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Wykorzystanie szkła wodnego z Zakładów Chemicznych „Rudniki” do nawożenia roślin krzemem

Korzeniowska Jolanta, Stanisławska-Glubiak Ewa, Łatacz Andrzej

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 5

603--608

PL

Badano efekty doglebowego stosowania płynnego szkła potasowego i krzemianu potasu w postaci stałej, jako źródeł krzemu i potasu dla roślin. Oba produkty okazały się bardzo dobrymi nawozami potasowo-krzemowymi, których aplikacja powodowała 13-30-proc. przyrost biomasy młodych roślin kukurydzy i słonecznika oraz wzrost w nich zawartości krzemu i potasu. Wobec niewielkiej oferty łatwo rozpuszczalnych nawozów krzemowych, badane produkty powinny być wykorzystywane głównie do nawożenia krzemem, zwłaszcza roślin jednoliściennych wykazujących duże zapotrzebowanie na ten pierwiastek.

EN

In 2 pot expts., corn and sunflower were grown and fertilized with liq. K glass or solid K silicate, which were a source of Si and K for plants. Their application resulted in a significant increase in the biomass of corn and sunflower of 20-30 and 13-18%, resp., compared to control plants, as well as an increase in the concn. of Si and K in their tissues. After harvesting of both plant species, the soil fertilized with the tested products showed an increased content of available K compared to the control.

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Assessment of the Effect of Sunflower Agrocenosis on the Characteristics of the Structural and Aggregate Composition of Typical Black Soil

Voitovyk Мikhaylo, Butenko Yevheniia, Tkachenko Mykola, Mishchenko Yurii, Tsyuk Оleksiy, Obrazhyy Sergiy, Panchenko Оleksandr, Martyniuk Ivan, Kondratiuk Irina, Kopylova Tetiana

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

153--160

EN

The research was conducted on the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University experimental field on a typical deep, low-humus chernozem. The methods of main cultivation in the sunflower agrocenosis of grain-row crop rotation had a major influence on the soil structuring processes. The use of moldboard and no-moldboard tillage increased the number of the most agronomically beneficial aggregates (0.25–10 mm) in the 0–10 cm soil’s layer at the begining of the sunflower growing season by 6.0% compared to shallow no-moldboardof tillage the soil. By the end of the growing season in the sunflower agrocenosis in the 0–30 cm soil layer, compared to the beginning of the crop growing season, the number of agronomically beneficial aggregates (0.25–10 mm) decreased, the number of fractions larger than 10 mm and fractions smaller than 0.25 mm increased. The coefficient of structure for moldboard and no-moldboard tillage significantly increased compared to shallow no-moldboardof tillage. The use of shallow no-moldboardof tillage and moldboard with no-moldboardof tillage was led to an increase in the content of stable aggregates by 1.2–7.5%. The highest yield of sunflower was recorded for the use of moldboard with no-mold-boardof tillage – 2.72 t/ha, which is significantly higher than other variants. The use of shallow no-moldboardof tillage for 10–12 cm with disc tools led to a notable decrease in productivity compared to the control. Improving the water resistance of soil aggregates during moldboard and no-moldboard tillage and shallow no-moldboardof tillage helps to preserve the soil’s potential fertility.

3

Modeling Radiocesium Contamination of Sunflower Products in the Zaporizhzhia Region

Polevoy Anatolii, Lyashenko Galyna, Zhygailo Olena, Volvach Oksana, Zhygailo Taras, Popovych Iryna, Tolmachova Alla, Kolosovska Valeriya, Kostyukevych Tetyana, Barsukova Olena

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

279--287

EN

The accident at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant was one of the most serious nuclear incidents in human history. A radioactive plume covered a whole strip of northeastern Europe. The consequences of this catastrophe are still being felt, both in Ukraine and around the world. The article is devoted to the assessment of the consequences of radiocesium contamination of agricultural lands and irrigated waters during a possible accident at the Zaporizhzhia NPP and the associated Cs137 contamination of sunflower products in the Zaporizhzhia region. The studies were carried out using a dynamic mathematical model for the formation of radionuclide activity in the "water-soil-plant-product" system, ECOSIS-87 (Ecoplant). The article presents the results of studies of possible contamination of the environment by radiocesium according the Chornobyl NPP-86 scenario and sunflower production by the method of mathematical dynamic modeling. The calculations were carried out on the basis of the results of an agrochemical and agroecological survey of the state of soils in Ukraine and the Dnipro cascade of reservoirs. If an explosion occurs at the Zaporizhzhia NPP, the power of which will be equal to the Chornobyl NPP, then 100,000 hectares of agricultural land in the region will be taken out of the agricultural production of the Zaporizhzhia region. On agricultural lands where soil contamination with radiocaesium will be more than 5 Ci/km2, and the concentration in irrigated waters will reach 2 Bq/dm3, sunflower, which was grown for seeds to produce oil will need to be replaced with an industrial crop, which will also lead to loss of seed yield sunflower. Crop losses will lead to a decrease in the volume of sunflower oil. It should also be taken into account that the purification of soil and water does not occur in one year. At least in 5 years the situation will begin to improve.

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Application of the Research on Spatio-Temporal Differentiation of a Vegetation Index in Evaluating Sunflower Hybrid Plasticity and Growth-Regulators in the Steppe Zone of Ukraine

Pichura Vitalii, Domaratskiy Yevhenii, Potravka Larisa, Biloshkurenko Oleksandra, Dobrovol'skiy Andrey

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

144--165

EN

The purpose of the study was to establish dependence of sunflower productivity on hybrid plasticity under the climatic conditions of the Steppe zone and effectiveness of growth-regulators on the basis of the analysis of differentiation of a vegetation index. The research on the development and productivity of different sunflower hybrids under the natural-climatic conditions of the Steppe zone of Ukraine was conducted in the years of 2019 (medium-wet), 2020 (dry) and 2021 (wet). Spatio-temporal differentiation of the vegetation of sunflower hybrids was established on the basis of calculation of a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using the data of the decoded space images of Sentinel 2. Cartographic and grapho-analytical materials reflecting the reaction of plants to natural-climatic conditions and multifunctional growth-regulators were obtained. The dependence of the reaction of sunflower hybrids to multifunctional growth-regulators on their plasticity in response to the natural-climatic conditions of the Steppe zone was established. There was a weak reaction to application of growth-regulators of the sunflower hybrids Oplot and P64HE133 which are characterized by a high level of plasticity in response to the natural-climatic conditions of the Steppe zone. It was proven that the application of the biological preparation Helafit Combi exceeded the level of agrocenoses productivity in comparison with the chemical preparation ArchitectТМ by 1.1-5.4%. It was established that foliar treatment with growth-regulators led to a decline in water uptake by the sunflower hybrids by 1.2–10.0% in the dry year, by 3.8–8.6% in the medium-wet year and by 3.7%–21.9% in the wet year. There was a significant reduction in the level of water uptake by the hybrid Hector – by 7.7–10.0% and the hybrid 8KH477KL – by 1.2–21.9%. The research results are the basis for forecasting the development of sunflower hybrid crops with further measurement of the crop productivity that allows establishing a probable level of efficiency of sunflower hybrid production by agricultural producers under the climatic conditions of the Steppe zone.

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Analysis of the Effectiveness of Biological Plant Protection on Sunflower Productivity under Different Cenosis Density under the Non-Irrigated Conditions of the Steppe Zone

Domaratskiy Yevhenii, Kovalenko Oleh, Kachanova Tetiana, Pichura Vitalii, Zadorozhnii Yurii

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

45--54

EN

The purpose of the article was to determine how foliar treatments of plants with environmentally friendly combined-action substances affect the yield of new sunflower hybrids under non-irrigated conditions of the Ukrainian Steppe zone. The field experiments were conducted in 2021–2022 on the experimental field of the Mykolaiv State Agricultural Research Station of the Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine under non-irrigated conditions on southern chernozem. The humus content in the arable soil layer was 2.90%, the depth of the humus layer was 0–30 cm, and the transitional layer was 30–60 cm. The research was conducted by establishing a three-factor field experiment, where factor A was sunflower hybrids of the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine - Vyrii, Yarylo, Blysk, Yaskravy and Epikur; factor B – different plant densities (30, 40 and 50 thousand/ha) and factor C – treatment of vegetative plants in the phase of budding with substances of biological origin (Helafit Combi, Organic Balance and Biocomplex BTU). The field experiment was located on the winter wheat forecrop. Fertilizers were applied during the main cultivation at a dose of N30P30K30. Sowing was carried out with a row spacing of 70 cm in the last decade of April. Yield accounting and the evaluation of the crop structure were carried out by manual threshing of plants selected from the accounting area of the test plots and recalculation by 8% seed moisture. From the results of observations, it was found that the foliar treatments of sunflowers with environmentally friendly combined-action substances contributed to the prolongation of the interphase periods in the second half of the growing season of all studied hybrids. Treatment of plants with environmentally friendly substances helped to reduce the level of damage to all hybrids by pathogenic microflora, the highest fungicidal efficacy was observed in Hela Fit Combi and Organic Balance. All hybrids formed the highest yields at a density of 40 thousand units/ha. Dense plantings up to 50 thousand units/ha were inferior in yield to the ones with a planting density of 40 thousand units/ha and were almost at the same level as the ones with 30 thousand units/ha. Hybrids Yarylo, Epikur and Yaskravy were significantly inferior in productivity; however, their foliar treatments also had a similar tendency to increase their productivity.

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Leaf Area Formation and Photosynthetic Activity of Sunflower Plants Depending on Fertilizers and Growth Regulators

Domaratskyi Yevhenii

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 6

99--105

EN

The study presents scientific substantiation and determination of the dependence of leaf area formation and photosynthetic activity of sunflower plants under the influence of fertilizers and growth regulators. The field research was conducted in 2015-2017 in the fields of the Voznesensk district in the Mykolaiv region, Ukraine (GPS: 47.630518, 32.078974). The soil of the research field is common black soil with little humus accumulation and the content of hydrolyzed nitrogen – 1.5-1.8; the content of highly absorbable phosphorous – 4.5-7.0 and the content of exchangeable potassium – 12-15 mg/100 g of soil. The research was carried out by a two-factor scheme, where Factor A – the rate of mineral nutrition (the test plot without fertilizers; N30P45; N60P90); and Factor В – foliar feeding with the Wuxal Microplant, Khelafit Combi and Fitomare preparations. The weather conditions in the years of the research were typical for this growing zone. It was established that the year 2017 was the least favorable with excessively low soil moisture and high temperature regime for growing the crop, and the weather conditions of 2015 and 2016 were the most favorable for cultivating sunflower. The research made it possible to determine that fertilizers combined with multifunctional preparations had a considerable impact on the leaf area and photosynthetic potential of agrocenosis. It proves that foliar feeding of sunflower plants at the stage of 6-8 true leaves with growth regulators contributed not only to a change in the total chlorophyll content, but also to its fractional composition. In all the cases there was a major increase in the content of the fraction "а". In particular, the maximal increase in this fraction was 90%, whereas the difference did not exceed 76% in the fraction "b". Under nonfertilized conditions these indices were 48 and 13%, respectively.

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Forecasting Oil Crops Yields on the Regional Scale Using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

Lykhovyd Pavlo

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 3

53--57

EN

Early prediction of crop yields on large cropland areas is of a great importance for operational planning in the agrarian sector of economy and ensuring food security. Large-scale forecasts became possible owing to the introduction of remote sensing technologies in the systems of precision agriculture, providing the information on crops conditions both on a certain field and large croplands. The study on the forecasting of major oil crop yields, namely, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L), winter rape (Brássica nápus) and soybean (Glycine max), on the regional level in Kherson oblast of Ukraine was conducted using historical yielding data and monthly MODIS Terrain NDVI smoothed time series imagery with 250 m resolution of the period from 2012 to 2019. The statistical data on the crop yields were linked to the corresponding values of monthly NDVI to determine the type of inter-relationship and work out the regression models for the oil crops yield prediction based on the remotely sensed vegetation index. The highest correlation between the yields of the oil crops and NDVI with the best prediction accuracy were obtained by using the index values at the period of April for winter rape, July for sunflower, and August for soybean. The developed regression models have reasonable accuracy with the mean absolute percentage errors of predictions reaching 25.23 percent for sunflower, 18.28 percent for winter rape, and 13.24 percent for soybean. The models are easy in use and might be recommended for introduction in theory and practice of precision agriculture.

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Niedrzewne roślinne surowce włókniste stosowane współcześnie do produkcji przemysłowej papieru. Cz. 3, Włókna z liści sizalu, abaki, juki, lnu nowozelandzkiego i inne surowce roślinne niedrzewne stosowane w przemyśle celulozowo-papierniczym

Jakucewicz Stefan

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2020

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R. 76, nr 11

621--625

PL

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi kontynuację przeglądu niedrzewnych surowców włóknistych [7, 8], w którym przedstawia się fizyczne i chemiczne ich charakterystyki, obszary występowania i specyfikę. W tej części omówiono sizal, abakę, jukę, len nowozelandzki oraz inne niedrzewne surowce roślinne wykorzystywane w przemyśle celulozowo-papierniczym (jak słonecznik, chmiel, sorgo, tytoń), a także nietypowe surowce roślinne (np. łęciny kartoflane, wysłodki z buraków cukrowych, trawy, wytłoki jabłkowe i inne).

EN

This article is the continuation of the survey of the fibrous raw materials from non-wood plants [7, 8]. In this part the sisal, abaca, yucca, New Zealand flax and other non-wood plant raw materials used in pulp and paper industry are presented. Their physical and chemical characteristics is discussed, the availability and specificity are presented as well.

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Using morphological analysis of the cutterbars design for sunflower harvesting

Nalobina Olena, Markova Olga, Vasylchuk Nazar

Zeszyty Naukowe WSEI. Seria Transport i Informatyka

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2016

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T. 6, nr 1

45--52

EN

The article discusses the possibility of using the morphological analysis and synthesis to create cutterbars for sunflower harvesting. Shown an example of a structural cutterbar solution which is obtained on the basis of morphological synthesis of technical systems.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania analizy i syntezy morfologicznej do projektowania narzędzi tnących kombajnów do zbioru słonecznika.

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Biomasa z uprawy słonecznika oraz pszenicy jako substytut paliw konwencjonalnych

Wzorek Z., Krupa-Żuczek K.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2015

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T. 94, nr 8

1344-1346

PL

Przedstawiono charakterystykę energetyczną wybranej biomasy, jak również dokonano porównania właściwości paliw alternatywnych (produkty z przerobu słonecznika, pszenicy) z właściwościami paliw konwencjonalnych (drewno, wierzba energetyczna, węgiel kamienny, miał węglowy). W wybranych paliwach określono zawartość wilgoci, suchą pozostałość, części lotne, ale przede wszystkim zbadano ich ciepło spalania za pomocą bomby kalorymetrycznej. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników każde z analizowanych paliw można określić mianem paliwa alternatywnego, które może być wykorzystane w celach energetycznych w przedsiębiorstwach stosujących spalanie lub współspalanie paliw z odpadów.

EN

Combustion heats of waste products from processing the sunflower seeds (husk, husk briquettes, husk pellets, sharp and various types of oilcake) and wheat-growing (straw, straw pellets, various kinds of bran and by-products from the cleaning of grain) as well as of conventional fuels (wood pellets, sawdust, energy willow, coal and culm) were detd. by using a calorimetric bomb. For all the tested materials, the moisture, dry residue, ash, and volatiles matter contents were detd.

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Zinc uptake from soils at various times polluted with heavy metals

Czech T., Gambuś F., Urbańska K., Wieczorek J.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2014

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Vol. 21, nr 2

221--229

EN

The interest in the subject of trace element concentrations and their behaviour in the environment is increasing, therefore investigations focused at determining abilities for harmful metals accumulation in plants growing on soil permanently or freshly polluted with heavy metals, contribute to development of this area of research. The paper aimed at an assessment of yielding and accumulation of zinc in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Mśnch) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivated on soils at various times polluted with this metal. Much lower yields of buckwheat and sunflower were obtained on light soils, irrespective of supplementary mineral fertilization or the level and date of soil pollution with heavy metals. A toxic effect of heavy metals “freshly” applied to the soil was visible only on light soil, additionally fertilized with NPK. Plants cultivated on soils with higher content of these metals usually accumulated at least several times higher amounts of zinc, both in their shoots and roots. Additional NPK fertilization often increased Zn content. The largest amounts of zinc were absorbed by plants from light soils freshly and permanently polluted with heavy metals, on which additional mineral (NPK) fertilization was applied, and next from medium soil, freshly polluted with heavy metals and fertilized with NPK.

PL

Stale wzrasta zainteresowanie tematyką zawartości pierwiastków śladowych i ich zachowaniem w środowisku, a badania, których celem jest określenie zdolności do akumulowania pierwiastków szkodliwych w roślinach rosnących na glebach trwale oraz świeżo zanieczyszczonych tymi metalami, przyczyniają się do rozwoju tego obszaru badawczego. Celem pracy była ocena plonowania oraz kumulacji cynku w gryce (Fagopyrum esculentum Mśnch) oraz w słoneczniku (Helianthus annuus L.) uprawianych w różnym czasie na glebach zanieczyszczonych tym metalem. Znacznie mniejsze plony gryki i słonecznika uzyskano na glebie lżejszej, niezależnie od dodatkowego nawożenia mineralnego oraz poziomu i terminu zanieczyszczenia gleby metalami ciężkimi. Toksyczny efekt „świeżo” zastosowanych do gleby metali ciężkich ujawnił się jedynie na glebie lekkiej dodatkowo nawożonej NPK. Rośliny uprawiane na glebach z większą zawartością tych metali nagromadzały zwykle co najmniej kilkakrotnie większe ilości cynku zarówno w częściach nadziemnych, jak i korzeniach. Dodatkowe nawożenie NPK często zwiększało tę koncentrację. Największe ilości cynku zostały pobrane przez rośliny z gleby lekkiej świeżo oraz trwale zanieczyszczonej metalami ciężkimi, do której zastosowano dodatkowe nawożenie mineralne (NPK) i z kolei z gleby średniej, świeżo zanieczyszczonej metalami i nawożonej NPK.

12

Ocena potencjału allelopatycznego rośliny inwazyjnej - nawłoci olbrzymiej (Solidago gigantea) w odniesieniu do gryki zwyczajnej (Fagopyrum sagittatum) oraz słonecznika zwyczajnego (Helianthus annuus)

Sekutowski T. R., Bortniak M., Domaradzki K.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 57, nr 4

86-91

PL

W badaniach własnych oceniano wpływ wodnych wyciągów sporządzonych ze świeżej masy liści i łodyg nawłoci olbrzymiej (S. gigantea) na zdolność kiełkowania i wzrost korzeni gryki zwyczajnej (F. sagittatum) oraz słonecznika zwyczajnego (H. annuus). Doświadczenie przeprowadzono z użyciem testu kiełkowania i wczesnego wzrostu roślin - Phytotoxkit. Testy obejmowały trzy niezależne serie doświadczeń laboratoryjnych, w każdej serii po trzy powtórzenia. Wodne wyciągi sporządzono ze 125, 250 oraz 500 g świeżej masy nawłoci olbrzymiej (S. gigantea) na 100 cm3 wody destylowanej. Obiekt kontrolny stanowiły pyłki, na które nanoszono jedynie wodę destylowaną. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że najsilniejszy efekt inhibicyjny w odniesieniu do zdolności kiełkowania oraz długość korzeni gryki zwyczajnej (F. sagittatum), stwierdzono po zastosowaniu 50% wyciągu. Natomiast najsilniejszy efekt w postaci stymulacji wzrostu korzeni słonecznika zwyczajnego (H. annuus), stwierdzono po zastosowaniu 12,5% wyciągu.

EN

In the laboratory experiments effect of the fresh mass of goldenrod (S. gigantea) leaf and stem water extracts on germination capacity and buckwheat (F. sagittatum) and sunflower (H. annuus) on root growth were determined. Test of germination and early growth - Phytotoxkit was used in experiment. The research covered 3 independent laboratory series, 3 repetitions in each series. Water extracts were prepared from 125 g, 250 g and 500 g of fresh mass of goldenrod (S. gigantea) and 100 cm3 of distilled water. Plates moistened of distilled water were control objects in these experiment. Data indicated that the highest inhibition effect on the germination capacity and buckwheat (F. sagittatum) root length was obtained after application on water extracts of 50%. The strongest effect in the form of sunflower (H. annuus) root growth stimulation was observed after application of water extract of 12.5%.

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Changes in Microflora of Bee Pollen Treated with UV Light and Freezing during Storage

Kačániová M., Nóźková J., Fatrcová-Šramková K., Kropková Z., Fikselová M., Haščik P., Knazovická V.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2010

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Vol. 17, nr 1

89-96

EN

The aim of this work was observation of microbial community of bee pollen of poppy (Papaver somnifenim), rape (Brassica napus) and sunflower (Helianthus annus) which were treated under frcezing, DV light and then stored for 6 weeks. From among microbiological parameters were tested counts and representation of microscopic fungi, total counts of microorganisms, counts of mesophilic aerobic and anaerobic sporulating microorganisms, count of coliforms bacteria and count of cells of Escherichia coli. Counts of microscopic fungi in the pollen treated with UV light ranged froin 1.86 log cfu o g-1 in the rape pollen after the 5* week of storage to 3.94 log cfu o g-1 in the sunflower pollen after the lst week of storage. Counts of mesophilic anaerobic sporulating microorganisms ranged from 2.54 log cfu o g-1 after the 6th week of storage in the poppy pollen to 4.27 log cfu o g-1 in the sunflower pollen after the first week. Mesophilic aerobic sporulating microorganisms varied from 2.43 log cfu o g-1 in poppy pollen after the 6th week of UV light treatment to 3.60 log cfu o g-1 in rape pollen after the first week. Counts of coliforms bacteria ranged from 0 log cfu o g-1 sińce the 4th week in sunflower pollen and since 4th week in rape pollen to 3.33 log cfu o g-1 in sunflower pollen after the lst week of UV light treatment. Counts of microscopic fungi in the pollen treated by freezing ranged from 2.13 log cfu o g-1 after the 5th week of storage in the pollen of rape to 4.05 log cfu o g-1 in the pollen of sunflower after the first week. Counts of mesophilic anaerobic sporulating microorganisms yaried from 2.13 log cfu o g-1 after the 5th week in the pollen of rape to 4.65 log cfu o g-1 after the first week in the pollen of sunflower. Mesophilic aerobic sporulating microorganisms were found from 2.60 log cfu o g-1 after the 6th week of freezing of poppy pollen to 4.02 log cfu o g-1 after the first week of freezing in the pollen of sunflower. Counts of coliforms bacteria ranged from 0 log cfu o g-1 after the 3rd week in the rape pollen to 3.21 log cfu o g-1 after first week of freezing in the poppy pollen. Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. were the most frequent species among microbiological fungi during whole time of observation. We can conclude that counts of microorganisms during 6 weeks storage treated with UV light and freezing decreased in all kinds of pollen.

PL

Celem pracy była obserwacja mikroorganizmów pyłku pszczelego pochodzącego z Papaver somniferum, Brassica napus i Helianthus annus, który naświetlono UV, zamrożono i przechowywano przez 6 tygodni. Spośród parametrów mikrobiologicznych oznaczono liczebność i skład gatunkowy grzybów, całkowitą liczebność mikroorganizmów, liczebność mezofilnych aerobowych i anaerobowych sporulujących mikroorganizmów, liczebność bakterii coli oraz liczebność Escherichia coli. Liczebność grzybów w pyłku Brassica napus naświetlanym UV wynosiła od 1.86 log cfu o g-1 po 5 tygodniach przechowywania do 3.94 log cfu o g-1 w pyłku Helianlhus annus po l tygodniu przechowywania. Liczebność mezofilowych anaerobowych sporulujących mikroorganizmów wynosiła od 2.54 log cfu o g-1 w pyłku z Papaver somniferum po 6 tygodniach przechowywania do 4.27 log cfu o g-1 w pyłku Helianthus annus przechowywanym przez tydzień. Liczebność aerobowych sporulujących mikroorganizmów wynosiła od 2.43 log cfu o g-1 w pyłku Papaver somniferum przechowywanym przez 6 tygodni w obecności UV do 3.60 log cfu o g-1 w pyłku Brassica napus po pierwszym tygodniu przechowywania. Liczebność bakterii coli w pyłku Helianthus annus i Brassica napus wynosiła od O w 4 tygodniu przechowywania do 3.33 log cfu o g-1 w pyłku Helianthus annus po l tygodniu naświetlania UV. Liczebność grzybów wynosiła od 2.13 log cfu o g-1 w zamrażanym przez 5 tygodni pyłku Brassica napus do 4.05 log cfu o g-1 w pyłku Helianthus annus zamrożonym przez tydzień. Liczebność mezofilnych anaerobowych sporulujących mikroorganizmów wynosiła od 2.13 log cfu o g-1 w zamrażanym przez 5 tygodni pyłku Brassica napus do 4.65 log cfu o g-1 w pyłku Helianthus annus zamrożonym przez tydzień. Liczebność mezofilowych aerobowych sporulujących mikroorganizmów wynosiła od 2.60 log cfu o g-1 w pyłku Papaver somniferum zamrożonym przez 6 tygodni do 4.02 log cfu o g-1 w pyłku Helianthus annus zamrożonym przez tydzień. Liczebność bakterii coli wynosiła od O w pyłku Brassica napus zamrożonym przez 3 tygodnie do 3.21 log cfu o g-1 w pyłku Papaver somniferum zamrożonym przez tydzień. Spośród grzybów najczęściej występowały Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp. i Penicillium sp. Zamrażanie połączone z ekspozycją na promieniowanie UV powodowało spadek liczebności mikroorganizmów we wszystkich rodzajach pyłku po 6 tygodniach przechowywania.

14

Wpływ procesu otoczkowania na wybrane właściwości fizyczne otrzymanych produktów

Sobczak P., Zawiślak K., Panasiewicz M.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2009

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R. 13, nr 2

161-168

PL

Proces otoczkowania polega na pokrywaniu danego produktu warstwą substancji zwanej otoczką. Proces taki można prowadzić w różnego typu granulatorach bezciśnieniowych, a najlepszym typem jest granulator bębnowy lub talerzowy. Do badań przygotowano ryż preparowany oraz wyłuskane nasiona słonecznika. Jako otoczkę stosowano mieszankę składającą się z: 35% - kakao, 35% - mleko w proszku i 30% - cukier puder. Jako ciecz wiążącą użyto wody. Surowce posiadające wysoką zdolność do pochłaniania wilgoci w wyniku procesu nakładania powłoki absorbują dużą ilość wilgoci podczas prowadzenia procesu, co powoduje wnikanie mieszanki posypki wraz z wilgocią do wnętrza produktu wzbogacając jego smak, a jednocześnie powodują znaczny wzrost gęstości usypowej. Proces otoczkowania wpłynął na twardość badanego surowca. Po naniesieniu powłoki twardość otrzymanego produktu z ziarna ryżu wzrosła o ok. 66%, a z nasion słonecznika o ok. 22%.

EN

Coating process involves covering of a given product with layer of a substance called coat. This process may be carried out in various types of pressureless granulators, however drum-type or disk-type granulators are best. Prepared rice and shelled sunflower seeds were used in the tests. The coat was a mix consisting of: 35% - cocoa, 35% - powdered milk and 30% - powdered sugar. Water was used as the bonding liquid. Raw materials characterised by high moisture absorbing capacity take in plenty of moisture during execution of the coat applying process. As a result of this, coat mix penetrates with moisture into the product thus enriching its taste. At the same time, these materials cause considerable bulk density growth. Coating process has affected hardness of the examined material. After having applied the coat, hardness of product obtained from rice grain increased by ca. 66%, and from sunflower seeds - by ca. 22%.