pola magnetycznego powstałych na skutek penetracji opony samochodowej' zostały przedstawione rozważania innych autorów w kwestiach związanych z wytwarzaniem pola magnetycznego przez opony/ koła samochodowe. W dalszej części artykułu przedstawiono założenia, jakie powinien spełniać penetrator. Najważniejsze z nich to, aby nie był magnetyczny oraz aby można było za jego pomocą prowadzić powtarzalne badania na różnych stanowiskach pomiarowych. Następnie przedstawiono sposób wykonania elementów składowych penetratora, które nie są dostępne w ogólnej sprzedaży oraz przedstawiono elementy, które weszły w skład penetratora i są dostępne w katalogach. Należy zauważyć, że zarówno zakupione jak i również wykonane elementy penetratora nie są ferromagnetyczne.

17

Comparison of magnetic characteristics of new and used tires

Szegda A., Brol S.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2018

|

z. 4/118

45--52

EN

In the article entitled "Comparison of magnetic characteristics of new and used tires" the authors present the results of the past study of tire/ wheel magnetic field. Three measurements methods are shown, as well as the results of previously conducted research. Exploration ofthe literature of the subject allows to conclude that each tire has its own unique magnetic field pattern and that the magnetic field of radial tires is of low-frequency. The tires magnetic field depends on the ferromagnetic parts of the tires (e.g. bead wire, carcass, bead, steel belt) and the production process (transport by huge electromagnets in the factory and storage). The authors also describe the results of their own exploitation tests, which were carried out in the measuring device. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of one set of winter radial tires is presented. The research has shown how the magnetic flux of the new radial winter tires changes during exploitation.

PL

W powyższej pracy pt. "Porównanie magnetyzmu opon zimowych nowych i eksploatowanych" przedstawiono rozwiązania innych autorów dotyczące badań magnetyzmu koła ogumionego. Zaprezentowano trzy metody pomiarowe oraz wyniki badań wcześniejszych autorów. Z przeprowadzonego rozeznania literaturowego można wnioskować, że każda opona ma niepowtarzalny wzór pola magnetycznego, pole magnetyczne opon radialnych jest niskoczęstotliwościowe. Na pole magnetyczne opon mają wpływ elementy ferromagnetyczne opon, proces produkcji (transport elektromagnesami w zakładzie produkcyjnym oraz magazynowanie). W dalszej części artykułu autorzy przedstawili swoje własne badania eksploatacyjne, przeprowadzone na zbudowanym do tego celu przyrządzie pomiarowym. Dokonali analizy ilościowej oraz jakościowej jednego kompletu opon radialnych. Badania przedstawiły jak zmienia się indukcja magnetyczna nowych opon radialnych podczas eksploatacji.

18

Magnetic field of a radial tire after puncture caused by ferromagnetic elements

Szegda A., Radkowski S., Brol S.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

|

2018

|

nr 21(3)

183--194

EN

Tire, an element of wheel, is made in a sophisticated vulcanization process of many components and some of which such as: bead wire, belt and carcass exhibit ferromagnetic properties. Such components create variable in direction and intensity magnetic field, which expands around tire and the complete wheel. Since the layout of magnetic field is exceptional for every single wheel many of information might be obtained on the basis of it alteration. The reported since now application concentrates on rotational speed measurement, wheel rotations counting and therefore also vehicle linear speed and distance estimation. However up to the present the known solutions did not describe changes in magnetic field in case of damage induced by e.g. puncture caused by ferromagnetic elements. This paper’s aim is to test the thesis that it is possible to detect puncture in tire made by ferromagnetic element by using measurement and analysis of changes of magnetic flux density around tire. The tests were executed using original measuring device, designed especially for such experiments. It registers a magnetic profile, which consists of data series of magnetic flux density measured in this investigations 55 mm above tire’s tread and arranged along with rotation angle. Tire magnetic properties were assessed by using of circumferential magnetic profiles and parameters such as: minimum value (Mmin), maximum value (Mmax), peak to peak value (Mm), average value of ordinates of profile (Mb), skewness of ordinate distribution (Ms) and kurtosis of ordinate distribution (Mk). Magnetic profiles before after puncture were analysed as well as the parameters. Moreover differential signal caused by puncture were determined. It turned out that detected changes are directly related to tire damage and showing in rotation angle where puncture occurs.

19

Simulation Research of Resistance of APC’s Wheels to Impact Loads in the Aspect of Maintaining Carrier Driving Ability

Hryciów Z., Wieczorek M.

Machine Dynamics Research

|

2017

|

Vol. 41, No. 4

83--96

EN

Armoured personnel carriers are exposed to the influence of various explosives devices during military missions. The element directly affected by the blast wave is a vehicle wheel. The main purpose of the work was to determine the level of damage in the vehicle tire subjected to a blast pressure wave. The research was carried out in the aspect of maintaining the mobility of the armoured personnel carriers. In the paper a construction of the analysed tire is presented in detail. A basic tire characteristics and the simulation model is described. During the tests, three explosive charges were analysed (2, 4 and 10 kg TNT). The values of blast wave pressures at characteristic points of the tire are given and the tire damage is described as well. Additionally, for a 10 kg TNT charge mass the complete armoured carrier model was analysed.

20

New apparatus for Chip-Chunk resistance testing

Manas D., Mizera A., Manas M., Stoklasek P., Hudec I.

Elastomery

|

2017

|

T. 21, nr 3

167--172

EN

Wear is a phenomenon which can never be completely eliminated. It is present everywhere in all aspects of life. While the problem of wear in metal materials has been described in detail, the problem of wear in rubber products requires further investigation. Tire production is the largest sector in products made of rubber. Their wear is an important factor both for producers and users. Producers aim to produce tires with better resistance to wear than those of their competitors, while users look for a tire with the best resistance of wear. Wear is usually considered in terms of abrasion, which is defined as the loss of material that results from mechanical action on a rubber surface. Abrasion resistance is a complicated phenomenon and is dependent on many things, residence, stiffness, thermal stability, resistance to cutting and tearing, etc. and different applications require these properties in widely varying proportions. Aim of this article is to introduce the reader to the wear of off-road tires which are used in harsh terrain conditions such as quarries, construction sites or forests. For the study of such a type of wear referred to as Chip-Chunk effect improved equipment has been designed, built and verified in praxis.

PL

Zużycie to zjawisko, którego nigdy nie da się całkowicie wyeliminować. Występuje ono we wszystkich aspektach życia. Chociaż problem zużywania się materiałów metalowych został szczegółowo opisany, problem zużycia wyrobów gumowych wymaga dalszego badania. Produkcja opon jest największym sektorem wyrobów z gumy. Ich zużycie jest ważnym czynnikiem zarówno dla producentów, jak i użytkowników. Producenci starają się produkować opony o większej odporności na zużycie niż ich konkurenci, natomiast użytkownicy szukają opony o najlepszej odporności na zużycie. Zużycie jest zazwyczaj rozpatrywane pod kątem ścieralności, określanej jako utrata materiału, która jest wynikiem oddziaływania mechanicznego na powierzchnię gumy. Odporność na ścieranie jest zjawiskiem skomplikowanym i zależy od wielu rzeczy, lokalizacji, sztywności, trwałości termicznej, odporności na rozcięcia i rozdarcia itp., a różne zastosowania wymagają różnego zestawu tych właściwości. Celem tego artykułu jest wprowadzenie czytelnika w zagadnienie zużycia opon terenowych, które są użytkowane w trudnych warunkach, takich jak kamieniołomy, place budowy czy lasy. W celu zbadania takiego typu zużycia, określanego jako efekt chip-chunk, zaprojektowano, zbudowano i zweryfikowano w praktyce udoskonalone urządzenie opisane w tej pracy.