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EN
Phosphor samples collected after crushing and sieving of discarded fluorescent lamps comprise approximately 31 % rare earth elements in the form of Y1.90Eu0.10O3, Al11Ce0.67MgO19Tb0.33, and Al10.09Ba0.96Mg0.91O17: Eu2+ phase. Direct leaching and mechanical activation assisted leaching are incapable of recovering Ce, Tb values from the Al11Ce0.67MgO19Tb0.33 phase. Heat treatment with NaOH was found successful for dissociation of Ce, Tb phase via substitution of rare-earth ion by Na+ ion to form rare earth oxide and water-soluble NaAlO2. Y, Eu, Ce, and Tb values were recovered from heattreated mass in a two-step leaching process followed by recovery from the leach solution by oxalic acid precipitation. Over 95 % extraction rate was attained after heat treatment at 400 °C with 150 wt-% NaOH for 1 h. It was found that Y, Eu containing phase does not take part in the heat treatment process whereas the Ce, Tb phase undergoes a solid-state chemical reaction with NaOH via product layer diffusion model with 41.5 kJ/mol activation energy. Approximately 15 g mixed oxide (purity >95 %) of Y (79 %), Eu (7 %), Ce (5 %), and Tb (4 %) could be recovered from 100 units of discarded FLs. Microwave treatment of phosphor and NaOH (50 wt-%) yielded approximately 42 % Y, 100 % Eu, 65 % Ce, and 70 % Tb recovery in just 5 min. Approximately 9 g of REO and 5 g of cerium enriched leach residue were recovered from the microwave route within 5 min and depicted high microwave potential application in the recovery of Ce and Tb values from waste phosphor sample.
PL
W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu domieszkowania terbem na właściwości strukturalne, optyczne oraz fotokatalityczne dwutlenku tytanu. Cienkie warstwy wytworzono wysokoenergetyczną metodą rozpylania magnetronowego. Wyniki badań metodą dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej pokazały, że wytworzone cienkowarstwowe powłoki były nanokrystalicznej, a domieszkowanie terbem powoduje densyfikację struktury TiO₂- rutylu (zmniejszenie średniego rozmiaru krystalitów z 8,7 nm do 6,6 nm) w porównaniu do niedomieszkowanej matrycy TiO₂. Oprócz tego, warstwy TiO₂:(2% at. Tb) miały 3-krotnie większą liczbę ziaren na um² oraz 2-krotnie mniejszą chropowatość w porównaniu do TiO₂. Z kolei badania właściwości optycznych metodą transmisji światła pokazały, że domieszkowanie terbem nie obniża przezroczystości dwutlenku tytanu. Cienkie warstwy badano również pod kątem możliwości ich zastosowania, jako powłoki samoczyszczące (fotokatalityczne). Wyniki badań szybkości dekompozycji fenolu na powierzchni wytworzonych warstw pokazały, że domieszkowanie terbem o 50% zwiększa aktywność dwutlenku tytanu.
EN
In this work influence of Tb-doping on structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide has been described. Thin films were manufactured by high energy magnetron sputtering method. X-Ray diffraction results have shown that as-deposited thin-film coatings were nanocrystalline and doping with terbium results in TiO₂-rutile structure densification (decrease of average crystallites size from 8.7 nm to 6.6 nm) as compared to un-doped TiO₂ - matrix. Moreover, TiO₂:(2 at.% Tb) films had 3-times higher number of grains per um² and 2-times lower roughness in comparison with TiO₂. Optical investigation performed by optical transmission method have show that doping with Tb does not decrease high transparency of titanium dioxide. Thin films were also examined in order to their application as self-cleaning (photocatalytic) coatings. Results of phenol decomposition" at the surface of as-deposited films have shown that doping with terbium results in 50% increase of titanium dioxide activity.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wpływ domieszkowania terbem na właściwości fotokatalityczne przezroczystych cienkich warstw TiO₂, które naniesiono metodą wysokoenergetycznego rozpylania magnetronowego. Badania właściwości strukturalnych ujawniły, że miały one jednorodną, gęsto upakowaną nanokrystaliczną strukturę typu rutylu. W wypadku warstwy TiO₂ : Tb zawierającej 2,6% at. domieszki uzyskano znacznie bardziej aktywną powierzchnię, co korzystnie wpłynęło na szybkość procesu dekompozycji fenolu. Efekt ten związany był m.in. z ulokowaniem aglomeratów Tb₂O₃ na powierzchni krystalitów TiO₂.
EN
In this work influence of TiO₂ doping with terbium on photocatalytic properties of transparent thin films, manufactured by magnetron sputtering have been outlined. Investigation of structural properties has revealed that films had homogenous, densely packed, nanocrystalline rutile structure. In case of TiO₂ : Tb thin film doped with 2.6 at.% much more active area of surface was received, what was profitably for the rate of phenol decomposition process. This effect was also connected with localization of Tb₂O₃ aggregates on the surface of TiO₂ nanocrystals.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wpływ domieszkowania terbem na zwilżalność i wolną energię powierzchniową cienkich warstw TiO2 . Nanokrystaliczne warstwy zostały wytworzone za pomocą wysokoenergetycznej metody rozpylania magnetronowego. Do analizy wybrano niedomieszkowaną warstwę TiO2 oraz warstwy domieszkowane terbem w ilości 0,4% at, 2% at i 2,6% at. Analiza wyników pokazała, że nanokrystaliczna matryca TiO2 miała właściwości hydrofilowe, a domieszkowanie terbem spowodowało uzyskanie warstw hydrofobowych. Na podstawie pomiarów kąta zwilżania określono wartości wolnej energii powierzchniowej oraz krytycznego napięcia powierzchniowego. Analiza wyników pokazała, że parametry te zależały w głównej mierze od struktury matrycy TiO2 i wielkości krystalitów w wytworzonych warstwach.
EN
In this work influence of terbium dopant on wettability and surface free energy of nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films have been presented. Thin films were manufactured by high energy reactive magnetron sputtering process. For analysis undoped TiO2 and TiO2 doped with 0.4% at., 2% at. and 2.6% at of Tb have been selected. Analysis of results has shown that nanocrystalline TiO2 matrix was hydrophilic, while doping with Tb results in hydrophobic films receiving. Based on contact angle measurements analysis surface free energy and critical surface tension was determined. Results have shown that those parameters were mainly dependent on the structure of TiO2 - matrix and crystallite sizes in manufactured samples.
5
Content available remote Preparation of ZrO2:Tb via microwave hydrothermal method
EN
Terbium doped zirconium dioxide was successfully synthesized using microwave hydrothermal method. The powder is strongly agglomerated and has mean crystallite size around 6 nm. The density of obtained powders is significantly lower than density of bulk zirconium dioxide indicating the existence of zirconium and dopant hydroxides remaining after the hydrothermal process. The effect of terbium on morphology, phase composition, specific surface area and density of the samples was determined.
6
Content available remote Optical and electrical properties of TiO2 doped with Tb and Pd
EN
Optical and electrical properties of TiO2 doped with 0.6 at. % Tb and 9 at. % Pd have been investigated. Thin films were deposited by low pressure hot target reactive sputtering from a metallic Ti-Tb-Pd mosaic target on silicon and glass substrates. Total concentration of Tb and Pd was determined using an energy disperse spectrometer. Optical properties were studied by means of optical transmission. It has been shown that Tb dopant does not make any significant changes in the transmission level. Pd dopant shifts the fundamental absorption edge of TiO2 towards longer wavelengths and decreases the transmission to about 40%. For electrical characterization of the prepared thin films, temperature dependent resistivity and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics have been examined. It has been shown that incorporation of Pd and Tb into TiO2 matrix modifies its properties allowing one to obtain p-type oxide-semiconductor electrically and optically active at room temperature. Additionally, based on I-V measurements, the formation of heterojunction at the interface of thin film-silicon was confirmed.
EN
Partially relaxed InGaAs/GaAs heterostructures with a small lattice mismatch (less than 1%), grown by metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy have been studied by the transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy as well as X-ray diffractometry. A regular network of 60st.?misfit dislocations formed at the (001) interface in two orthogonal <110>?crystallographic directions has been revealed. A close correspondence between distribution of the interfacial misfit dislocations and undulating surface morphology in the form of a characteristic cross-hatch pattern has been observed. The structural analysis applied for the samples oriented either in [110] or [110] perpendicular directions, using reciprocal lattice mapping, revealed anisotropic strain relaxation, related to the asymmetry in the formation of alfa ?and beta ?misfit dislocations along these both directions, respectively.
PL
W pracy zaprezentowane zostały wyniki i analiza badań spektroskopowych przeprowadzonych dla eutektyku Tb3Sc2Al3O12 - TbScO3 (TSAG-TSP) o periodycznej strukturze włóknowej oraz dla porównania dla monokryształów Tb3Sc2AI3O12 (TSAG) i TbScO3 (TSP). Za pomocą rozdzielczej w czasie techniki pomiaru zostały wyselekcjonowane spektralnie i scharakteryzowane grupy jonów Tb 3+ należące do poszczególnych faz składowych eutektyku. Wyniki wykazały znaczne różnice w stałych zaniku luminescencji w eutektyku w stosunku do kryształów objętościowych o takiej samej strukturze krystalicznej. Zostało zaobserwowane i opisane zjawisko wygaszania luminescencji z poziomu 5 D 4 jonu Tb 3+ we wszystkich badanych materiałach.
EN
In this work, the results and analysis of the spectroscopic investigation on Tb3Sc2AI3O12-TbScO3 (TSAG-TSP) eutectic with rodlike microstructure and, for comparison, on bulkTb3Sc2Al3O-12 (TSAG) and TbScO3 (TSP) crystals is presented. Spectrally selected groups of Tb3+ ions located in particular phases of eutectic were characterized with the help of time-resolved spectroscopy. Results exhibited considerable differences between luminescence decay constants in phases TSAG and TSP of TSAG-TSP eutectic and in TSAG and TSP bulk crystals. The cross-relaxation process leading to the quenching of luminescence from the 5 D 4 excited state of Tb 3+ in all investigated materials was observed and described.
9
Content available remote The study of structural and optical properties of TiO2:Tb thin films
EN
This work presents the study of the structural and optical properties of TiO2:Tb thin films deposited on Si (100) and SiO2 substrates by magnetron sputtering from metallic Ti-Tb mosaic target. Thin films were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse spectrometer (SEM-EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the optical transmission method. From SEM-EDS the total amount of Tb concentration was determined. XRD analysis revealed the existence of crystalline TiO2 in the form of anatase and rutile, depending on Tb amount in the examined samples. The optical transmission method has shown that Tb doping shifts the fundamental absorption edge of TiO2 toward the longer wavelength region.
10
EN
Terbium-doped nanocrystalline yttrium aluminium garnet phases, Y3Al5O12:Tb3+ (YAG:Tb3+), were obtained by using rare-earth nitrates as the starting materials, together with citric acid and ethylene glycol according to the Pechini method. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis were used to study the thermal decomposition of the precursor gels and the formation of nanocrystalline YAG:Tb3+. An increase in garnet nanocrystallite size from 20 to 40 nm with annealing temperature increasing from 800 to 1160 °C was evidenced with X-ray powder diffraction measurements. The intensity as well as the decay times of both 5D3 and 5D4 emissions of Y3Al5O12:Tb3+ were not found to depend on annealing and were thus independent of crystal size.
EN
The phase diagram at 1270 K of the Tb-Re-B system is constructed by X-ray analysis. The existence of the earlier known compounds is confirmed: Tb3ReB7(Er3CrB7 structure type), TbReB4 (YcrB4 structure type, refined lattice parameters a=5.9776(4), b=11.5640(9), c=3.6058(3) A) and Tb2ReB6(Y2ReB6 structure type, refined lattice parameters a=9.206(4), b=11.560(4), c=3.669(1) A. New ternary compounds are found and their crystal structures are determined: Tb8Re13
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